Physics 2101 Assignment

Problem 1
a)
Assume negligible heat loss through sides of 3mm, and taking boundary layer
closest to surface of plate and surrounding air, no heat loss to stand. Heat transfers
through flat plate to air via conduction.
steel, k = 14 W/mK from notes
TC = 50C
TH = -12C
L = 0.003 m

Q
T
=kA (
)
t
L
50(12)
Q
=14 (0.10.1)(
)
t
0.003
Q
=2893.33 W
t

Time for steel to reach -12C = rate of heat loss x total amount of heat energy
decreased from 50C to -12C.
Density of steel = 7850 kg/m3, (source: engineeringtoolbox.com)
Specific Heat Capacity of steel = 0.49 kJ/kgK , (source: engineeringtoolbox.com)
Mass = density x volume = 7850 x 0.1*0.1*0.003 = 0.2355 kg
Q = mC (Tc TH) = 0.2355 (490)(-12-50)
Q = 7150 J

Rearrange rate of heat loss for time,

t = Q/2893.3 J/s = 7150/2893.3
t = 2.47 s
It would take approximately 2.47s for the flat steel plate to reach ambient
temperature.
It would most likely take more time as this does not accurately model the
convective heat transfer and insulating properties of air. However, this might be

Physics 2101 Assignment

balanced out with the heat loss through the sides and through the conduction
through the stand which we did not account for.

b)
Assume heat loss is restricted only through cross sectional area of copper.
Total Rate of Heat loss = (Q/t)steel + (Q/t)copper

Rate of Heat Loss Through Steel Plate:

Q
T
=kA(
)
t
L
k = 14 (W/mK)
L = 0.003m
A = 300 mm2 = 3 x10-4m

TH = 50C
TC = -12C

50(12 )
Q
=14 ( 3 x 1 04 )
=86.8 W=86.8 J /s
t
0.003

Rate of Heat Loss Through Copper:

Q
T
=kA(
)
t
L

k = 401 (W/mK) from notes

L = 0.15m
A = 3 x10-4m

TH = 50C
TC = -12C

Q
4 50 ( 12 )
=401 ( 3 x 10 )
=49.72 J / s
t
0.15

Total Heat Loss:

Q/t = 86.8+49.72 = 136.53 J/s
Time to reach -12C:
Taking same amount of energy needed to be rid of to take the steel plate from 50C
to -12C: Q = 7150 J
Q/t = 136.53

Physics 2101 Assignment

T = 7150 J / 136.53 J/s = 52.4s, therefore it will take more time for the plate to reach
-12C.
Problem 2

Mass = 0.002kg per stone

Rate = 30 stones/s
Speed = 15 m/s
45 angle
Area = 0.5m2
Pressure is given by

P=F / A

where

F x =m

vx
t

perpendicular to window pane

Therefore,
P=

m v x 30 (0.002)( 2 ( 15 ) cos 45)

=
A t
0.5(1)

= 2.55 N/m2 = 2.55 Pa

Compared to atmospheric pressure at 101325 Pa

101325-2.55/2.55*100 = 3973429.41%
Therefore, the atmospheric pressure is about 4,000,000% greater than the average
pressure exerted on the window by the hailstones.

Physics 2101 Assignment

Problem 3
Neon and argon with vrmsneon = 400 m/s
Neon molar mass = 20.1797 g/mol
Argon molar mass = 39.948 g/mol
a)

v rms=

3 RT
M

v rmsneon2 ( M )
=T
3R
4002 (20.1797 /1000 )
=T
3(8.3144598)
T = 129.44 K
b)
Being in a mixed state, T is the same:

v rmsargon =

v rmsargon =

3 RT
M
3(8.314)(129.44)
0.039948
v rmsargon = 284.284 m/s

c)
Average kinetic energy of system equated to kinetic energy of falling mass:

trans= 3 kT =mgh
K
2
3 kT
39.95
=h , where m=mass of 1 argonatom=
1000=6.64 x 1 026 kg
23
2 mg
6.02 x 1 0

Physics 2101 Assignment

3 (1.38 x 1 023)(129.44)
=h
2( 6.64 x 1 026 )( 9.81)
h= 4113.41m
Therefore you would have to drop it from a height of 4113.41m

Problem 4
Volume is constant because both gas and solid are sealed and insulated in a rigid
container. Therefore isochoric process.
a) System of Solid
Qs = nCv (t2-t1), where rule of Dulong and Petit denotes C v for elemental solid is 6/2R
= 3R
Qs = 1mol (3R) (19.1 10C)
Qs =1mol(24.9 J/molK)(9.1K)
Qs = +226.9722 J, which is the heat gained by solid.

b) Gas and solid reached equilibrium, therefore no change in internal energy.

U = Q (since V= 0, W= 0)
Heat gained by solid = Heat loss by gas
Therefore, Qs= Qg = nCv(t2 t1) and rearranging for Heat capacity of Gas: C v = Qs /
[n(t2 t1)]
Cv =- 226.9722/ 1( 19.1-30) = 20.82 J/molK

The number of atoms of one mole of this gas is related to the degrees of freedom:
Cv = fR/2
f = 20.82 /8.314*2 = 5
Total degrees of freedom is 5, so 3 degrees of freedom from translational motion
and 2 from rotational. There for it is most likely a diatomic gas.

c) The change in pressure of the gas can be known by dividing P final/Pinitial

using PV = nRT and isolation for P,

Physics 2101 Assignment

Pfinal (nRT )final V initial

=
Pinitial (nRT )initial V final
Where variables n, R, V are the same for initial and final states of the gas,

Pfinal T final 19.1

=
=
=0.6367
Pinitial T initial 30
Therefore, the final pressure decreased by 1-0.6367 * 100 = 36.33%

Problem 5
5 mols
monoatomic
T1 = 127C
Q = +1200 J
W = -2100 J

Internal Energy is given by:

U = Q-W = 1200 2100
U = -900

U = nCvT
Where Cv = 3/2R since monoatomic, therefore,
-900 = 5(3/2)(8.314)(Tf Ti)

T f=

900
+127
3
5( )( 8.314)
2
Tf = 112.57C

Therefore the final temperature of the gas is 112.57C

Physics 2101 Assignment

Question 1
If molecular speeds were doubled, then v rms should also double as it is a close
approximate to the average speed of molecules. This would then approximately
quadruple the T since vrms is squared in relation to T of the gas according to the
equation as follows:

v rms2 ( M )
=T
3R

Question 2
For Ai to Aif:
Initial increasing pressure portion is an isochoric process whereby heat was added in
system to increase pressure, W = 0, U = + Q
For Aif to Af:
Both pressure and volume are decreasing, there so should the temperature, energy
is leaving the system. Work is positive as volume is decreasing.
U=-Q+W

For Bi to Bif:
Initial decreasing pressure in an isochoric process. Heat is decreasing, energy
subtracted from system. W = 0, U = - Q
For Bif to Bf:
Pressure increase and volume decrease, temperature should also increase. Energy
added to system, work is negative, U = Q + W
Overall the work in A should be more than B as the area under the curve is larger.
The change of internal energy is the same since the initial and final position of the
PV diagram is the same for both processes.

Question 3
Carbon dioxide is a gas with 3 atoms, therefore it would have 3 degrees of freedom
from translational, 3 from rotational, and 4 from vibrational according to the 4
modes (equilibrium, bending, symmetric, asymmetric) as described in the notes.
Therefore, there are 10 degrees of freedom.

Physics 2101 Assignment

In relation to heat capacity at constant volume, C v = fR/2 = 10(8.314)/2 = 41.57
J/molK

Physics 2101 Assignment

Question 4
No, they are process variables or path variables because they depend on the
thermodynamic process from initial to equilibrium, if the process path changes, so
would heat and work. Conversely state variables independently describe the state
of dynamical systems, state variables are able to be used to determine future
states.

Question 5
The increase in temperature means that overall internal energy has increased
therefore energy was added. The internal energy of the system depends on heat
and work, so therefore the specific amount of heat energy added is unknown as
work in the form of mechanical agitation could also have increased the
temperature.