c
 


c
  
 

Jump to: navigation, search

c
 


1st row: Corazn Aquino Emilio Aguinaldo Vina Morales Manny Pacquiao

2nd row: Ignacia del Espritu Santo Charlene Gonzales Jeanne Angeles Harn

Imelda Marcos

3rd row: Lea Salonga Juan Luna Catherine Untalan Gloria Arroyo



 

about 103,000,000 people worldwide.[1]

     
 

Philippines 92,000,000 [2]
United States 3,053,179[3]
Saudi Arabia 1,066,401[4]
Malaysia 636,544[5]
United Arab Emirates 529,114[4]
Canada 410,695[6]
Japan 210,617[7]
United Kingdom 203,035[4]
Qatar 195,558[4]
Kuwait 139,802[4]
Hong Kong 130,810[8]
Australia 129,400[9]
 Italy 120,192[4]
South Korea 63,464[10]
Spain 40,000[11]
New Zealand 16,938[12]
Nigeria 16,000[13]
Norway 12,262[14]
Netherlands 12,000[15]
Pakistan 3,000[16]

4

Filipino, English, Philippine languages, Spanish, Arabic and

other languages.


 

Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholicism, and

Protestantism), Islam, Buddhism, Traditional and folk
religions and other religion.


 

other Southeast Asians and Austronesian-speaking people.

The c
 
 are the citizens of the Republic of the Philippines. The term is also often
used to refer to a person having Filipino ancestry. There are about 92,000,000 Filipinos in the
Philippines[17] and about 11,000,000 outside the Philippines.[18] Most Filipinos refer to
themselves colloquially as D
D (feminine: D
D), which is a slang word formed by taking
the last four letters of D


D and adding the diminutive suffix DD. The pre-1987 Philippine
alphabet (Abakada)'s lack of the letter D D had caused the letter D D to be substituted with D D.
This is the reason, when the 28-letter modern Filipino alphabet has been made official in 1987,
the name Filipino was preferred over Pilipino.

!
[hide]

uY 1 History
uY 2 Genetic studies
uY 3 Languages
uY 4 Diaspora
uY 5 See also
uY 6 Publications
 uY 7 References

V  
Main article: History of the Philippines

The earliest human remains found in the Philippines are the fossilized fragments of a skull and
jawbone, discovered in the 1960s by Dr. Robert B. Fox, a North American anthropologist of the
National Museum.[19] Anthropologists who have examined these remains agreed that they
belonged to modern human beings. These include the 

, as distinguished from the
mid-Pleistocene 
   species. The Tabon man fossils are considered to have come from
a third group of inhabitants, who worked the cave between 22,000 and 20,000 BCE. An earlier
cave level lies so far below the level containing cooking fire assemblages that it must represent
Upper Pleistocene dates like 45 or 50 thousand years ago.[20] Researchers say this indicates that
the human remains were pre-Mongoloid, from about 40,000 years ago. Mongoloid is the term
which anthropologists applied to the ethnic group which migrated to Southeast Asia during the
Holocene period and evolved into the Austronesian people (associated with the Haplogroup O1
(Y-DNA) genetic marker), a group of Malayo-Polynesian-speaking people including those from
Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Malagasy, parts of Vietnam as well as the non-Han Chinese
Taiwanese Aboriginals.[21] anthropologist F. Landa Jocano of the University of the Philippines,
in 2001 postulates that the present indigenous Filipinos are products of the long process of
evolution and movement of people.[22]

Fluctuations in ancient shorelines between 150,000 BP and 17,000 BP connected the Sundaland
region with Maritime Southeast Asia and the Philippine Islands. This may have enabled ancient
migrations into the Philippines from Maritime Southeast Asia approximately 50,000 BP to
13,000 BP.[23]

A January 2009 study of language phylogenies by R. D. Gray at UCLA published in Science

(journal), suggests that the population expansion of Austronesian peoples was triggered by rising
sea levels of the Sunda shelf at the end of the last ice age in a two-pronged expansion, which
moved north through the Philippines and into Taiwan, while a second expansion prong spread
east along the New Guinea coast and into Oceania and Polynesia.[24]

About 30,000 years ago, the Negritos settled in the islands. They were the ancestors of such
tribes of the Philippines as the Aeta, Agta, Ayta, Ati, Dumagat and other tribes of the
Philippines, today making up about .03% of the total Philippine population.[25]

The majority of present day Filipinos are an admixture of ancient peoples originating primarily
from Malaysia and Indonesia.[26]

Various ethnic groups established several communities formed by the assimilation of various
indigenous Philippine kingdoms.[25] Indians, together with the natives of the Indonesian
Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, traded with natives and introduced and passed Hinduism
and Buddhism to the natives of the Philippines. Most of them stayed in the Philippines where
they were slowly absorbed to native society. It was the Indians who brought stronger influence of
Sunni Islam in the Philippine islands.

From the 9th century onwards, a large number of mostly male Arab traders from the Middle East
settled down in the Malay Archipelago and intermarried with the local Malay, Indonesian and
Filipino female populations.[27]

Ethnic Chinese sailed down and frequently interacted and even created settlements including
CALABARZON region such as Rizal which carried on trade with the Arab traders long before
the Spanish conquest. As evidenced by a collection of priceless Chinese artifacts found in the
Philippines, dating back right up to the 10th century.

By the 13th century, Muslim traders from present-day Malaysia and Indonesia brought Islam to
the Philippines, where it both replaced and was practiced together with indigenous religions.
Most indigenous tribes of the Philippines practiced a mixture of Animism, Hinduism-Buddhism
and Islam.Native villages, called v are populated by locals called Timawa (Middle
Class/ freemen), Alipin (slaves) who are mostly of Malay-Austronesian, Australoid, Dravidian
and Chinese mix. They were ruled by Rajahs, Datus and Sultans, a class called Maharlika (upper
class & royalty) who are mostly a product of the Intermarriage of South Asian of Indo-Aryan,
Middle Eastern & Greek Ancestry with the migrant Chinese aristocrats & indigenous Malay-
Austronesian leaders.[25]. This tradition continued among Spanish and Portuguese traders who
also intermarried with the local populations.[28] In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of
Japanese traders also migrated to the Philippines and intermarried with the local population.[29]

During the period of Spanish colonialism beginning in the 16th century, the Philippines was
governed by Mexico City on behalf of the Spanish Empire. Early Spanish settlers were mostly
explorers, soldiers, government official and religious missionaries born in Spain and Mexico.
The 
  (governors born in Spain), mostly of Castilian ancestry settled in the islands to
govern the territory. Intermarriage between Spaniards and the indigenous people sometimes
occurred, but was not as common as it was in the Americas. Some settlers married the daughters
of rajahs and datus (chieftains) to reinforce the colonization of the islands, while some married
only other Spaniards. Prehistoric evidence attest to the fact that many datus and rajahs
(indigenous rulers) in the Philippines were of mixed Filipino, Indian and Chinese ancestry. They
formed the group which is to be called Principalia during the Spanish period, and were given
privileges by the Spanish colonial authorities.

As a part of the Seven years war, British conquest of the Spanish Philippines occurred between
1762 and 1764, although the only part of the Philippines which the British actually occupied was
the Spanish colonial capital Manila with the principal Spanish naval port Cavite, both on Manila
Bay. The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris (1763). At the time of signing the treaty, the
signatories were not aware that the Philippines had been taken by the British and was being
administered as a British colony. Consequently no specific provision was made for the
Philippines. Instead they fell under the general provision that all other lands not otherwise
provided for be returned to the Spanish Crown.[30] Many Sepoy Indian troupes and their British
captains mutinied and were left in Manila and some parts of the Ilocos and Cagayan. The ones in
manila settled at Cainta, Rizal and the ones at the north settled at Isabela. Most of which married
into the indigenous population.[

  ]

The arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines attracted new waves of Chinese male immigrants
from China, and maritime trade flourished during the Spanish occupation. The Spanish recruited
thousands of Chinese male migrant workers called   to build the colonial infrastructure in
the islands. Most Chinese male immigrants converted to Catholicism, intermarried with
indigenous women, and adopted Hispanized names and customs. The children of unions between
indigenous Filipinos and Chinese were called Mestizos de Sangley or Chinese mestizos, while
those between Spaniards and Chinese were called Tornatrs and were classified as blanco or
white, together with the mixed-race Spanish mestizos and pure-blooded Spanish Filipinos. The
Chinese mestizos were largely confined to the Binondo area. However, they eventually spread all
over the islands, and became traders, moneylenders and landowners.[25]

A total of 110 Manila galleons set sail in the 250 years of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade
(1565 to 1815). Until 1593, three or more ships would set sail annually from each port. European
Criollos, Mestizos and Mullatos of Spanish, Portuguese, French descent from the Americas,
mostly from Mexico and the Caribbean, came in contact with the Local Mestizos. Numerous
Mexican land owners and Moorish sailors also settled in the islands during this period. Japanese,
Korean and Cambodian Christians who fled from religious persecutions and killing fields also
settled during the 1600s until the 1800s.

With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1867, Spain opened the Philippines for international trade.
European investors such as British, German, Portuguese, Italian and French were among those
who settled in the islands as business increased. More Spaniards of Basque, Catalonian and
Moorish ancestry arrived during the next century. Many of these European migrants intermarried
with local Mestizos and some assimilated with the indigenous population. They became the
precursors of the current Chinese-dominated major corporations and conglomerates of the
country.

The name


 was derived from king Philip II of Spain, the Spanish name given to the
Philippines in the 16th century, by Spanish explorer Ruy Lpez de Villalobos.[31]

After the defeat of Spain during the Spanish-American War in 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo declared
independence on June 12 while General Wesley Merritt became the first American governors of
the Philippines. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the war, with Spain
ceding the Philippines and other colonies to the United States in exchange for $20 million
dollars.[32][33] United States civil governance was established in 1901, with William Howard Taft
as the first American Governor-General.[34] A number of Americans settled in the islands and
thousands of interracial marriages between Americans and Filipinos have taken place since then.
Due to the strategic location of the Philippines, as many as 21 bases and 100,000 military
personnel were stationed there since the U.S. first colonized the islands in 1898. These bases
were decommissioned in 1992 after the end of the Cold War, but left behind thousands of
Amerasian children.[35] The country gained independence from the United States in 1946. The
Pearl S. Buck International foundation estimates there are 52,000 Amerasians scattered
throughout the Philippines. In addition, numerous Filipino men enlisted in the US Navy and
made careers in it, often settling with their families in the United States. Some of their 2nd or 3rd
generation returned to the Islands.

Following independence, the Philippines has seen both small and large-scale immigration into
the country, mostly involving Chinese, Americans, British, Europeans, Japanese, and South
Asians. A few groups of Vietnamese war refugees during the 70's were welcomed by the
country. More recent migrations into the country by Koreans, Persians, Brazilians and other
Southeast Asians have contributed to the enrichment of the country's ethnic landscape, language
and culture. Centuries of migration, diaspora, assimilation, and cultural diversity made most
Filipinos open-minded in embracing interracial marriage and multiculturalism. Philippine
nationality law is currently based upon the principles of jus sanguinis and therefore descent from
a parent who is a citizen/national of the Republic of the Philippines is the primary method of
acquiring Philippine citizenship. Birth in the Philippines to foreign parents does not in itself
confer Philippine citizenship, although RA9139, the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000,
does provide a path for administrative naturalization of certain aliens born on Philippine soil (Jus
soli). Together, some of these recent immigrants have intermarried with the indigenous Filipinos,
as well as with the previous immigrant groups, giving rise to Filipinos of mixed racial and/or
ethnic origins also known as mestizos.

V   

The Philippine Government has never conducted any recent genetic study of great statistical
significance about the ancestry of the various Philippine ethnic groups, there have been some
studies, based upon very small samples of the population, which provide clues as to their origins.

A Stanford University study conducted during 2001 revealed that Haplogroup O3-M122 (labeled
as "Haplogroup L" in this study) is the most common Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup found
among Filipinos. This particular haplogroup is also predominant among Chinese, Koreans, and
Vietnamese. Another haplogroup, Haplogroup O1a-M119 (labeled as "Haplogroup H" in this
study), is also found among Filipinos. The rates of Haplogroup O1a are highest among the
Taiwanese aborigines, and Chamic-speaking people. Genetic data found among a sampling of
Filipinos may indicate some relation to the Ami tribe of Taiwan.[36]

A 2008 genetic study showed no evidence of a large-scale Taiwanese migration into the
Philippine Islands. A study by Leeds University and published in Molecular Biology and
Evolution, showed that mitochondrial DNA lineages have been evolving within Island Southeast
Asia (ISEA) since modern humans arrived approximately 50,000 years ago. Population
dispersals occurred at the same time as sea levels rose, which resulted in migrations from the
Philippine Islands into Taiwan within the last 10,000 years.[37]

A 2002 China Medical University study indicated that some Filipinos shared genetic
chromosome that is found among Asian people, such as Taiwanese aborigines, Indonesians,
Thais, and Chinese.[38]
A variety of research study by the University of the Philippines, genetic chromosome were found
in Filipinos which are shared by people from different parts of East Asia, and Southeast Asia.
The predominant genotype detected was SC, the Southeast Asian genotype.[39].

 and  are two patterns, identified by anthropologist Christy Turner, for
East Asia, within the "Mongoloid dental complex"[40]. The latter is regarded as having a more
generalised, Australoid morphology and having a longer ancestry than its offspring, Sinodonty.

 and  refer to China and Sundaland, while 'dont' refers to teeth.

He found the  pattern in the Jmon of Japan, Taiwanese aborigines, Filipinos,
Indonesians, Thais, Borneans, Laotians, and Malaysians, and the  pattern in the
inhabitants of China, Mongolia, eastern Siberia, Native Americans, and the Yayoi. Both of
patterns are common among indigenous Filipino tribes. Other dental patterns are also found
among City dwellers as a result of mixed racial ancestry.

These indigenous elements in the Filipino's genetic makeup serve as clues to the patterns of
migration throughout Philippine prehistory. After the 1500s, of course, the colonial period saw
the influx of genetic influence from Europeans. During the above mentioned study conducted by
Stanford University Asia-Pacific Research Center, it was stated that 3.6% of the Philippine
population has varying degrees of European ancestry from Spanish, and American
colonization.[41]

V 4

Main article: Languages of the Philippines

According to Ethnologue, there are about 180 languages spoken in the Philippines.[42] The
Constitution of the Philippines designates Filipino (which is based on Tagalog[43][44]) as the
national language and designates both Filipino and English as official languages. Regional
languages are designated as auxiliary official languages. The constitution also provides that
Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.[45]

Other major and minor languages in the country include Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Waray,
Kapampangan, Bicol, Pangasinan, Tausug, Maguindanao, Maranao, Kinaray-a, Chavacano and
Spanish. The 28-letter modern Filipino alphabet, adopted in 1987, is the official writing
system.[46]

V  
Main article: Overseas Filipino

Filipinos form a minority ethnic group in the Americas, Europe, Oceania,[47][48] the Middle East
and other countries in the world.
Filipinos make up about half of the entire population of the Northern Marianas Islands, an
American territory in the North Pacific Ocean, and a large proportion of the populations of
Guam, Palau, and the Malaysian state of Sabah.[48]

V 


Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
 
 

uY Demographics of the Philippines

uY Ethnic groups in the Philippines
uY Filipino psychology
uY Filipino value system

V 
 
Y