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Introduction. The spread of malaria as the major global health problem, the
progressive drug resistance and limited number of effective drug available
have underlined the importance of new antimalarial drugs discovery.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2008 there were
approximately 247 million cases of malaria, causing nearly one million deaths,
mostly among young children in Africa. Although malaria is preventable and
curable, it is estimated that in Africa, a child dies every 45 seconds caused by
the disease. Malaria represents the most serious infection that cause the
increasing morbidity and mortality in the disease therefore the solution have
to be serious to manage it.
Indonesia health departement (2010) reported in 2008 there were
544.470 cases of clinical malaria in Indonesia, 1.100.000 cases in 2009 and in
2010 increased to be 1.800.000 cases. In any area of Indonesia, the
prevalence of malaria in pregnant women is 18%, so the prediction of babies
were born with low body weight risk is two fold greater than pregnant women
without malaria.The disease affects humans health especially in the pregnant
women, geriatric with complicated diseases, breast feeding mothers, babies
8
8,166
16
11,04
24
12,67
% Parasitemia
Interval of cultivation (hour)
32
40
48
56
16,22
15,87
16,36
15,660
3,125
6,128
8,011
8,040
9,510
11,53
11,20
64
15,920
72
16,38
14,790
13,61
11,21
6,250
5,215
7,329
6,670
6,260
8,960
11,03
13,690
12,390
10.42
12,500
5,039
7,021
5,590
5,770
7,120
10,71
13,020
12,170
9,090
25,000
3,541
5,626
5,070
5,150
6,210
9,570
12,210
11,580
7,870
50,000
2,566
5,300
4,670
4,670
5,080
6,770
10,500
10,220
6,040
100,000
2,229
4,248
4,270
3,400
4,040
5,520
9,150
8,160
5,570
200,000
1,701
3,027
3,690
2,610
3,350
3,790
4,090
5,010
3,920
18
16
14
12
10
8
3,125
6,25
12,5
25
50
100
200
6
4
2
0
0,000
8
-
16
-
3,125
24,96
27,44
36,54
41,38
6,250
36,14
33,61
47,37
61,42
12,500
38,29
36,40
55,88
64,40
25,000
56,64
49,04
59,94
68,23
50,000
68,58
51,99
63,14
71,19
100,000
72,70
61,52
66,28
79,02
200,000
79,17
72,58
70,86
89,83
27,3
5
43,5
7
55,7
7
60,8
6
68,0
2
74,5
6
78,8
8
64
-
72
-
31,54
5,56
14,51
31,56
32,58
12,58
22,17
36,39
34,53
16,86
23,56
44,50
41,48
22,03
27,26
51,97
58,61
32,95
35,80
63,16
66,28
41,55
48,72
64,78
76,81
73,84
68,56
76,06
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
3,125
16
6,25
24
12,5
32
25
40
50
48
100
56
64
200
72
IC50 (g/mL)
18,73
31, 72
9,77
3,86
12,08
27,53
99,30
92,93
19,42
120
100
80
I 50 (g/ml)
60
40
20
0
Figure 3. The IC50 value of neem leaves extract on the growth of P. falciparum
after cultivation in 8 hour inteval to 72 hour.
Discussion
Determining of antimalarial activity based on the fifty percent of growth
inhibitory (IC50) of treated extract. The IC50 is the concentration of crude
treated drug which inhibite the growth of Plasmodium until fifty percent. In
vitro antimalarial activity could be categorized as follow as the value of IC50.
In this investigation the most interesting in vitro antimalarial activity was
found in the concentration inhibition 50 (IC 50 = 3,86 g/mL) of the ethanolic
extract of neem leaves on mature schizont stage, but Alshawsh et al, (2007)
was found the concentration inhibition 50 (IC50 = 2, g/mL) of the aqueous of
the neem leaves extract.
In this investigation we found the most potent in vitro antimalarial
activity IC50 = 3,86 g/ml < 10 g/ml at 32 hour. Miscrospically, the fifty
percent of growth P. falciparum inhibition on mature schizont in value 81,66%
and on young tropozoit 18,34% after 32 hour cultivation.
The IC50 which found in these investigation were different to the
previous reseacher (IC50 of ethanolic extract of neem leaves = 5 g/ml). The
condition may be caused by the coumpound in the leaves (Munoz et al.,
2000). As we known the in vitro antimalarial activity was not described as the
in vivo antimalarial activity, such a thing resulted in the differences of its
metabolic agent.
Conclusions
The result showed that neem leaves extract has in vitro antimalarial
activity on P. falciparum FCR-3 with IC50 3, 86 g/ml. The IC50 categorized as
the most potential antimalarial activity after 32 hour cultivation. The
percentage of growth inhibitory is 81,66% on mature schizont and on young
tropozoit 18,34% after 32 hour cultivation.
Acknowledgements