1) STRUCK OR CRUSHED BY MACHINE/COLLISION IN HEAVY MACHINERY.

Moving machinery can cause injuries in many ways include :

a) People can be struck and injured by moving parts of machinery or ejected material. Parts
of the body can also be drawn in or trapped between rollers, belts and pulley drives
b) Sharp edges can cause cuts and severing injuries, sharp-pointed parts can cause stabbing
or puncture the skin, and rough surface parts can cause friction or abrasion.
Risk Evaluation
Activity
Excavation
activity using
heavy
machinery at
site clearing.

Hazard
Suddenly
struck by or
against
vehicles
Or machinery

Consequences
Struck and injured
by moving parts of
machinery or
collision of
machinery
concussions to
death

L
3

S
4

R
12

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

Control
All surface
encumbrances shall be
moved or supported, as
needed, to safeguard
employees.
Workers shall wear
hard hats, highvisibility safety vests,
and safety glasses.
All non-essential
workers shall remain
outside of the
equipment's swing
radius and the
excavation zone.
All equipment shall
have operational backup alarms.

A. Selecting job and identify the hazards for struck or crushed by machine/collision during
excavate.
Excavation failures are particularly dangerous because they may occur quickly,
limiting the ability of workers (and in some cases others in the vicinity) to escape especially
if the collapse is extensive. The speed of an excavation collapse increases the risk associated
with this type of work and the consequences are significant as the falling earth can bury or
crush any person in its path. This can result in death by suffocation or internal crush injuries.
Bulldozers and scrapers are often used to prepare a work area for further specific
excavation. Bulldozers typically excavate and move large amounts of material short
distances. Bulldozers can be equipped with hydraulically operated rippers at the back of the
machine which are capable of loosening the hardest of sedimentary rocks. Because of the
large potential output and speeds of modern scrapers, careful attention should be given to job
layout, haul roads, vehicle pathways and overall traffic management to achieve a healthy and
safe workplace. Temporary haul roads should be well constructed and maintained to enable
plant operators to complete the work safely.Large earthmoving machinery such as bulldozers
should not operate close to an overhang or a deep excavation as the weight may collapse the
sides. Equipment should always approach embankments or trenches from across the line of a
trench rather than parallel to it.
B. Involve the Employee
Operators of powered mobile plant can often have severely restricted visibility of ground
workers or nearby pedestrians, particularly those close to the plant. Powered mobile plant
should be equipped with appropriate combination of operator protection devices, for example
enclosed cabin and seat belts, to prevent the ejection of the operator or the operator being
struck by falling objects.
Mobile plant operators and ground workers should be made familiar with the blind spots of
particular items of plant being used. Induction training programs should emphasise the
dangers of workers working in close proximity to mobile plant, and adequate supervision
should be provided.

Mobile plant operators and ground workers should be provided with and required to wear
high-visibility clothing.
C. Conducting job hazard analysis

Walk around the workplace and look at what could reasonably be expected to cause

harm safety.
Adapt work to individual studies prior to work start and applied on machine.
Machine guarding procedures are provider to maintainance the machine operation.
Remember to think about long-term hazards to worker (e.g. planned machinery
maintenance, Safe work instruction availability, and Personal proctective equipment are

wearing) to prevent any workplace safety hazards such as struck by machine.

Workers shall wear hard hats, high-visibility safety vests, and safety glasses.
Equipment operators shall use a spotter when they have an obstructed view to the rear.
All non-essential workers shall remain outside of the equipment's swing radius and the

excavation zone.
Essential personnel will remain in a location where they can be seen by the operator at

all times.
All equipment shall have operational back-up alarms.

Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions

Try a less risky option (eg provides a competant maintenance for machines).
Prevent access to the hazard (eg by guarding.
Issue personal protective equipment (eg clothing, footwear, goggles etc).

D. Breaking the Job Down

Types of control the source of the hazard
i.

Elimination - Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process, machine or substance is

perhaps the best way of protecting workers. For example, Work on the machines matches
the workers physical capabilities to handling the machines in good condition.

ii.

Substitution Sometimes machines needs a regular maintainance for safety in operation,

the handling of machines need wearing PPE to prevent any risk and safety awareness
program. For example, Training on safe handling program for machines operator.

iii.

Isolation-Isolate big machines in another place or suitables place and controls must
protect workers from any new hazards that are created.

iv.

Engineering control
Engineering & Admin department are Administrative control the safety awareness, barrier on
workplace are prevent, traffic control during maintainance of machines and providing a
competant training, briefing & monitoring on specific work in factory safety hazard prevention.

v.

Administrative controls
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

vi.

Safe work procedures

Supervision and
Job rotations
Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs
Hygiene must

Worker control
1) All workers must be inducted before commencing of work.
2) All workers must be briefing before commencement and weekly toolbox talks to explain
the hazards.
3) Provide Barricade to Excavate Area.
4) Appoint a Traffic Controller.

E. Identifying Hazards

Walk around the workplace and look at what could reasonably be expected to cause

harm safety.
Adapt work to individual studies prior to work start and applied on machine.
Machine guarding procedures are provider to maintenance the machine operation.
Remember to think about long-term hazards to worker (e.g. planned machinery
maintenance, Safe work instruction availability, and Personal protective equipment are
wearing) to prevent any workplace safety hazards such as struck by machine.

2) POTENTIAL CONTACT WITH UNDERGROUND POWER LINE.

Today, low-voltage and high-voltage underground wiring is used for supplying power to schools,
commercial buildings, homes, and numerous other sites. Drilling, excavating, or probing can be
dangerous near buried electrical lines. Check with the owner of the power system for the
existence and location of underground lines before you start digging.
Risk Evaluation
Activity
Undergroun
d power line

Hazard
Potential
Electric
contact to the
worker and
machinery

Consequence
s
Risk of injury,
death,
damage

L S
4

4 1
6

Control

All workers must use proper

P.P.E
All underground utilities that
may be encountered during the
excavation must be located and
marked prior to breaking ground.
While the excavation is open,
underground utilities shall be
protected, supported, or removed
as necessary to protect
employees.
To provide competent super
visor to supervise the activity
full time.
To provide Clearance Marking
as per TNB requirement.

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

A. Selecting job and identify the hazards for underground power line during excavate.
When the contruction excavation process, the excavator will make a site clearing or deep
excavation to clear a site condition or when underground cables are damaged, people can be
killed and injured by electric shock, electrical arcs (causing an explosion), and flames. This
often results in severe burns to hands, face and body, even if protective clothing is being
worn.
The damage can be caused when a cable is:

cut through by a sharp object such as the point of a tool; or

Crushed by a heavy object or powerful machine such excavation process.

Cables that have been previously damaged but left unreported and unrepaired can cause
incidents.
B. Involve the Employee
Most service cables belong to a Distribution Network Operator (DNO). However, some
cables belong to other organisations such as the highways authority, Ministry of Defence or
Network Rail.We should check nearby for equipment owned by the organisations listed
above, and if a worker suspects there are underground cables, ask them for plans to confirm
their location. If underground cables are nearby the site excacation it may need to ask the
underground cables who belong to any from the organisation to come and accurately locate
them for you.
The underground power line need someone who is experienced in underground cable
detection techniques should help the worker to locate using suitable equipment. We need to
make underground cables dead for the work to proceed safely. Be aware that electricity
companies (TNB) are required to give five days' notice to customers whose supply is to be
disconnected. Careful planning and risk assessments are essential before the work starts. Risk
assessments should consider how the work is to be carried out, ensuring local circumstances
are taken into account.
C. Conducting job hazard analysis
1. Eliminate the hazard:
If the excavate process are digging or disturbing the earth the worker should take care to
avoid damaging underground services. Underground electrical cables can be particularly
hazardous because they often look like pipes and it is impossible to tell if they are live
just by looking at them. We have to locate underground power line plan provided by a
Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) to identify a potential of underground power lines in site
area before site clearing in process. Damage to underground electrical cables can cause
fatal or severe injury and the law link to external website says you must take precautions
to avoid danger.
2. Substitute the hazard:

Place it proper areas for excavation machinary if the area indentify as a power lines path.
Decide a plan who might be harmed and how to prevent a damaging a underground
power lines
3. Worker control
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

All workers must be inducted before commencing work.

All workers must use proper P.P.E
To provide competent super visor to supervise the activity full time.
To organize Tool Box talk/meeting every time wants to start work.
To provide Clearance Marking as per TNB requirement.

4. Excavation work should be properly managed to control risks, including:

Planning the work

Using cable plans
Cable locating devices
Safe digging practices

5. Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and training in its use: Following safe work practices / procedures (SWP)
Wearing PPE (e.g. Ear plug, chemical glove, vapor mask)
Highligting on safety issues when observed
F. Breaking the Job Down
i.

Using cable plans

Plans or other suitable information about all buried services in the area should be
obtained and reviewed before any excavation work starts. If the excavation work is an
emergency, and plans and other information cannot be found, the work should be carried
out as though there are live buried services in the area. Symbols on electricity cable plans
may vary between utilities and advice should be sought from the issuing office.
Remember that high-voltage cables may be shown on separate plans from low-voltage
cables. Plans give only an indication of the location, and number of underground services
at a particular site. It is essential that a competent person traces cables using suitable
locating devices.

ii.

Cable locating devices

Before work begins, underground cables must be located, identified and clearly marked.
The position of the cable in or near the proposed work area should be pinpointed as
accurately as possible by means of a locating device, using plans, and other information
as a guide to the possible location of services and to help interpret the signal.
Remember: Locators should be used frequently and repeatedly during the course of the
work. People who use a locator should have received thorough training in its use and
limitations. Locating devices should always be used in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions, regularly checked and maintained in good working order.
iii.

Safe digging practices

Excavation work should be carried out carefully and follow recognised safe digging
practices. Once a locating device has been used to determine cable positions and routes,
excavation may take place, with trial holes dug using suitable hand tools as necessary to
confirm this. Excavate alongside the service rather than directly above it. Final exposure
of the service by horizontal digging is recommended; as the force applied to hand tools
can be controlled more effectively. Insulated tools should be used when hand digging
near electric cables.

G. Identifying Hazards
Separate the hazard from the workplace and the following activities are potentially hazardous
because workers may come in contact with buried power lines:

Place safety and warning signs in critical areas at the construction site.
Been made to secure the construction zone and create a safer environment during

excavate process.
Driving ground rods or any other long metal objects into the ground
Digging holes for fence posts
Digging near DangerHigh Voltage signs
Trenching