Fluid Phase Equilibria, 85 (1993) 129-140

Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam

129

Calculation of equilibrium solubility of carbon

aqueous mixtures of monoethanolamine
with
methyldiethanolamine

dioxide in

Meng-Hui Li and Keh-Perng Shen

Department of Chemical Engineering,
Taiwan 32023 (Taiwan)
(Received

February

2, 1992; accepted

Chung Yuan Christian

University,

in final form September

27, 1992)

ABSTRACT
Li, M.H. and Shen, K.-P., 1993. Calculation of equilibrium solubihty
aqueous mixtures of monoethanolamine
with methyldiethanolamine.
libria, 85: 129-140.

of carbon dioxide in
Fluid Phase Equi-

The equilibrium solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous mixtures of monoethanolamine

(MEA) with methyldiethanolamine
(MDEA) has been correlated on the basis of the model
of Kent and Eisenberg. The chemical equilibrium
constants
involving alkanolamines
are
expressed as functions of temperature,
amine concentration
and carbon dioxide loading. The
constants in the model were determined by fitting to the solubility data of carbon dioxide in
aqueous MEA/MDEA
solutions for temperatures
ranging from 40 to 100C and for partial
pressures of carbon dioxide up to 2000 kPa. Satisfactory results were obtained for calculations of the solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous MEA/MDEA
solutions for the systems
tested. When performing the solubility calculations for the systems which are not included in
the database, the model predicts reasonably well the solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous
MEA/MDEA
solutions.

INTRODUCTION

Alkanolamine aqueous solutions are frequently used for the removal of

acidic gases such as CO*, H2S and COS, from natural, refinery and
synthesis gas streams. Aqueous MEA (2-aminoethanol, H2NCH2CH20H)
solutions have been used extensively because of their high reactivity, low
solvent cost, ease of reclamation, and low absorption of hydrocarbons
(Isaacs et al., 1980). When the primary (or secondary) amine reacts with
CO*, stable carbamates are usually formed (Sartori and Savage, 1983). The
maximum CO2 loading is limited by stoichiometry to 0.5 mol of CO2 per
mole of amine when carbamate formation is the only reaction. At high CO,

Correspondence to: M.-H. Li, Department

of Chemical
University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 32023, Taiwan.
037%3812/93/$06.00

1993 - Elsevier

Engineering,

Science Publishers

Chung Yuan Christian

B.V. All rights reserved

130

M.H.

Li and K.-P. Shen / Fluid Phase Equilibria

85 (1993) 129-140

partial pressures, however, carbamates

may hydrolyze
and generate free
amine which can react with additional CO,; thus the CO2 loading of MEA
may exceed 0.5. Moreover,
MEA does not appear to degrade readily by
reaction with CO,, but it does degrade with temperature
and on contact
with liquid hydrocarbons.
Aqueous
MDEA
(N-methyldiethanolamine,
CH3 N( CH, CH2 OH),) solutions are finding increasing application in industry for the selective removal of H2S from gas streams which contain both
CO? and H2S. The advantages
of MDEA solutions include their high
loading capacity (about 1.O mol of CO* per mole of amine) and their low
heat of reaction with the acid gases (Riesenfeld
and Brocoff, 1986). The
lower heat of reaction leads to lower energy requirements
for regeneration.
Another advantage of MDEA is that it does not degrade readily. However,
the low reaction rate of CO1 with tertiary amines limits the use of MDEA
solutions (Sartori and Savage, 1983).
Recently the use of blended amines (a solution of two or more amines in
varying compositions)
in gas-treating
processes has acquired potentially
major industrial importance (Chakravarty
et al., 1985). The use of blended
amines, which contain a combination
of the absorption
characteristics
of
the amines, such as higher loading capacity and faster reaction rate, brings
about considerable
improvements
in absorption and great savings in energy
requirements.
Blends of primary and tertiary amines (mixtures of MEA and
MDEA) have been suggested for use in CO2 removal (Chakravarty
et al.,
1985). Information
on the solubility of acid gases in aqueous MEA/MDEA
solutions is required for the rational design of gas-treating
units. The
solubilities of CO2 in 2.0 kmol rnM3 MEA + 2.0 kmol m- MDEA aqueous
solution have been reported at 40 and 80C for partial pressures of CO2
below 315 kPa (Austgen et al., 1991). The solubility of CO, in aqueous
MEA/MDEA
solutions has also been studied experimentally
for temperatures from 40 to 100C and partial pressures of CO, up to 2000 kPa (Shen
and Li, 1992; Li and Shen, 1992).
Correlations
for accurately representing the vapor-liquid
equilibria of the
aqueous acid-gas-alkanolamine
system are essential in calculations
for
process simulation and the design of the gas-treating
operation.
Reliable
correlations
can be used confidently to interpolate the experimental
data.
Using the apparent
equilibrium
constants,
Kent and Eisenberg (1976)
proposed a predictive method to represent HIS and CO2 equilibrium partial
pressures over aqueous MEA or DEA (diethanolamine)
solutions. With the
exception of the equilibrium constants for reactions involving amines, the
literature values for all the ionization constants and Henrys law constants
were used in the model of Kent and Eisenberg. The equilibrium constants
involving amines were determined by fitting to the experimental
solubility
data. Owing to its simplicity, the model of Kent and Eisenberg has often
been used to represent the experimental
data of aqueous acid-gas-alkanolamine systems (Lee et al., 1976; Jou et al., 1982; Pitsinigos and Lygeros,

M.H. Li and K.-P. Shen 1 Fluid Phase Equilibria 85 (1993) 129-140

131

1989; Hu and Chakma, 1990a, b). It has been shown that the model of Kent
and Eisenberg generally yields satisfactory
results for simple systems, i.e.
aqueous single-amine solutions containing
only COz or H,S (Lee et al.,
1976). However, Jou et al. (1982) pointed out that the equilibrium constants
involving amines are essentially functions of temperature,
acid-gas loading
and amine concentration,
rather than a function of temperature
alone, as
used in the model of Kent and Eisenberg.
The representation
of the solubility of acid gases in aqueous alkanolamine
systems within a framework
of thermodynamics,
and the rigorous expression of equilibrium
constants expressed in terms of activities rather than
concentrations,
should be used in calculations
to represent non-ideality
of
species and pair interactions
among species. On the basis of a molecular
thermodynamic
framework,
Edwards et al. (1975) proposed a method to
calculate equilibrium
vapor-liquid
compositions
for dilute aqueous solutions of one or more volatile weak electrolytes, i.e. the sour water systems.
In their approach,
the extended Debye-Hiickel
expression (Guggenheim,
1935) for activity coefficients of ions and molecular species was used to
calculate chemical equilibrium
constants.
Deshmukh
and Mather ( 198 1)
presented a similar approach to representing the solubility of H2S and CO2
in aqueous MEA solutions. Applying the electrolyte-NRTL
activity coefficient equations
treating both long-range
electrostatic
interactions
and
short-range binary interactions, Austgen et al. (1991) proposed a thermodynamic model for the calculation
of H,S and CO2 solubility in aqueous
MEA/MDEA
or MDEA/DEA
solutions. Although the rigorous models of
Deshmukh
and Mather (1981) and Austgen et al. (1991) retain activity
coefficients in the expression for equilibrium constants, they are difficult to
apply when interaction
parameters
for all pairs of species are not readily
available. There are 23 independent
equations in the model of Deshmukh
and Mather; hence the computing time required to solve the simultaneous
equations is substantial.
Also, failure to provide a good estimate of the
initial values may cause convergence
problems
in the calculation
(Hu
and Chakma, 1990a). Compared to the rigorous approaches,
the model of
Kent and Eisenberg is simpler. It has been pointed out that predictions
by the Deshmukh
and Mather approach
are no better than those using
the model of Kent and Eisenberg (Hu and Chakma, 1990a). On the basis
of this model, Hu and Chakma (1990a, b) proposed a modified expression
for the equilibrium
constants,
governing
the main amine reactions,
as
functions not only of temperature
but also of acid-gas partial pressure and
amine concentration.
In calculations
of the solubility of CO2 and H2S in
2-amino-2-methyl1-propanol
(AMP) or diglycolamine
(DGA) solutions,
satisfactory
results were obtained (Hu and Chakma, 1990a, 1990a, b). The
objective of this research is to develop a model for the representation
of
the solubility
of CO2 in aqueous MEA/MDEA
solutions,
based on a
method similar to that of Hu and Chakma (1990a). In this study, the

132

M.H.

Li and K.-P. Shen 1 Fluid Phase Equilibria

85 (1993) 129-140

expressions
for chemical equilibrium
constants
involving amines will be
assumed to be functions of temperature,
amine concentration,
and acid-gas
loading.
MATHEMATICAL

RELATIONS

Equations describing the COJMEA/MDEA

aqueous
with RNH2 and R3N representing
MEA and MDEA,
follows:
KII
RNH; T
H+ + RNH,

system equilibrium,
respectively, are as

(1)

K13

R3NH+

H+ + R3N

RNHCOO-

-!%
+ Hz0 _

(2)
RNH,

+ HCO;

(3)

K3

H20+C0

*,H++HCO;

(4)

H,OA -H++OH-

(5)

HCO- 3 z-H++CO:-

(6)

Note that the carbamate

ion is formed only by the reaction of COz with
MEA and not by CO, with MDEA.
The expressions for the apparent equilibrium constants are
K,, =

W+I[RNH,I/[RNH:l

(7)

K13

[H+l[R,N/[R,NH+l

(8)

K2 = [RNH,][HCO;]/[RNHCOO-]

(9)

K3 = [H+][HCO;]/[CO,]

(10)

K4 = [H+][OH-]

(11)

K5 = [H+][CO:-]/[HCO;]

(12)

Henrys law relates acid-gas partial pressures to physically

acid-gas concentration
in the solvent according to
Pco,

&02Koz1

The following
m, = [RNHJ
m2 = [R,N]
(ml +

m2)k02

[RNH:]

(13)

balance

+ [RMH:]

equations

for the reacting

species can be formed:

+ [RNHCOO-]

(14)

+ [R3NH+]
=

(15)

[CO,] + [HCO;]

+ [R,NH+]

dissolved

+ [CO:-]

+ [RNHCOO-]

(16)

+ [H+] = [RNHCOO-]
+ [HCO;]

-t 2[CO:-]

+ [OH-]

(17)

M.H. Li and K.-P. Shen / Fluid Phase Equilibria 85 (1993) 129-140

133

For an amine solution with known concentrations ml and m2 and aco2,

eqns. (7) -( 17), 11 equations overall, can be used to solve for 11 unknowns:
the partial pressure of CO, and concentrations of the species [RNHJ,

[R,N, [RNH:l, [R,NH+l, [RNHCOO-I, [CO,l, WCO,I, W-1,

W+l

and [OH-].
Equations (7) -( 17) can be expressed as the partial pressure of CO, as a
function of CO2 loading as follows:
~~0,

Wc~,~W12MJGJG(1
+ U-V/& + mJH+lI&~~~)l

(18)

where
[H+] = [B( 1 + K2K5/(K2K5 + &[H+] + m,[H+]/K))
+ &IW+lII(1 + w/JGJ
B = (ml +
K'

1 +

K =
TABLE

m2)aC02

+ m21JG3W

(19)

-PCO$&O~

(20)

[H+lIG, + ~co,~3l(~2~co,[H+I)

(21)

1 + [H+]/K,,

(22)

Calculation

of equilibrium

solubility

Amine concentration
(wt.%)

of CO, in aqueous

Temperature
(C)

MEA

MDEA

30
24
18
12
6

0
6
12
18
24

40
40
40
40
40

60
60
60
60
60

80
80
80
80
80

100
100
100
100
100

MEA/MDEA

solutions
AAD%
of

No. of
data
points

PC02

48
48
49
46
46

19.7
14.1
14.5
12.6
14.8

((expt. - calc.)/expt.l

a Average
absolute
deviation
percentage,
where N is the total number of data points.

/N x 100,

TABLE 2
Equilibrium

constants

and Henrys law constant

used in this study a

Equilibrium
constant

B x 1o-4

c x lo-*

D x lo-

E x lo-3

K3 (kmol m-)
K4 (kmol m-3)*
KS (kmol m-)
H,,, (kPa (kmolm-3)-)

-241.828
39.5554
-294.74
20.2669

29.8253
-9.879
36.4385
- 1.38306

- 1.48528
0.568827
- 1.84157
0.06913

0.332647
-0.146451
0.415792
-0.015589

- 0.282393
0.136145
-0.354291
0.01200

a K, = exp[A + B/T + C/T* + D/T + E/T41 for T in kelvin.

M.H.

134

Li and K.-P. Shen / Fluid Phase Equilibria

85 (1993) 129-140

In this study, the literature values of the equilibrium constants for eqns.
(4)-(6) will be used in the calculation, as in the model of Kent and
Eisenberg. The equilibrium constants which govern the main amine reactions, i.e. eqns. (1) -( 3), are assumed to be functions of temperature, amine
concentration and CO2 loading.
The expression for equilibrium constants in terms of activities, K,, for
reactions involving amines, i.e. eqns. (1) -(3), has the form
K, = K,K;

(23)

where Kc is the apparent equilibrium constant expressed in

concentrations only, as in eqns. (7) -(9), and KY is the equilibrium
in terms of activity coefficients. The equilibrium constant K, is, in
a function of temperature only. In this study, a simple expression
assumed:
K, = exp(a, +a2/T+a,/T3)

terms of
constant
principle,
for K, is
(24)

where a, are constants. The equilibrium constant in terms of activity

coefficients, KY,,
is a function of temperature, concentration of species and
pair potential energies among all the species present in solution. A rigorous
model to calculate activity coefficients of species, ions or molecules, is
usually complicated and contains many parameters which characterize pair
interactions among species.
In the method of Hu and Chakma (1990a, b), the amine concentration
and the free CO2 concentration were used to correlate the equilibrium
constant KY.As can be seen in eqn. (13) the free CO2 concentration relates

103

2
Y

N
8

00

02
a

04
> msl

OS

of CO,/(mol

Points

Exptl

Lines

Calculated

oe

Dota

IO

I,

of amlne)

Fig. 1. Comparison
of calculated
and experimental
24 wt.% MEA + 6 wt.% MDEA aqueous solution.

results

for

solubility

of CO,

in

M.H.

Li and K.-P. Shen 1 Fluid Phase Equilibria

85 (1993) 129-140

135

to the partial pressure of COZ which is a function of CO2 loading. Thus we

have used the amine concentration and CO> loading to correlate KY. The
expression for KYis then assumed to be
KY= exp( -bl ace, - bZIaCo, - b3/&o, - b4 ln m)

(25)

where bi are constants and acOz is the CO2 loading. The constants a,
and b, in eqns. (24) and (25) are determined by fitting to the experimental
data.
Combining eqns. (23) -( 25) one obtains
K, = exp(a, + a2/T + aJT

3 + b,ccco, + b2/cxC0, -t b3/a#$o, + b4 In m)

(26)

The constants K,, , K13 and K2 in eqns. (7) -(9) are the apparent equilibrium constants and are assumed to follow eqn. (26). In eqn.
(26), m denotes ml, the concentration
of MEA, when Ki, or K2 is
calculated, and it denotes m2, the concentration of MDEA, when K13 is
evaluated.

RESULTS

AND

DISCUSSION

The solubiliy data of CO* in aqueous MEA/MDEA systems (Shen

and Li, 1992; Li and Shen, 1992) are chosen as the database to
determine constants in the model. The systems studied are summarized in
Table 1.

103

Points

Exptl

Lines

Calculated

Data

100
00

02
a

04

, mol

06

of COz/(mol

08

10

12

of amine)

Fig. 2. Comparison
of calculated
and
12 wt.% MEA + 18 wt.% MDEA aqueous

experimental
solution.

results

for

solubility

of

CO2

in

M.H. Li and K.-P. Shen 1 Fluid Phase Equilibria 85 (1993) 129-140

136

Using the least-squares fit to the equilibrium partial pressure data of CO2
in aqueous MEA/MDEA solutions, the equilibrium constants were determined as follows:
K,, = exp[ 13.24 - 1.221 x 104/T + 2.157 x 10s/T3 + 2.502aoo,
- 2.643/c+., + 0.2628/a&,, - 0.067 ln(m,)]

(27)

K13= exp[ -28.15 + 6.614 x 103/T - 4.473 x 108/T3 + 0.6578a,o,

+ 0.5645/a(1-0,- 0.1485/a&

+ 0.1673 In(

(28)

Kz = exp[ - 13.071 + 7.617 x 103/T - 3.221 x 108/T3 + 0.8808a,o,

- 2.537/c+., + 0.8293/a&

- 1.0935 ln(m,)]

(29)

where T is in kelvins, m in kmol me3, and c+~, in moles of CO* per mole of
amine.
A summary of the results is presented in Table 1. In calculations of the
equilibrium partial pressure of CO, in aqueous MEA/MDEA solutions, the
overall average absolute percentage deviation is around 15%. The equilibrium constants for eqns. (4) -(6) and the Henrys law constant used in
this study are the same as those used in the model of Kent and Eisenberg
and are presented in Table 2. Figures l-3 show comparisons of the results
from calculated and experimental data for three blended amine systems. The
calculated partial pressures of CO2 over aqueous MEA/MDEA systems are
in good agreement with experimental data for temperatures ranging from 40
to 100C as shown in Figs. l-3. The model reasonably reproduces the

103

Lines

Calculated

100

1,

00

02
Q

04
I mol

06

of CO,/(mol

1,

08

10

1 2

of amine)

Fig. 3. Comparison
of calculated
and experimental
6 wt.% MEA + 24 wt.% MDEA aqueous solution.

results

for

solubility

of

CO*

in

M.H. Li and K.-P. Shen / Fluid Phase Equilibria 85 (1993) 129-140

137

equilibrium partial pressure of CO, over aqueous MEA/MDEA systems,

not only over a wide temperature range, i.e. 40-lOOC, but also for
systems of various concentrations. To test the applicability of the model,
calculations of the solubility for data not included in the database have
also been performed. Figure 4 gives a comparison between the results
103

k
0
2

102
2

10
Y

c-4
8

!:
0

a0
100

1o-1

Points

Exptl

Data

, 1991)

(Austgen et al

Lines Calculated
0

40C
80C

0
2

1o-2

F,
00

o(

I
04

02
, mol

06

of C02/(mol

08

10

12

of amine)

Fig. 4. Comparison
of calculated
and experimental
results for solubility
2.0 kmol m-3 MEA + 2.0 kmol mm3 MDEA aqueous solution at 40 and 80C.

104

103

3
;

of

CO,

in

of

CO2

in

102

Points

Exptl

Data

(Lee et al ,1974)
Lines Calculated

10'

00

02

04

06

CY , mol of C02/(mol

08

10

12

of amlne)

Fig. 5. Comparison
of calculated
and experimental
5.0 kmol m-3 MEA aqueous solution at 40 and 100C.

results

for

solubility

138

M.H. LL and K.-P. Shen I Fluid Phase Equilibria 85 (1993) 129-140

104

K
/I-.

103

a0

k 102
8

Points

0
/

R
2

Lines

1 0

I
0.0

I1

02

04

0.6

I4

40C(2.0N)
70 C(Z.ON)

lOO"C(2.ON)

08

CJl I mol of CO,/(mol

Fig. 6. Comparison
2.0 kmol mm3 MDEA

Data

Calculated

100

Exptl.

(Jou et al ,I 982)

IO

I,

I,

12

14

I,

16

18

of amine)

of calculated
and experimental
results
aqueous solution at 40, 70 and 100C.

for

solubility

of

CO,

in

of calculated
and experimental
CO, solubilities in 2.0 kmol me3 MEA +
2.0 kmol mP3 MDEA solution at 40 and 80C (Austgen et al., 1991). The
model predictions
at 40C are in good agreement with the data. At 80C
the model predicts good results for data at high partial pressures of CO1
and fair results for data at low partial pressures of CO? (see Fig. 4).
Calculations
of the solubility of CO2 in aqueous MEA solution (5.0 N) at
40 and 100C (Lee et al., 1974) were also performed to test the model. As
can be seen in Fig. 5, the model predictions are in satisfactory
agreement
with the data for both temperatures,
40 and 100C. To test the model
further, calculations
of the solubility of COZ in 2.0 kmol mm3 MDEA solution (Jou et al., 1982) were carried out; the results are shown in Fig. 6. The
model predicts the solubility
of CO* in 2.0 kmol mP3 MDEA aqueous
solution at 40, 70, and 100C reasonably well, as shown in Fig. 6.

CONCLUSION

The model of Kent and Eisenberg for calculating the solubilities of acidic
gases in alkanolamine
solutions has been extended to represent the solubility of COZ in aqueous mixtures of MEA with MDEA. The equilibrium
constants of chemical reactions involving amines are expressed as functions
of temperature,
amine concentration,
and COZ loading. The literature values
for ionization constants and Henrys law constant are adopted directly in
the calculation, as in the Kent and Eisenberg method. The constants in the

M.H. Li and K.-P. Sherz 1 Fluid Phase Equilibria 85 ~199~~ 129-140

139

model have been determined by fitting to the solubility data of CO, in

aqueous MEA/MDEA solutions for temperatures ranging from 40- 100C.
The calculated partial pressures of CO* over aqueous MEA/MDEA systems
are in good agreement with the data for the systems tested. The model has
also been tested for systems not included in the database. Satisfactory
results were obtained for the calculation of the solubility of COz in
MEA/MDEA aqueous solutions.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The support of this research by the National Science Council of the

Republic of China under Grant NSC 79-0410-E-033-05 is gratefully acknowledged.

LIST OF SYMBOLS

a,, h
AMP
B

DEA
DGA
H CO2
KA
K
K)
ml

ZEA
MDEA
PC02

RNH;!
R,N

constants in eqns. (24)-(26)

2-amino-2-methyl- 1-propanol
constant in eqn. ( 18)
diethanolamine
diglycolamine
Henrys law constant of carbon dioxide
equilibrium constant of chemical reaction
apparent equilibrium constant of chemical reaction
equilibrium constant in terms of activity coefficients
molarity of MEA
molarity of MDEA
monoethanolamine
methyldiethanolamine
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
represents MEA
represents MDEA

Greek letter
koz

loading capacity of carbon dioxide

REFERENCES
Austgen, D.M., Rochelle, G.T. and Chen, C.C., 1991. Model of vapor-liquid
equilibria for
aqueous acid gas-alkanol~iue
systems. 2. Representation
of H2S and CO, solubility in
aqueous MDEA and CO1 solubility in aqueous mixtures of MDEA with MDEA or DEA.
Ind. End. Chem. Res., 30: 543-555.

Chakravarty, T., Phukan, UK and Weiland, R.H., 1985. Reaction of acid gases with
mixtures of amines. Chem. Eng. Prog., 81: 32-36.
Deshmukh, RD. and Mather, A.E., 1981. A mathematical model for equilibrium solubitity
of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in aqueous alkanolamine solutions. Chem. Eng.
Sci., 36: 355-362.
Edwards, T.J., Newman, J. and Prausnitz, J.M., 1975. Thermodynamics of aqueous solutions
containing volatile weak electrolytes. AIChE J,, 21: 24X-259.
Guggenheim, EA., 1935. The specific thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of
strong electrolytes. Philos. Mag., 19: 588-643.
Hu, W, and Chakma, A., 1990a. Modelling of equihbrium solubility of CO, and H7S in
aqueous amino methyl propanol (AMP) solutions. Chem. Eng. Commun., 94: 53-61.
Hu, W. and Chakma, A., 1990b. Modelhng of equilibrium salubility of CO, and H,S in
aqueous digIycolam~e (DGA) solutions. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 68: 523-525,
Isaacs, E.E., Otto, F.D. and Mather, A.E., 1980. Sofubility of mixtures of H,S and CO, in
a monoethanoIam~ne solution at low partial pressures. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 25: 118-120.
Jou, F.Y., Mather, A.E. and Otto, F.D., 1982. Solubility of H,S and CC& in aqueous
methyldiethanolamine
solutions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 21: 539-544.
Kent, R.L. and Eisenberg, B., 1976. Better data for amine treating. Hydrocarbon Process.,
55(2): 87.-90.
Lee, J.I., Otto, F.D. and Mather, A.E., 1974. The solubility of H,S and COz in aqueous
monoethanalamine
solutions. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 52: 803-805.
Lee, J.I., Otto, F.D. and Mather, A.E., 1976. The measurement and prediction of the
solubility of mixtures of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide in a 2.5 N monoethanolamine solution. Can. J. Chem. Eng.. 54: 214-219.
Li, M.H. and Shen, K.P., 1992. Densities and solubihties of carbon dioxide in water + mon~t~anolan~~ne + ~-methyIdietha~olamine.
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37: 288-290.
Pitsinigos, V.D. and Lygeros, AI., 1989. Predicting H,S-MEA equilibria. Hydrogen Process., 68(4): 43-44.
Riesenfeld, FC. and BrocotT, J-C., 1986. Tertiary ethanolamines more economical for
removal of I&S and carbon dioxide. Techaalogy, Oil Gas J., 84: 61-64.
Sartori, G, and Savage, D.W., 1983. Sterically hindered amines for CO, removal from gases.
Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 22: 239-249.
Shen, K.P. and Li, M.H., 1992. Solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous mixtures of
monoethanolamine
with methyldiethanolamine.
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37: 96- 100.