Chemistry Revision Sheet

1617-CM190
1. In the reaction that follows, identify the species being oxidized and the one being reduced:
Co(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) 2Ag(s) + Co2+ (aq)
Co is losing electrons Co is being oxidized
Ag+ is gaining electrons Ag+ is being reduced
2. If the pH of a solution is 8.00, what is [H+] and [OH-]? Is the solution acidic or basic?
Given: pH = 8.00
R.T.F: [OH-] = ??
pH = - log [H+] [H+] = 1.0 10-8 M Kw = [H+][OH-] [OH-] =

.
.

1.0 10-6 M

3. When a drop of universal indicator is added to acetic acid solution, the colorless liquid turns:
a) pink
b) blue
c) orange
d) green
e) purple
When a drop of universal indicator is added to sodium hydroxide solution, the colorless liquid turns:
a) red
b) yellow
c) orange
d) green
e) purple
When a drop of universal indicator is added to water, the clourless liquid turns:
a) red
b) yellow
c) orange
d) green
e) purple
4. Which of the following is a titration?
a) A state of equilibrium for acid-base systems.
b) Mixing acid and base solutions containing the same number of moles.
c) The progressive addition of a base to an acid (or vice versa)
d) The addition of a fixed volume of base to an acid with an indicator.
e) The addition of a fixed volume of acid to a base with an indicator.
5. What could be added to nitric acid to prepare magnesium nitrate?
Mg(s), MgO(s), Mg(OH)2 or MgCO3(s)
Mg(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2(g)
MgO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
MgCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

6. Give the name of the precipitate obtained when:

KOH and Fe(NO3)3 are mixed in aqueous solution.
NaOH and CuCl2 are mixed in aqueous solution.
Ba(NO3)2 and H2SO4 are mixed in aqueous solution.

Iron (III) hydroxide

Copper (II) hydroxide
Barium sulfate

7. Calculate the [H+] and the [OH] in a solution of 12.6 g of HNO3 dissolved into 25.0 cm3 of solution.
Given: macid = 12.6g, Vsoln= 25 cm3
R.T.F: [H+], [OH-]
Number of moles of HNO3 =
Kw = [H+] [OH-]
1 x 10 -14 = (8.00) [OH-]

[H+] = . = 8.00 M

= 0.20 moles

[OH-] = 1.25 10-15 M

8. It is required to calculate the solubility of PbCl2 (s) in water given that the Ksp = 1.6 10-5
Initial concentrations
Part that dissolves
Equilibrium concentration

PbCl2 (s)
---s

Pb2+(aq)
0.0 M
+s
s

2 Cl (aq)
0.0 M
+2 s
2s

Ksp = [Pb2+][Cl-]2 = s (2 s )2 = 4s 3

Solubility = s =

.
=

= 0.016 M

9. If a clean platinum wire wet with concentrated HCl was dipped in a sample of each of the following solids
then placed in an almost colorless flame, what would you observe in each case?
Potassium ion
Sodium ion
Lithium ion
Calcium ion
Barium ion

lilac
yellow / orange
crimson red
brick red
apple green

10. What is observed when aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to each of the following, first a few drops then
in excess?
copper(II) ions
a blue precipitate is formed which does not dissolves in excess
iron(II) ions
a green precipitate is formed which does not dissolve in excess
zinc ions
a white precipitate is formed which dissolves in excess to give a colorless solution
iron(III) ions
a red-brown precipitate is formed which does not dissolve in excess
aluminum ions
a white gelatinous precipitate is formed which dissolves in excess to give a colorless
solution
11. Given:

a) What is the solubility of potassium nitrate at 20C? at 50C?

At 20C, the solubility is 30 g / 100 g of water
At 50C, the solubility is 81 g / 100 g of water
b) By how much will the solubility of potassium nitrate increase if the temperature is increased from 20C to
50C?
by 51 g/ 100 g of water
c) What mass of potassium nitrate forms if a saturated solution in 100g of water is cooled from 40C to
10C? From 60C to 20C?
At 10C, the solubility is 20 g / 100 g of water
At 40C, the solubility is 60 g / 100 g of water
60 20 = 40 g of solid will form in 10g of water
At 20C, the solubility is 30 g / 100 g of water
At 60C, the solubility is 104 g / 100 g of water
104 30 = 74 g of solid will form in 100g of water

d) What mass of water is needed to dissolve 50g of potassium nitrate at 40C?

At 40C, the solubility is 60 g / 100 g of water
60 g of solid dissolve in 100g of water
50g of solid dissolve in ?g of water
()()
? = = 83.3 g of water
e) What mass of potassium sulfate will dissolve in 2 kg of water at 20C?
At 20C, the solubility is 10 g / 100 g of water
10 g of solid dissolve in 100g of water
? g of solid dissolve in 2000g of water
()()
? = = 200 g
12. How will each of these systems at equilibrium shift when the volume of the system is reduced?
Reducing the volume means increasing the pressure, equilibrium shifts to the side of less gaseous
moles to reduce pressure.
Explanation
Number of
moles of
gaseous
reactants

Number of
moles of
gaseous
products

a) H2(g) + Br2(g) 2HBr(g)

No shift

No change

No change

b) N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

Right

decrease

increase

c) SO2Cl2(g) SO2(g) + Cl2(g)

Left

increase

decrease

equilibrium
[Reactants]
shifts to

[Products]

13. Consider the following system: 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 SO3 (g)
State the effect of adding a catalyst to the system on the position of equilibrium?
A catalyst does not affect the position of equilibrium. It offers an alternative pathway with lower
activation energy.
14. Fill the table below:
Ion
CO32SO32SO42HCO3S2-

Observation when HCl(aq) is added

effervescence of a colorless
odorless gas
effervescence of a colorless
irritating gas
none
effervescence of a colorless
odorless gas
effervescence of a colorless
irritating gas

Observation when MgCl2(aq) is added

White precipitate
None
None
None
None

15.
What color changes occur when anhydrous CuSO 4 / CoCl2 are treated with water?
Anhydrous copper (II) sulphate, CuSO 4 changes from white to blue
Anhydrous cobalt (II) chloride, CoCl 2 changes from blue to pink
What reactions occur when anhydrous CuSO4 / CoCl2 are treated with water?
CuSO4 (s) + 5 H2O (l) CuSO4.5H2O
White
blue
CoCl2 (s) + 6 H2O (l) CoCl2.6H2O
Blue
pink
16. Three samples of water are described below. Which can be used for drinking and which for irrigation?
Sample 1 was obtained from a river. It appeared muddy and was not treated.
Sample 2 was obtained from a river. It appeared muddy and was filtered till it became clear then chlorinated.
Sample 3 was obtained from a well. It appeared clear and was only chlorinated.
Samples 2 and 3 can be drunk, while sample 1 could be used for irrigation
17. Which pollutant gas is produced by the decomposition of vegetation? methane
18. What are common uses of the following air components:
1. Oxygen: steel production, welding, in hospitals by patients to restore life to polluted lakes and rivers.
2. Nitrogen: used as refrigerant in the liquid form, in food packaging, as an inert atmosphere for some
processes and chemical reactions. It is also used to produce ammonia by the Haber process which is
ultimately used to make fertilizers.
3. Noble gases are used to provide an inert atmosphere:
*argon is used in lamps as the filament will last for longer time
*helium in filling balloons
* neon is used in colored electrical signs
19. What is done to identify oxygen gas?
Test: approach a glowing splint
Result: the gas relights the glowing splint.
20. When manganese (IV) oxide is added to hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, oxygen is produced according to the
reaction: 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
What is the role of manganese (IV) oxide in this reaction? A catalyst
21. The oxide of element A forms a solution with pH 5.
The oxide of element B forms a solution that turns Universal Indicator red.
What can be deduced about elements A and B from the above observations?
Oxide of A is acidic since its pH < 7 A is a non-metal
Oxide of B is acidic since its solution turns Universal Indicator red B is a non-metal

22. Which of the following reactions produces hydrogen?

[-A-] Cu + H2SO4
[-B-] Zn + H2SO4
[-C-] ZnO + H2SO4
[-D-] ZnCO3 + H2SO4
[-E-] Cu + HNO3
23. Which of the following is an industrial process for the production of hydrogen?
i. Thermal catalytic cracking of long chain alkanes
ii. Electrolysis of acidified water
iii. Reaction between methane and steam.
The processes are:
[-A-] i only
[-B-] ii only
[-C-] i and ii
[-D-] i and iii
[-E-] i, ii and iii
24. Which of the following equipments is used to test the presence of hydrogen gas?
A

B
glowing

flame
Lime water

splint

splint

damp red litmus

paper

damp blue litmus

paper

25. When is fractional distillation used?

Fractional distillation is used to separate mixtures of liquids with close boiling points.
26. What happens to the distance between particles when the following processes occur?

Condensation
Freezing
Melting
Evaporation
Sublimation

distance between particles decreases

distance between particles decreases
distance between particles increases
distance between particles increases
distance between particles increases

27. Consider the following diagrams showing the particles arrangement of substance X in different states.

Identify each state.

State 1: liquid
State 2: gas
State 3: solid
Identify the following changes:
State 1 to state 2
evaporation
State 3 to state 2
sublimation
State 2 to state 1
condensation
State 1 to state 3
solidification
State 3 to state 2
melting
In which state are the particles vibrating in place?

Solid, state 3

28. In which part of the diagram does water lose energy?

In which part of the diagram does water lose energy? C, as the water passing through the condenser is being
cooled down
29. A student was asked to measure the time taken for 3.00 g of calcium carbonate to react completely with
excess of dilute sulphuric acid. What pieces of apparatus did the student use?
[-A-]
[-B-]
[-C-]
[-D-]
[-E-]

Pipette, balance and thermometer.

Pipette, clock and balance.
Clock, pipette and thermometer.
Clock, thermometer and balance.
Clock, balance, thermometer and pipette.

A student carried out an experiment to find out how fast 4 cm pieces of magnesium ribbon dissolve in 25 cm3
samples of hydrochloric acid at different temperatures. Which piece of apparatus did the student not use?
[-A-]
[-B-]
[-C-]
[-D-]
[-E-]

Measuring cylinder
Thermometer
Balance
Clock
Balance and thermometer

30. Phenolphthalein is colored

a) blue in acid and red in base.
b) red in acid and blue in base.
c) colorless in acid and pink in base.
d) pink in acid and colorless in base.
e) red in acid and yellow in base.
31. The following techniques are used to separate mixtures as given below.
filtration

fractional distillation

simple distillation

diffusion

crystallization

From the above list, choose the most suitable technique that can be used to separate the following:
1. Water from aqueous copper (II) sulphate.
2. Helium form a mixture of argon and helium
3. NaCl(s) from NaCl(aq)

simple distillation
diffusion or fractional distillation
crystallization

4. Ethanol from aqueous ethanol

5. aqueous copper chloride and copper
6. Liquefied air into its components

fractional distillation
filtration
fractional distillation

32. Fill in the blanks.

1. During an exothermic reaction, heat is given out.
2. During an exothermic reaction, heat is absorbed.
3. The temperature of the medium in which an endothermic reaction occurs decreases because heat is absorbed
from the medium by the reactants.
4. The temperature of the medium in which an exothermic reaction occurs increases because heat is released
into the medium by the reactants.
5. All burning or combustion reactions are exothermic reaction.
33. The diagram shows the change from an anhydrous salt to its hydrated form.

What does the forward reaction require?

What does the reverse reaction require?

Water to form the water of hydration

Heat to evaporate the water of hydration

34. How does acidity of a solution change with pH?

A solution is more acidic as its pH decreases and more basic as it increases
35. The equations for two reactions P and Q are given. State what is happening to the underlined substance.
P
Q

2NaNO2 + O2 2NaNO3
2HgO 2Hg + O2

Oxidation
Reduction

36. What will be produced when Group I metals are placed in water? Metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas
Give an example. Na(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Which reacts with water more vigorously, sodium or potassium?
As you go down Group I, the metals become more reactive potassium reacts more vigorously with
water.
37. How can ammonia be obtained from ammonium sulfate?
Heat ammonium sulfate with an alkali.
(NH4)2SO4(s) + 2NaOH(aq) 2NH3(g) + Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O
38. 4HCl (g) + O2(g) 2H2O (g) + 2Cl2(g)
Ho = 113 kJ.mol-1
The equilibrium system represented above is contained in a sealed, rigid vessel. Which of the following will
decrease if the temperature of the mixture is raised?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

[HCl (g)]
[O2 (g)]
[Cl2 (g)]
[HCl (g)] and [Cl2 (g)]
[O2 (g)], [HCl (g)] and [Cl2 (g)]

39 42. Calculate the [H+] and [OH-] in a solution formed by mixing 100 cm3 of 0.25M H2SO4 solution with
50.0 cm3 of 0.50 M NaOH solution.
Step 1: Calculate n of each
n of H+ = 2 n of H2SO4 = 2 [H2SO4] = 2(0.25)(100) = 50 mmoles
n of OH- = n of NaOH = [NaOH]VNaOH = (0.50)(50) = 25 mmoles
Step 2: Calculate n in excess
n of H+ left in excess = 50 25 = 25 mmoles
Step 3: Calculate concentration of H+ and OH

[H+] = = 0.17 M

[OH] = [+ ] =

.
.

= 5.9 1014

43 45 A zinc rod is placed in a 1.0 M zinc nitrate solution. A copper strip is placed in a 1.0 M copper nitrate
solution. The two half-cells are connected by a salt bridge and, externally, by a voltmeter. The voltmeter reads
1.10V, and it shows that copper is the positive terminal of the cell.
a. In what direction does the current pass in the outside circuit (the voltmeter)? Cu to Zn
b. In what direction do electrons pass in the outside circuit (the voltmeter)?
c. Which electrode is the cathode?

Zn to Cu

Cu

d. Write the equation of the net reaction that takes place at the cathode. Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)
e. Which electrode is the anode?

Zn

f. Write the equation of the half-reaction that takes place at the anode. Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2eg. In what direction does the current pass in the solution?

Zn to Cu

h. Write the overall equation for the reaction taking place. Zn (s) + Cu 2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu (s)
i. How much energy is released by the cell when 2.0 C pass by any point in the circuit?
E = 2 1.10 = 2.20V