CHARPY IMPACT TEST

TITLE:
Charpy impact testing of 1018 Hot rolled steel and 1018
cold rolled steel.

SPECIMEN : AISI 1018 steel

TABULATION OF FINAL DATA

Cold rolled and hot rolled AISI 1018 steels were placed at

various temperature from -60

to 100 c. the energy
absorbed by the samples during charpy impact testing was
recorded and tabulated

Temperat
ure
(C)

Energy Absorbed
(lbf.ft)

Energy Absorbed
(lbf.ft)

(Hot Rolled Steel)

(Cold Rolled Steel)

- 60

4.5

-40

49

-20

101

20(Room
temperatur
e)

96

11

60

108

35

100

88

31

FRACTURE TYPE: DUCTILE FRACTURE

The surface at the point of fracture have dull and ragged faces
with region showing some irregularities. Rather than cracking, the
material pulls apart, leaving a rough surface. Ductile fracture
occurs when extensive plastic deformation takes place before
fracture. Commonly, it occurs at normal and high temperatures.
BRITTLE FRACTURE
In brittle fracture, no apparent plastic deformation takes
place before fracture. Mainly it occurs at low temperatures.
In brittle material, the surface at the point of fracture will
have salt pepper like granular appearance.

REFERENCE GRAPH

The below given graph is the reference for cold rolled and hot
rolled steels in the impact test.The sudden decrease in the impact
energy is the ductile to brittle transition.

REFERENCE ; https://www.uakron.edu/dotAsset/2116623.pdf

BRITTLE AND DUCTILE FRACTURE DIAGRAM OF

AISI-1018 STEEL:1. DUCTILE FRACTURE AT 100C
HOT ROLLED

2. DUCTILE FRACTURE AT 100C

COLD ROLLED

3. BRITTLE FRACTURE AT -60C

HOT ROLLED

4. BRITTLE FRACTURE AT -60C

COLD ROLLED

Q1 . What is the Charpy value a measure

of?
ANS. The Charpy impact test measures the resistance to cracking
and failure, and ability to take stresses, from a sudden impact
during fast loading conditions. Basically, it measures the amount of
energy absorbed by a material during fracture. This absorbed
energy is a measure of a given toughness and impact strength.A
brittle metal will absorb small amount of energy as compared to a
ductile metal which absorb large amount of energy .

Q2. What atomic lattice structure is

susceptible
to
brittleness
at
low
temperatures?
ANS. Body centered cubic lattice structures are susceptible to
brittleness at low temperature. Mainly, brittle fracture occurs by

the propagation of cracks. The cracks may be initially present in

material or produced during plastic flow. In most bcc metals the
stress that is required to cause plastic flow increase rapidly with
decreasing temperature. The decrease thermal energy at low
temperature makes it difficult for the thermally activated
dislocation processes to operate. The stress needed to propagate
a crack does not increase as rapidly with decreasing temperature
and so brittle failure by crack propagation becomes the favored
process at low temperature

CONCLUSION : COMPARISON BETWEEN

PRODUCED GRAPH:-

BOTH

CURVES

IN

THE

ENERGY ABSORBED:-

The energy absorbed by the hot rolled steel specimen is

considerably higher that cold-rolled specimen .
DIFFERENCE IN SHAPE OF CURVE: In cold rolled toughness attained S-shape of curve in graph.
But in hot rolled the is more linear and is M shape.
The main difference between both steel is that in hot rolled

steel form -100 c to -20 c toughness was almost constant

and with increase in temperature , energy absorbed

decreased till 22 . After that it again

Increases.
While in cold rolled,initially similarly like hot rolled

toughness was constant upto - 60 c , then remains

.
constant till room temperature After that there is a rapid

rise till 100 c .

COMPARISON BETWEEN REFERENCE GRAPH AND
PRODUCED GRAPH.
The produced graph is a non linear graph , while the
reference graph is linear. The brittle ductile transition

temperature from the produced graph is -60 cto 60 c . While

comparing , we find a slight variation in the produced graph
with reference graph. This is mainly due to the observational
error.
DESCRIPTION OF TWO FRACTURE SURFACES
EXAMINED
FAILURE MODE THAT OCCURS IN DUCTILE FRACTION:Ductile fraction failure usually occur in series of steps,
which are listed below: Uniform elongation and area reduction.
Necking

 Fracture
As the rate of loading increases, the material gets little
time to deform and therefore, failure takes place by
showing very little deformation.
In fcc of ductile materials at low temperature dislocation
movement remains very high .BCC becomes more ductile at
high temperature. In bcc of ductile metals the stress that
cause the plastic flow increases quickly with fall in
temperature.

FAILURE MODE THAT OCCURS IN BRITTLE FRACTION: Brittle facture is said to have taken place, when the
specimen/material fails by showing very little or no
deformation at all.
At low temperature and at high rates metals become
brittle. In brittle cracks spread rapidly. In bcc of brittle
metals the stress that cause the plastic flow does not
increases quickly with fall in temperature.

WHICH STEEL HAD HIGER IMPACT VALUES ?

From the graph , it is clear that hot rolled AISI 1018 steel
had the higher impact value or energy absorbed compared
to cold rolled AISI- 1018 steel.
DUCTILE BRITTLE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR
EACH STEEL

For Hot rolled steel : -60 c to 60 c

For Cold rolled steel: -60 c to 100 c

REFERENCES :

FOL slides/chapter 4/page no. 9-25

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductility
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charpy_impact_test
http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?articleID=276
Metals Handbook Tenth Edition Volume-1