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- Natural Organic Matter (NOM) in surface water usually refers to humic and fulvic acids

that are decayed by-products of plants such as those found in surface waters shallow well
aquifers.
- Performance on humic acid removal from wastewater using Nanofiltration (NF) has been
investigated in this study.
intro{- Humic acid (HA), commonly present in natural waters and soils, is formed by the
breakdown of animal and vegetable matter in the environment, which is the major
component of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in natural water [1] and [2]. The presence of
excessive HA in drinking water production may cause serious environmental and health
problems. For example, HA may cause water to have undesirable color and taste, and bind
heavy metals and other organic matter to increase their concentrations in water. More
seriously, HA may react with chlorine disinfectants to form carcinogenic disinfection
byproduct during chlorination step in drinking water production [2], [3], [4], [5] and [6]. Hence,
it is desirable to minimize and remove HA from drinking water.
- Various process such as coagulation/flocculation, membrane separation, biodegradation,
adsorption, ion exchange, chemical oxidation and so on, have been developed to remove
HA from drinking water [7].
(1) I.H. Suffet, P. MacCarthy
Aquatic Humic Substances: Influence on Fate and Treatment of Pollutants
An American Chemical Society Publication, Washington, DC (1989)
(2) T. Anirudhan, M. Ramachandran
Surfactant-modified bentonite as adsorbent for the removal of humic acid from wastewaters
Appl. Clay Sci., 35 (2007), pp. 276281
Citing articles (77)
(3)J. Wang, Y. Zhou, A. Li, L. Xu
Adsorption of humic acid by bi-functional resin JN-10 and the effect of alkali-earth metal ions
on the adsorption
J. Hazard. Mater., 176 (2010), pp. 10181026
Citing articles (48)
(4)S. Deng, R.B. Bai
Aminated polyacrylonitrile fibers for humic acid adsorption: behaviors and mechanisms
Environ. Sci. Technol., 37 (2003), pp. 57995805
Citing articles (71)
(5)W. Wan Ngah, M. Hanafiah, S. Yong
Adsorption of humic acid from aqueous solutions on crosslinked chitosan-epichlorohydrin
beads: kinetics and isotherm studies
Colloid Surf. B, 65 (2008), pp. 1824
Citing articles (59)
(6)T. Anirudhan, P. Suchithra, S. Rijith
Amine-modified polyacrylamide-bentonite composite for the adsorption of humic acid in
aqueous solutions

Colloid Surf. A., 326 (2008), pp. 147156


(7)F.J.J. Mangravite, T.D. Buzzell, E.A. Cassell, E. Matijeciv, G.B. Saxton
Removal of humic acid by coagulation and microflotation
J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 67 (1975), pp. 8894
Citing articles (20)
- As water demand increases in the world, membrane processes for water purification have

attracted increasing attention. During the past few decades a variety of membrane systems
have been developed [8], and have greatly improved water flux, solute rejection, chemical
tolerance, and especially the ability to maintain high performance levels at substantially
lower operating pressures [9]. Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) hollow fiber
membranes are used for drinking water production and for waste water reclamation,
because of their multiple advantages, including superior water quality, easy control of
operation, low cost and easy maintenance.
(8)E.J. Calabrese, C.E. Gilbert, H. Pastides
Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments, Regulation and Standards
Lewis Publishers, Michigan (1989)
(9)Drinking Water Committee of the Science Advisory Board, An SAB Report: Safe Drinking Water,
Unites States Environmental Protection Agency, 1995

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