Chand Han

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
CHAPTER- 1
About the company and organisation.
1.1 Introduction and Brief History
Karnataka Rural Infrastructure Development Limited (KRIDL) is a Government
of Karnataka undertaking. It was started as a Directorate of Land Army in the year
1971 under the Rural Development Department of Government of Karnataka. It was
incorporated as a company on the 9th August 1974 as Karnataka Land Army
Corporation under the full and complete ownership of the Government of Karnataka.
It was renamed as Karnataka Rural Infrastructure Development Limited (KRIDL) on
6th August 2008. It is a unique organization of Government of Karnataka that is
involved in the civil engineering construction and creation of assets in the State. The
Head Quarters of the organization is located at Bangalore with several zones,
divisions and sub divisions functioning all over the State.
KRIDL builds infrastructure related to Rural Development Programs, Rural
Communication, Bridges, Buildings like Residential Complexes, School buildings,
Office complexes, Shopping complexes, Tourism department works, Hospitals,
Hostels, Houses, Consumer Forum, Youth Services, Navodaya Vidhyalaya Sangatan
(NVS), Kendriya Vidhyalaya Sangatan (KVS), Integrated Area Development, Water
Resource Development, Dairy, Fisheries, Minor Irrigation, Rural Communication,
Consultancy Services. The organization executes about 3500 projects on an average in
a year all over the State.
1.2 Objectives of KRIDL
To plan, design and construct labour intensive infrastructure works which are
vital for development by providing employment opportunities to rural
unemployed and under-employed people thereby improving their economic
condition.
To undertake all rural development construction
works directly by
eliminating middlemen, i.e., contractors, thereby avoiding exploitation of the
rural poor and passing on the full worth of money to the people.
To be the best and most efficient public sector company in Karnataka
To be a leader in construction management, planning and execution and to
provide overall superior service.
1.3 Mission Statement:

To avoid cost and time overrun
To respond immediately to customer needs

Credibility in everything KRIDL does and to be winners in the field
Department of Civil Engineering, T.O.C.E Bengaluru.
Page 1
Committed Manpower
1.4 governing Council: Managing director
Chief engineer (central)
Chief engineer (north)
Chief engineer (south)
Superintendent engineer, Belgaum zone
Superintendent engineer, Bengaluru zone
Superintendent engineer, bbmp zone
Superintendent engineer, Mysore zone
Superintendent engineer, central zone
Superintendent engineer, Gulbarga zone
1.5 KRIDL Network in Karnataka:
KRIDL has 6 zones namely
Bengaluru zone
Bengaluru BBMP zone
Mysore zone
Chitradurga zone
Belgaum zone
Gulbarga zone
KRIDL has 31 Divisions
KRIDL has 74 Sub-Divisions
Technical Staff : 350 working over the entire length and breadth of the Karnataka and
also outside the State.
1.6 Board Of Directors :1
Sri. Shrishail M.Dalawai,

Chairman, Kridl,"Grameenabhivruddhi Bhavana" 4th &
Page 2

5th Floor,Ananda Rao Circle,Bangalore-09.
Sri. Subhash Chandra, I.A.S.,

Principal Secretary To Government,
Rural Development & Panchayat Raj Department,
M.S.Buildings, Bangalore.
3 Sri. N.Sivasailam, I.A.S.,
Addl.Chief Secretary To Govt,
Department Of Public Enterprises,
M.S.Buildings, Bangalore.
4 Sri M R Kamble, I.A.S.
Principal Secretary To Government.,
Public Works Department,
Vikasasoudha, Bangalore.
6 Sri. H. P. Prakash, I.F.S
Managing Director,
KRID Ltd.,Grameenabhivruddhi Bhavana,
4th & 5th Floor, Anandrao Circle, Bangalore.
5 Sri Aravind Srivastava, I.A.S
Secretary To Government,
Finance Department (Budget And Resources),
Vidhana Soudha, Bangalore.
1.7 Manpower Strength

The organization has a working force of over 975 including about 350 highly
dedicated and qualified civil engineers.
1.8 Important Clients

(A) Central Government
Navodaya Vidhyalaya Sangatan (NVS), Kendriya Vidhyalaya Sangatan (KVS)
Page 3
(ii) Central Tibetian School Administration

(B) State Government
Social Welfare Department
Rural Development Panchayath Resource (RDPR) Department

Tourism Department
Fiheries Department
Veterinary Department
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society (KREIS)
Backward Class Management Department (BCM)
Survey Settlement and Land Records Department (S.S.L.R)
Karnataka Silk Industrial Corporation Department (K.S.I.C)
Mysore Silk Industrial Ltd Department (M.S.I.L)
Youth Service Department
Consumer Forum Department
Police Department
Women & Child Welfare Department
Health Department
Handicraft Department etc.
1.9 Services offered by Architecture Section

Feasibility Studies
Conceptual Design Development
Preparation of Architectural Designs and Interior Designs.
Detailed Drawings and Working Details.
Planning/Co-ordination of Services
Preparation of project reports, appraisal and detailed estimate for the project
with detailed specifications.
Preparation of tender document and contract clauses.
Floating of online tender as per the transparency Act and quick finalization of
Tenders.
1.10 Services offered by Quality Control Section

Laboratory and Field testing of building Materials.
Quality control / Quality Audit of constructions.
Preparation of Estimates
Preparation of Specifications
Preparation of Schedule of Quantities
Preparation of contract document
Page 4
Tender documents
Invitation of Bids
Testing and Quality Control.
1.11 Services offered by Structural Design Section
Analysis of Structures and Preparation of Structural Designs.
Preparation of Structural Drawings and Bar Bending Schedules
Proof checking of structural designs
Checking of reinforcement details at site before concreting
Assessment of Structural Stability of existing structure and Health Monitoring
of Structures.
Monitoring the work progress.
Advisory services.
1.12 Services offered by Technical Consultancy Section
Architectural
Structural Design
Project Management Consultancy (PMC) & Quality Control.
1.13 Architectural Team

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Sri.K.B.Bijjal BE (Civil) CE
Sri.Rajshekharmurthy, BE (Civil) CE,
Sri.shashidar, BE (Civil) SE
Smt.Vandana Hemanth Kumar, B.Arch, IIA, EE, Architect
Smt.S.K.Fatima, B.Arch, IIA, AEE, Architect.
Sri.A.V.N.Murthy, AE, Architect.
Sri.Y.Ravindran, Draughtsman
Sri.R.Manjanna, Draughtsman
Sri.Chandrashekar Sheilin, Draughtsman.
1.14 Structural Design Team

1. Sri.C.B.Yogish, M.Tech (Structures), AEE (Design),(Phd)
2. Smt.Suma Bhat, B.E (Civil), AE, Design
3. Smt.Kannika Mary, M.E (Earthquake Engineer),AE, Desgin
4. Sri Chandrshekar. M.Tech (Industrial structure), AE, Design
1.15 Project Management Consultancy Team & Quality Control

1.
2.
3.
4.
Sri.K.Abdul Raheem, M.Tech(CADS), MIE, CE, AEE (Design) ,(phd)

Sri.V.G.Krishnan, B.E (Electrical), AE
Sri.Nagaraj. M.E.(Environment)
Sri.Prabhu.
1.16 Quality Control
Page 5

2. A System of compulsory inspection of works of Karnataka Rural
Infrastructure Development Ltd by senior officers of KRIDL has been put in to
practice.
3. All Joint Directors and Deputy Directors are on compulsory monthly
inspection to monitor the works and related issues in respect of the districts
attached to them.
4. The third party inspection by local Engineering Colleges and firms have been
introduced. By this a lot of improvement is achieved regarding quality of
works.
5. It is made mandatory to conduct quality control tests on material/structural
members in KRIDL.
1. Quality tests reports are part of monthly accounts documents for
accepting authority.
1.17 Completed Major Projects

(a) Sabhabhavana at Kudala Sangama, Bagalkot District.
Fig-1
Page 6
(b) Police Traning Center at Gulberga

Fig-2
(c) veterinary Animal and Fisheries Science University Bidar
Fig-3
(D) Zilla Panchayat Building at Belgaum
Page 7
Fig-4&5
-5
1.18 Awards
Certificate of Commendation award: In 2005 for good work carried out in

construction of Sababhavan at Koodala Sangama, Bagalkote District.
Page 8
ACCE Sarvamangala Award: In 2002 for the excellent work carried by KRIDL in
constructing Police Training Centre at Nagana Halli, Gulburga District.

ACCE Sarvamangala Award: In 2001 for the work carried by KRIDL in providing
water supply facilities for 149 Villages of Bijapur, Bagalkote, Dharward, Haveri
and Gadag Districts of Karnataka just in 12 months at cost of 36 Crores.

construction of Police Training Centre at Gulbarga

construction of Kudala Sangama Temple works Bagalkote District.
1.19 Financial Progress of KRIDL

FROM 1974 TO 2011
Fig-6
1.20 Current Plans :
Under Transparency Act 1999-2000 KRIDL has got exemption from 01-042014 to 31-03-2015 for entrustment of work up to Rs.200.00 Lakhs on direct
entrustment. Due to transparency exemption the direct entrustment of works to
KRIDL has been increased and works of more than Rs.2006.00 Crore have been
Page 9

entrusted.
Government has further exempted under Section 4(g) for direct
entrustment of works for a period of one year from 01-04-2015.

1.21 Future Outlook:
Company expects better turnover and profitability due to sufficient
entrustment of works, because of exemption under section 4 (g) of KTPP Act, under
various schemes of RDPR and other departments like Social Welfare, Backward
Classes and Minority, Horticulture, Agriculture, Youth Services and Sports
Departments, BBMP, BMRCL, Education Department etc., Company needs similar
support of Government at least for the next 4-5 years to face competition and to
consolidate its financial position. The Company is confident that it will be in a
position to meet the challenges of future through well defined objectives and
strategies to improve the overall performance and profitability in the coming years.
1.22 Target And Achievement For The Year 2014-15 (Upto March2015)
(Rs. in Crores)
Sl.
Name of the Zone/Division
No
Target
Progress achieved Percent
fixed
during 2014-15
(2014-
(upto March-2015) achieve
15)
age
of
ment
v/s
Target
01
BANGALORE ZONE (Bangalore, 200.00
148.86
74.43
02
Kolar, Chickballapur, Tumkur)

BBMP ZONE (BBMP 1, 2, 3, 600.00
880.01
416.6
03
Divisions),
MYSORE ZONE (Mandya, Hassan, 200.00
162.87
7
81.44
214.03
95.12
Madikeri,
04
Mysore,
Mangalore,
Chickmagalore, Chamarajnagar)
CHITRADURGA
ZONE 225.00
(Chitradurga, Challakere, Davanagere,
Bellary, Huvina Hadagali, Shimoga)
Page 10

05
BELGAUM
ZONE
(Bagalkote, 250.00
212.44
84.98
176.95
78.64
1795.16
105.
Karwar, Gokak, Belgaum, Chikkodi,

06
Kittur, Bijapur, Dharwad, Haveri)

GULBARGA
ZONE
(Bidar, 225.00
Gulbarga, Koppal, Raichur, Yadgir,

All Zones Total
1700.
00
60
Table-1
1.23 Performance Of The Company
Details of progress achieved, Profit made for the last 05 years i.e., from the year
2010-2011 to 2014-15 (upto March-2015) are as under.
(Rs. in Lakhs)
Sl.
No
1
2
3
4
5
FINANCIAL YEAR
Progress
Profit/Loss after Taxes
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
60121.19
78897.56
105032.00
131971.85
179516.00
(+) 1661.00
(+) 3143.96
(+) 5130.18
(+) 6911.00
(+)9388.65
(upto March-2015) (Provisional)
Table-2
CHAPTER -2
About The Department/Section
2.1 Structural Design And Consultancy Services offered
Analysis and Designs using standard Computer packages such as NISA
Civil, STAAD.pro etc.

Designing and furnishing detailed construction drawings.
Proof checking the structural designs.
Certification for Structural adequacy, safety based on Codal provisions.
Rehabilitation and retrofitting of distressed structures.
Specialized in Designing and detailing for challenging structures in the areas
of Residential / Institutional / Industrial / Water Supply and Sanitation /
Concrete Pavements / Bridges / Road works and cost-effective Housing
technologies.
Page 11
2.2 Organization Structure of the Department

CHIEF
ENGINEER
(CE)
SUPEREDENT
ENGINEER
(SE)
ASSISTANT
EXCICTIVE
ENGINEER
(AEE)
ASSISTANT
ENGINEER
AE 1
ASSISTANT
ENGINEER
AE 2
ASSISTANT
ENGINEER
AE 3
DRAFTSMAN
TRACER
Fig-8
Sri.C.B.Yogish,
M.Tech (Structures),
2.21 Technical
Department
AEE (Design),(Phd)
Smt.Suma Bhat, AE, Design
Chandrshekhar.N.B AE, Design
Smt.Kannika Mary, AE, Desgin
Fig-9
2.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Individuals in the Department
Page 12

The Followings are Role and Responsibilities of Individuals in the Department
one by one
(1) Request from projects to furnish Structural details along with
Site Plan Drawings
Approved plan ,Section and Elevation drawings
Soil Investigation report for SBC of soil
Any other additional Requirements Like Additional Floors
(2) Soil Investigation Report
Type of soil
Classification of soil
Engineering properties of soil( Atterbergs limits)
SBC of soil
(3) Architectural Drawings

Plan
Section
Elevation with detail,
a)measurements
b)schedule of openings
c) signature of concerned projects and Head Quarters
(4) Geometry of the plan
As per the drawings furnished geometrical co-ordinates (X,Y,Z) of the
approved plan is prepared for developing the structural model using available
structural Analysis software

To Study the Survey Maps For the contoured Drawing, Block Leveling
(5) Structural Model Creation for analysis and design

Collecting data for the Structural model using the geometrical coordinates of
the drawing
Load Calculations as per IS 875 (part I part V) like DL,LL,WL,EQ
load.whichever applicable depending on type of the structure and
importance of building.
Preparation of structural model using Structural analysis software as per
architectural plan and detail

Defining and assigning the Structural properties and material specification as
per codal provisions.

Assigning the loads to the structural model where applicable
Page 13
Structural analysis is carried out based on the input data as mentioned above &
the behavior of the structure is studied.

Defining design parameters as per IS 456-2000
Design of structural components like Footing, Column, Beams, and Slabs
based on the analysis results.

Once the analysis is Completed, the output results (BM, SF, deflection, Axial
Load) required for design of structural components through BM/SF diagrams
in graphical form/ tabular form are extracted.

Based on the output result, design of structural component are prepared in
stage by stage for typical Footing (based on SBC), column, plinth beams,
lintel and staircase and roof beams and slabs Based on Codal Provision
The manuscript of structural details are sent for drafting. The drafted Auto cad
structural detailed drawings are Checked as per the manuscript and the check
prints are prepared and Placed along with details for approval.
Approved drawings in the form of blue prints along with the letters are
dispatched to the concerned project for execution.
2.4 Software Used
Staad Pro
AutoCAD
NISA - Civil
2.5 National Building Code and IS Codes used in Design
IS: 456-2000 - Code of practice for plain & Reinforced Concrete, Fourth
revision.
SP- 16 Design aids for IS 456 2000.
SP34-1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing
IS 1893 ( Part 1 ):2002 criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures
IS 13920 : 1993-ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to
seismic forces code of practice

IS 800 - 2002 (For Steel Design)
IS 875 (Part 1)- Code of practice for Dead Load Calculation
IS 875 (Part 1I) Code of practice for Live Load Calculation
IS 875 (Part 111) Code of practice for Wind Load Calculation
IS 875 (Part 1V) Code of practice for Earthquake Load Calculation
IS 875 (Part V) Code of practice for Special Load Calculation
Steel tables etc.
2.6 Important Assignments Carried Out

(A) Central Government
Navodaya Vidhyalaya Sangatan (NVS), Kendriya Vidhyalaya Sangatan (KVS)
Page 14
(ii) Central Tibetian School Administration

(B) State Government
Social Welfare Department
Rural Development Panchayath Resource (RDPR) Department

Tourism Department
Fiheries Department
Veterinary Department
Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society (KREIS)
Backward Class Management Department (BCM)
Survey Settlement and Land Records Department (S.S.L.R)
Karnataka Silk Industrial Corporation Department (K.S.I.C)
Mysore Silk Industrial Ltd Department (M.S.I.L)
Youth Service Department
Consumer Forum Department
Police Department
Women & Child Welfare Department
Health Department
Handicraft Department etc
CHAPTER -3
3.1 Tasks Performed

3.2 Classification Of Loads :loads can be classified into two categories as below:
3.3 ) Vertical Or Gravity Loads

3.3.1 Dead Loads: they are the loads occurring due to the self-weight of the structure or structural
members. The dead loads are static loads and remains reasonably constant throughout
Page 15

the life of the structure. These also includes partition walls, flooring, roofs, false
ceiling, fixtures, etc. The magnitude of dead
3.3.2. Live Loads:they are the loads which are not steady. Unlike the dead loads, they change their
magnitudes. They include moving loads like persons, cars, furniture, etc. Usually the
live loads are assumed to be the uniformly distributed loads specified by the standard
codes of practice.
Live loads cannot be determined as precisely as dead loads. However, the live loads
those had given sufficient margins in the past are used for design. Live loads on floors
and roofs are different for different types of buildings.
3.3.3 Impact Loads:they are the loads caused by the vibration of live loads. When live load cause impact,
it is usual in static analysis to increase the live load by some percentage depending on
the type of impact.
For example: there is a difference between a person simply walking and a soldier
marching. The person produces a live load while soldiers produces an impact load.
3.4 B) Horizontal Loads
3.4.1. Wind Loads:

they are the lateral loads and depend on the velocity of the wind. In different parts of
our country, the velocity of wind that can be estimated is different at different places.
For one particular place also, the wind velocity is different at different heights from
the ground. Considering all these possibilities, the country is divided into several
zones. The wind pressure is converted into equivalent, horizontal, uniformly
distributed load.
3.4.2. Earthquake/Seismic Loads

vibrations of the surface of the earth caused due to waves originated from a source of
disturbance inside the earth is known as earthquakes.
Page 16
3.5 Basic Types Of Slabs

3.5.1 One Way Slab:
When a slab is supported only on two opposite parallel edges, it spans only in the
direction perpendicular to two supporting edges. It bends in one direction and the
deflected surface is primarily of single curvature. The main reinforcement is only
provided in the direction of the span to resist one way bending. Such a slab is known
as a one way slab.
3.5.2 Two Way Slab:
A slab supported on four parallel or non parallel edge supports, which may either be
walls or beams, bends in more than one direction. When the supports are orthogonal,
the slab spans in two directions at right angles to supporting edges. The deflection
surface is of double curvature. The load is carried in both directions to the four
supporting edges, hence the slab is called a two way slab.
3.6 The Design Process:The process of design commences with planning of the structure, primarily to meet
the functional requirements. Initially, the requirements proposed by the clients are
taken into consideration.
Types
Functional design
Structural design
3.6.1Design Of Structural Components

1. Slab
2. Beam
3. Staircase
4. Column
5. Footing
Page 17

After getting an architectural plan of the building, the structural planning of the
building frame is done. This involves the determination of the following:
i.
Positioning and orientation of column
ii.
Positioning of beams
iii.
Spanning of slab
iv.
Layout of staircase
v.
Selecting proper type of footing
Following are some of the guiding principles which help in deciding the column
positions:
Columns should be preferably located at or near the corner of the building and
at the intersection of beam or wall.
Select the position of column so as to reduce bm in beams
Avoid larger span of beam
Avoid larger c/c distance between columns. In general, the maximum spans of
beams carrying the live load up to 4kn/m may be limited to the following
values:
Beam type
Cantilever
Simply supported
Fixed / continuous
Rectangular
Flanged
3m
5m
6m
10m
8m
12m
Positioning of beams
following are some of the guiding principles which help in deciding the beam
positions:
Beams shall normally be provided under the walls or below a heavy

concentrated load to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs
Avoid longer spacing of beams from deflection cracking criteria
Iii. Spanning of slab

slabs may be either one way or two way either simply supported or continuous. Purely
simply supported are not possible in practice.
Page 18

One way slabs bend in the direction of span and bending in the other longer direction
is small and is neglected. They are designed in the form of strips of certain width.
Generally 1m width is assumed. The main steel is placed in the direction of span. The
distribution steel is provided in the longer direction and no hooks are required.
when a slab is supported on four edges and the longer side is less than twice the
shorter side, the slab is known as two way reinforced slab. It bends in two directions
of span and has to be reinforced in two directions.
Iv. Layout of staircase

Stairway, staircase, stairwell,
flight of stairs or simply stairs are names for a
construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller

vertical distances, called steps. Stairways may be straight, round, or may consist of
two or more straight pieces connected at angles.
Special stairways include escalators and ladders. Alternatives to stairways are
elevators, lifts and inclined moving sidewalks as well as stationary inclined sidewalks.
staircase requires precise positioning of stairs and rails for maximum use. There
should be enough stairs to provide comfort and convenience to the users. Stairs should
be placed at a central place in the building so as to give shortest access to all rooms. It
should be well ventilated and airy. These stairs can be made out of masonry, wood,
composite masonry, r.c.c., steel and alloys or synthetic materials.
Following are different forms of stairs:
Straight flight on solid spandrel filling
Dog-legged stairs
Open well stairs or open newel stairs
Newel stairs
Geometrical stairs
Circular stairs
Spiral stairs
Bifurcated stairs
Following are the principles to be observed while planning and designing

a stair:
Page 19
Width of stair: it should not be less than 1.00m
Length of flight: the number of steps in a single flight should not be more than
12
Pitch of the stair: it should be between 250 to 400mm
Width of landing: it should be 150mm, more than the width of stair
Winders or kite steps: odd shaped steps should be avoided and incase found
necessary. These should be
provided at the start of a stair
Hand-rails: it should be 750 to 850 mm in height from the top of respective

step or landing
Step proportions: the size of rise and tread in a stair should be kept uniform
throughout the whole stair
Following proportions are recommended:
v.
Common places
Tread
Rise
Residential buildings
Public buildings
Industrial buildings, railway station, etc
250mm
300mm
250mm
160mm
150mm
150mm
Selecting proper type of footing
Foundations should be constructed to satisfy the following requirements:
It shall be constructed to sustain the dead and imposed loads and to transmit
these to the sub-soil in such a way that pressure on it will not cause settlement
which would impair the stability of the building or adjoining structures.
Foundation base should be rigid so that differential settlements are minimized,

especially for the case when super-imposed loads are not evenly distributed.
Foundations should be taken sufficiently deep to guard the building against

damage or distress caused by swelling or shrinkage of the sub-soil.
Foundations should be so located that its performance may not be affected due
to any unexpected future influence.
Page 20
3.7 General Steps In Modeling:
Grid system
Define
material property
section property
load patterns
load combinations
Draw
objects like beams, columns, slabs, joints, walls
etc., as defined before
Assign
joint, frame, shell, joint load frame load, shell load, etc,
analysis
check the model, run the analysis.
Design
concrete & steel frame design, composite beam & column design and
shear wall design
3.8 About The Training

The training was carried out for a period of four weeks from 1st august to 25th
november 2016 at karnataka rural infrastructure devolopement ltd(kridl),
bangalore. In this period, we went through the various indian standard codes of
practice and underwent training in the use of software packages like staad pro v8i.
During the tenure of industrial training program, i was involved in a residential
project :
Client: Karnataka rural infrastructure devolopement . Ltd., Bangalore.
Architects: Karnataka rural infrastructure devolopement ltd., Bangalore.
Page 21
3.8.1 Architectural Plans consist of:

Ground Floor Plan
1st Floor Plan
2nd Floor Plan
3rd Floor Plan
4th Floor Plan
The accommodation comprises of the main following features which are observed the
given architectural plans:
o Ground floor consists of portico, office chamber, Staff room, Training
hall, kitchen, Pantry and storage.
o First floor consists Library, Research centre, Computer Hall and
Lobby.
o Second floor and other floors consists of Ladies dormitory, Gents
dormitory and Lobby.
Page 22
Fig. 1
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
Page 23
Fig-2
First Floor Plan
Page 24
Fig 3.
SECOND FLOOR AND TYPICAL FLOOR LEVEL
Page 25
Total height of building
21 m
Foundtion height
1.8 m
Height of ground floor
3.6 m
Height of each typical floor
3.6 m
Table-3
3.8.2 Material Properties:
Beam size = 230 mm X 450 mm
column size = 230 mm X 600 mm

230 mm X 380 mm
Materials:
Grade of concrete : M-25
Grade of steel : Fe-500
3.8.3 Dead load:
Wall load
For 230 X 450
Wall load = 0.23x(3.6-0.45)x20 = 14.49 KN/m
For 230 X 600
Wall load = 0.23x(3.6-0.6)x20 = 13.8 KN/m
Parapet wall =0.9x0.23x20 = 4.14 KN/m
Page 26
Railing wall load

MS railing = 1m height
100mm thickness
Railing wall load = 1x0.1x20 = 2 KN/m
Partition wall load
Partition wall load 1 = 0.15x(3.6-0.6)x20 = 9 KN/m
Partition wall load 2 = 0.15x(3.6-0.45)x20 = 9.45 KN/m
Roof slab load/floor load =0.15x25 = 3.75 KN/m
L/D =28 to 32 (IS 456: 2000)
Water tank load :

1ltr = 1kg
6000ltr = 6000 kg
6000kg = 60000N = 60 KN
Area = 2.93x5.04 m2
Pressure = 60/(2.93x5.04) = 4 KN/m2
Page 27
3.8. 4 Analysis Of Structure Using Staad Pro V8i.

In This Project the analysis of structure is done by using STAAD PRO V8i Package.
The loads and load combinations which are mentioned in chapter are considered for
the analysis.
Structural Modeling Procedure:

1.) To Start with
Click on Staad pro---New file---space---Select unit as KN-M-----next
Create the geometry/structure
Click on beam---finish
Click on geometry in control panel
Enter the coordinates for node numbers and get the required nodes for the
Pump house structure in X , Y and Z directions

Connect all the nodes using beam cursor to create the column and beams
2.) General
2.1) Support
Click on general---support---Create---fixed---Select all the column bottom
nodes---assign the support to all the selected nodes.
2.2) Property
Section data base-click on material- steelSelect the fallowing section separately for columns, beams.
3.8.5 Live Load

Corridors, passages, staircases including fire escapes, lobbies-- as per the floor
serviced( excluding stores and the like ) but not less than.4 kN/m2
Bed rooms, wards, dressing rooms, dormitories and lounges..3 kN/m2
Toilet and Bath rooms .. 2 kN/m2
3.8.6 Load Cases Considered For Analysis

Page 28

1. DL (Dead load)
2. LL (Live load)
3. EQ+X (Earthquake force in +X direction)
4. EQ-X (Earthquake force in -X direction)
5. EQ+Z (Earthquake force in +Z direction)
6. EQ-Z (Earthquake force in -Z direction)
3.8.7 Load Combinations

Various load combinations are adopted to analyze the Apartment Building structure
which is listed below. It is noted that whenever seismic analysis is done, the seismic
load case should be taken as the first load in the loading list.
1. 1.5(DD+LL)
2. 1.2(DL+LL+EQX)
3. 1.2(DL+LL-EQX)
4. 1.2(DL+LL+EQZ)
5. 1.2(DL+LL-EQZ)
6. 1.5(DL+EQX)
7. 1.5(DL-EQX)
8. 1.5(DL+EQZ)
9. 1.5(DL-EQZ)
10. 0.9(DL)+1.5(EQX)
11. 0.9(DL)-1.5(EQX)
12. 0.9(DL)+1.5(EQZ)
13. 0.9(DL)-1.5(EQZ)
14. 1.0(DL+LL)
3.8.8 Generating The Model Geometry :

Page 29
Fig-4
Page 30
3.8.9 Material property assigned:
Fig-5
3D Rendering:
Page 31
Fig-6
Self Weight :
Page 32
Fig 7
Wall Load:Department of Civil Engineering, T.O.C.E Bengaluru.
Page 33
Fig-8
WATER TANK LOAD
Page 34
Fig 9
LMR DL
Page 35
Fig 10
EARTHQUAKE LOAD : (EQX)
Fig 11
Page 36
EQZ :
Fig 12
Typical First floor Slabs and load distribution:

Page 37
Fig-13
Page 38
Structural analysis is carried out based on the input data as mentioned

above & the behavior of the structure is studied & the input data (Material for
& based specification Physical properties etc) are, verified and on the
behavior serviceability strength functioning required.
Once the analysis is satisfied, the output results (BM, SF, deflection, Axial
Load) required for design of structural components ( footings, columns, beams,
slabs etc) through BM/SF diagrams in graphical form/ tabular form are extracted .
Page 39
Bending Moment Diagram:
Fig-14
Page 40
Deisgn Of Slabs
3.9 Introduction:
A slab is a flat, two dimensional planar structural element having thickness small
compared to its other two dimensions. It provides a working flat surface or a covering
shelter to buildings. It supports mainly transverse loads and transfers them to supports
primarily by bending action in one or more directions. Though a rc slab is essentially
a bending element, it differs from beam in the following aspects:
The bending cannot be only in one vertical plane as in case of a beam but in
more than one vertical plane.
The slab is usually analyzed and designed considering a strip of uniform width
(usually 1 meter in practical design).
Shear stresses are usually low and shear reinforcement is usually avoided in
preference to increase in depth over the region critical in shear. The shear
does; however becomes a controlling factor in a slab without a beam.
Distribution steel or temperature or shrinkage steel is invariably provided at

right angles to main steel in both the directions.
A reinforced concrete slab covers a relatively large area compared to a beam or

column. Therefore, volume of concrete and hence, dead load is large in case of slab. A
small reduction in the depth of slab therefore, leads to considerable economy. But,
care has to be taken to see that its performance (serviceability) is not affected due to
excessive deflection and cracking.
Reinforced concrete solid slabs are constructed as one of the following,
a)
b)
c)
d)
One-way slab
Two-way slab
Flat slabs
Flat plate
Page 41

e) Grid floor
In this project,
Design of slabs in the present project slabs are considered as per is 456-2000,
one-way slab if ly / lx ratio is greater than two, and two way slabs if ly / lx
is less than or equal two. Slabs in typical floors have been designed. From the
beam-column layout slabs are designated. And the slabs are designated as the
slabs as s1, s2, s3s6 comprising of both one and two way slabs. For
two way slabs bending moment coefficients are obtained based on the edge
conditions as per is 456-2000 annex d. The slab design is carried out manually
Page 42

and tabulated. Structural drawing for designed slabs is shown in drawing no.
Fig-15
Page 43
3.9.1 Design of typical floor two way critical slab

Slab S1 5930 x3300 mm , D = 150 mm , d = 140 mm ( based on l/d consideration )
Edge condition: two adjacent edges discontinuous
Ly / lx =5930/3300 = 1.79 < 2
Calculation of loads :
(i) Dead load = 0.15 X 25 = 3.75 KN / m2
(ii) Live load = 3 KN / m2
(iii) Finish load = 1.5 KN /m2
Total load on slab Wu = 12.38 KN/m2
Moment coefficients from IS 456-2000, annex d
Coefficients Continuous Mid span
x
0.085
0.064
0.047
0.035
y
3300
S1
5930
Short span moments:
At continuous edge:
Mux = x wu lx2
= 0.085 x 12.38 x (3.3) 2
= 11.46 KN-m
At mid span:
Mux = x wu lx2
= 0.064 x 12.38 x (3.3) 2
= 8.63 KN-m
Long span moments:
At mid span:
Page 44

Muy = y wu lx2
= 0.035 x 12.38 x (3.3) 2
= 4.72 KN-m
At continuous edge :
Muy = y wu lx2
=0.047 x 12.38 x (3.3)2
=6.34 KN-m
Check for depth from bending moment considered:Mu max=0.133fckbd2
11.46x106=0.133 x 25 x 1000 x
d=58.7 mm <
(d =140 mm provided) (based on deflection
control)
Hence it is ok.
Reinforcements: Short span
At Continuous edge:
Mux
bd 2
=11.46 x10^6/(1000x1402 )= 0.73 N/mm2
From table 3 sp 16
% of pt = 0.174
ast =0.174x1000x140/100 =244 mm2
Ast min = (0.12/100) x1000x150
= 180 mm2 < ast reqd
provide 8 # @ 175 mm c/c.
At Mid span :
Mu
= 8.63x10^6/(1000x1402 )= 0.44 N/mm2
bd 2
From table 3 sp 16
% of pt = 0.11
ast =0.11x1000x150/100=165 mm2
Page 45

provide 8 # @175mm c/c.
Reinforcement : Long span

At Mid span :
Mu
6
2
2 =4.72x10^ /(1000x140 )
bd
= 0.24 n/mm2
From table 3 sp 16
% of pt = 0.070
ast = 0.070x1000x150/100= 105 mm2
Hence provide ast = 180 mm2
provide 8 # @175mm c/c
At Continuous edge:
Mux
bd
=6.34 x10^6/(1000x1402 )= 0.32 N/mm2
From table 3 sp 16
% of pt = 0.074
ast =0.074x1000x140/100 =104 mm2
Hence provide ast = 180 mm2
provide 8 # @ 175 mm c/c.
Check for modification factor

f s .58 XfyX
( Ast )reqrd
( Ast ) prvd
fs = 239 N/mm2
Pt prvd=(( 165)/(1000x140))x100
Pt prvd= 0.12
Referring to is 456-2000 from fig. 4
Page 46

Kt=1.2
(l/d)max=26x1.2=31.2
(l/d)provided = 3300/140 = 23.5 < 31.2
Hence it is ok.
Fig-16
L1
0.30 L1
L2
0.30 L1
0.30 L2
[Main.bars] [Top
bars]
0
14
0
14
0
14
0.15 L1
0.30 L2
[Main.bars] [Top
bars]
0.25 L1
[Distrubution
bars]
0.25 L2
0
14
0.15 L2
[Distrubution
bars]
TYPICAL SLAB CROSS SECTION
Fig-17
Page 47
Reinforcement Details of typical floor two way slabs

Slab
Ly
Lx
no
Edge
Mx
condition
Moment Moment
(kn-m)
S1
3.645
323
5.48
3.23
5.48
4.83
S4
4.5
4.5
7.35
discontinuous
Two adjacent
Ast prvd
steel
(mm2)
c/c
and
#8@175mm
#8@150 mm
12.81
7.35
discontinuous
two adjacent
edge
Provided
#8@175 mm
8.826
edge
S3
(kn-m)
Two adjacent
edge
S2
My
c/c
and
#8@175mm
#10@150
19.40
16.45
discontinuous
Three edges
mm c/c and
#10@150mm
#10@
150
discontinuous 17.01
17.01
mm c/c and
#10@150mm
S5
3.23
2.03
One
short
edges
discontinuous
S6
4.83
2.03
#8@175 mm
3.68
2.29
c/c
and
#8@175 mm
Interior
7.726
panels
(interior
panel)
200 &
166
294 &
166
265 &
235
295 &
245
125 &
100
#8@ 175mm
c/c
17
4
Table-4
Page 48
Design of Beams:
3.10.1 Introduction
A beam is onedimensional (normally horizontal) member, which provides
support to the slab and the vertical walls. Bending and shear are predominant in
beams
Effective span
Effective span of the beam shall be taken as follows.
For a simply supported beam effective span shall be taken as clear span plus effective
depth or the distance between the centers of bearing whichever is less.
In case of continuous beam if the width of support less than one by twelve of clear
span the effective span should be taken as mentioned above.
If the supports are wider than one by twelfth of the clear span or 600mm whichever is
less then effective span taken as follows.
For end span with one end fixed other end continuous or for intermediate span, the
effective span shall be the clear span between the supports.
For end span with one end free and other end continuous, the effective span shall be
equal to the clear span plus if the width of the continuous support whichever is less.
In the analysis of a continuous frame, the effective span is the distance between the
centers of the supporting member.
In this project, the beams are named as B1, B2, B3 to B11 at each floor. The analysis
of beams is done by using STAAD PRO software. For analysis different load cases
and load combinations (mention in chapter ) are considered. The typical design for
beam B5 designed using SP 16 is shown below and the details of other beams are
tabulated. Structural drawing for designed beams are shown in drawing no-
Typical floor beam layout

Page 49
Fig-18
Data for Beam no. 255

Page 50

Beam Section provided (230mm x 600mm)
Support Moment left : 100 KN-m,
Support Moment right : 312 KN-m,
Mid span Moment : +55 KN-m,
Effective depth (d) =600-50 = 550 mm
Design of Support section (left)
Mu = 100 kN-m
Mulim = 0.133 fck bxdxd = 0.133x25x230x550x550 =231.33 KN-m
Mu < Mu lim
Section is singly reinforced section
From IS456-2000
Area of steel required for BM
Mu / bd2 = 100 X 106 / 230 X 5502 = 1.44 N/ mm2
Pt = 0.36 % (Table 3 , SP 16 )
Ast = 0.36 X 230 X 550 / 100 = 455 mm2
Provide 2 bar of 16 mm # & 2 bar of 12mm # ( at left support top reinforcement)
Design of Support section (right)

Mu = 312 kN-m
2
Mulim = 0.133 fck bd = 0.133x25x230x550x550 =231.33 KN-m

Mu > Mu lim
Section is doubly reinforced section
From IS456-2000
Area of steel required for BM
Mu / bd2 = 312 X 106 / 230 X 5502 = 4.48 N/ mm2
d'/d = 50 / 550 = 0.09 = 0.1
From table 55 , SP 16
Pt = 1.24 %
Ast = 1.24 X 230 X 550 / 100 = 1574 mm2
Pc = 0.33 %
Page 51

Asc = 0.33 X 230 X 550 / 100 = 412 mm2
Provide 2 bar of 25 mm # & 2 bar of 20 mm ( at right support top reinforcement)
Design of Support section (Midspan)
Mu = 55 KN-m < Mulim
Hence design as a singly reinforced beam.
Mu / bd2 = 55 X 106 / 230 X 5502 = 0.79 N/mm2
Pt = 0.191 %
Ast = 0.191 x 230 x 550/ 100 = 242mm2
Provide 2 bar of 16 mm
Design of Shear Reinforcement

The maximum shear force found from the analysis is considered for design
calculation of shear reinforcements.
Max. Shear Force, Vu = 210 KN ( from above SFD)
v = Vu / bd =210 X 1000 / 230 X 550 = 1.66 N/mm2
pt 100
Ast
bd
Pt =100 x 1574 / (230x550) = 1.24 %

From table 19 IS-456
c = 0.70 N/mm2 < 1.66 N/mm2
Shear reinforcement is necessary to provide
Vus
= 210x103 0.70x230x550
Vus
= 121.45 KN
From IS 456-2000
Sv = (0.87fyAsvd)/(Vus)
Provide 2 legged 8mm # stirrups
Sv = (0.87 x 500 x 100 x 550) / 121.45 x 103
Sv =197 mm
Therefore, provide 2 legged 8mm # vertical stirrups @ 150 mm c/c.
Page 52

Minimum shear reinforcement
1.
2.
3.
0.75d = 0.75x550 = 412.5 mm c/c

300 mm c/c
(Asv/b Sv) = 0.4/(087fy)
fy shall not be taken greater than 415 N/mm2 ( clause 26.5.1.6 of IS 456 )
(2x50/230xsv) = 0.4/(0.87x415)
Sv = 392 mm c/c
Therefore, Provide 8mm # 2L VS @ 300 mm c/c.
Fig-19
Page 53

All other beams are designed using Staad Pro v8i and Reinforcement is given in table.
Table-5 continuous beams for plinth Detailin
GRUPINGS
PB1
PB2
PB3
PB4
PB5
PB6
Ast
Ast in Left side
BEAM
Top
in
mid Ast
span
side
Bottom Top
Bottom Top
in
Right
Bottom
2-#12
1-#12
Shear
reinforcement
#8-2L@150/180
2-#12
2-#12 2-#12
2-#12
2-#12
2-#16, 1-#12 2-#12
2-#16 1-#12
2-#12
2-#16, 2-#12
2L@130/150c/c
#8-
2-#16, 1-#12 2-#12
2-#16 1-#12
2-#12
2-#16, 2-#12
2L@130/150c/c
#8-
2-#16, 1-#12 2-#12
2-#16 1-#12
2-#12
2-#16, 2-#12
2L@130/150c/c
#8-
2-#16, 1-#12 2-#12

2-#12
2-#16 1-#12
2-#16, 2-#12
2L@130/150c/c
#8-
1-#12
2-#12 2-#12
2-#12
2L@150/180c/c
#8-
2-#12
2-#12
2-#12
PB7
c/c
#8-
2L@250/300/25
4-#12
2-#12
2-#12 2-#12
4-#12
2-#12
0 c/c
Table-6 For continuous beams for FF,&SF Detailing

SL
NO
Ast in Left side
Ast in mid span
Ast
in
Right Shear reinforcement
side
Page 54

Top
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
2-#12
3-#12
3-#16,
2-#12
3-#12
1-#12
2-#16
3-#12
3-
2-#12
#8-2L@150/180 c/c
3-#16
2-#16
2-#16
3-#16
2-#16
2-#16
#16,
2-#12
#8-2L@130/150 c/c
2-#16
2-#16,
2-#16
2-#16
1-#16
2-#16
2-#16
2-
2-#12
#8-2L@130/150 c/c
3-#16
2-#16,
2-#16
2-#16
2-#12
#16,
2-
2-#12
#8-2L@130/150 c/c
1-#16
2-#16
1-#16,
2-#16
2-#16
2-#12
#16,
2-#16
2-#12
#8-2L@130/150 c/c
1-#12
2-#16
2-#16
2-#16
3-#12
2-#12
1-#12
2-#16
2-#16
#8-2L@130/150 c/c
3-#16
2-#12
2-#16
3-#16
3-#16
2-#12
#8-2L@150/130 c/c
Table-7 For Simply Supported Beams Detailing

SL NO
B8
B9
Ast at Top
3-#12
2-#12
Ast at Bottom
3-#12
2-#12
Shear reinft
2L-#8@150C/C
2L-#8@150/180C/C
B10
B11
2-#12
2-#12
2-#16
2-#12
1-#12
2L-#8@150C/C
2L-#8@150/180C/C
Design of Columns
3.11.1 Introduction
In reinforced concrete construction, a compression member is one, which is having an
effective length greater than three times its least lateral dimension, and is defined as a
column or strut.
A vertical compression member coming under the above definition is usually called as
a column, while that in any other direction, as in case of frames or trusses, is called as
Page 55

a strut. A column with an effective length less than three times the least lateral
dimension is considered as a pedestal.
Reinforcement in column
Longitudinal reinforcement : It is required
1.
To resist any tension that might develop due to bending caused by transverse
loads, eccentric loads or the moments.

2.
To assist concrete in the resulting compression so as to reduce the overall size
of the column.
3.
To reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage due to sustained loading.
4.
To impart necessary ductility to the column.
5.
To prevent or delay sudden brittle collapse.
6.
To hold the transverse reinforcement.
Transverse Reinforcement : It is required

1.
To prevent buckling of individual bars.
2.
To resist diagonal tension due to transverse shear.
3.
To prevent longitudinal splitting of concrete.
4.
To confine the concrete.
5.
To hold the longitudinal bars in position.
6.
To prevent or delay sudden collapse and impart ductility to concrete.
In This Project, the columns are grouped into 4 groups (C1, C2, C3 & C4) based on
loads. The maximum load and moments on column in each group is considered for
design from the respective groups and are designed for biaxial bending. The columns
are all designed as short columns. In this chapter a typical design of a column in C4 is
given and the remaining, which follows the same design, is presented in the form of
tables, which include the load, moment, percentage of longitudinal reinforcement and
lateral ties. The structural drawings for the columns designed columns are shown in
drawing no
Columns at foundation to third floor level
Page 56

Table-8 Columns Load and Size Detailing
SL
NO
COLUMN
GROUP
NO OF COLUMN
& SIZE
ULTIMATE AXIAL FORCE
C1
7 (230x450)
884 -1265
C2
7 (230x450)
1324-1573
C3
3 (230x450)
1375-1987
C4
3 (230x300)
2318-2401
C5
4 (300x300)
780-810
C6
4 (200x300)
1351-1455
C7
2 (200x300)
242-274
C8
2(200x300)
1119-1355
3.12.2 Design of typical columns

Axial loaded column Group C4 (230mm x 600mm)
Beam no : 778
Pu = 875.12 kN ; Mu = 65.6 KN m
Concrete grade M25 and Fe500 steel
fck=25N/mm2 and fy =500N/mm2
Size of column (230mm x 600mm)
Ag = 230x600 = 138000 mm2
Height of column (l) = 3.6 m
clear cover (d') = 40 mm
Check for eccentricity :
W.K.T. e = (L/500) + (D/30)
(clause 25.4 , IS : 456 2000)
e = (3600/500) + (600/30) = 27.2 < 20 mm

Mx = ex Pu = 23.2 KN m < 65.6 KN m
Hence , the column is under axial load and uniaxial bending.
Assuming 16mm dia with d' = 40 mm
Page 57

d' = 40 + 8 = 48 mm
d'/D = 48/600 = 0.08
From chart for d'/D = 0.1 (SP 16 )
we get,
Pu / fck b D = 875.12 X 1000 / 25 X 230 X 600 = 0.25
Mu / fck b D2 = 65.6 X 106 / 25 X 230 X 6002 = 0.032
Provide minimum Pt = 0.8%
Ast = (0.8/100) X 230 X 560 = 1030 mm2
Provide 6 nos. of 16 #
Lateral ties:
Dia of Lateral ties:
From clause 26.5.3.2 (c) of IS: 456-2000,
Diameter of lateral ties should not be less than
I.
Dia =
II.
6mm
1
16 4mm
4
Adopt 8 mm ties.
Spacing of lateral ties:
i) Least lateral dimension
= 230mmc/c
ii) Min bar dia x 16 = 16x16
= 256mm c/c
iii) 300mm
= 300 mm c/c
Provide 8 # lateral ties @ 225 mm c/c
2L - 8Y TIES @ 150 C/C
COLUMN
230 x 600
Fig-20
Page 58
Table-9 column FF,SF, 3rd Floor Detailing

Group
Section in mm
Ast
(FF,SF & 3rd floor)
Lateral
Ties
C1
230x450
1256
(4-16#)
8 # @ 175c/c
C2
230x450
1573
(8-16#)
8 # @ 175c/c
C3
230450
1987
(4-20#)
(4-16#)
8 # @ 150c/c
C4
230450
2462
(12-16#)
8 # @ 150c/c
C5
230300
904
8 # @ 200c/c
(8-12#)
C6
300300
1608
8 # @ 200c/c
(8-16#)
C7
200300
850
8 # @ 150c/c
(8-16#)
Design of Footings
3.12.1 Introduction
The foundation of a structure is that part of the structure, which transfers the load to
the soil on which it rests. It forms a very important part of the structure.
Foundation should be designed1.
To transmit the load of the structure safely onto a sufficient area of the soil so
that
stresses induced in the soil are within safe limits.
2.
To ensure uniform settlements i.e., the intensity of soil reaction should be the
same under all the footings of a structure.

Page 59

3.
To ensure no possibility of structures i.e., the foundation area should be
designed such that the center of gravity (c.g.) of loads in plan coincides with the c.g.
of the foundation area.
First point is to take care of structural aspect and the other two points to take care of
SBC of soil. Inadequate design will lead to the failure of the whole structure,
regardless of the structural strength of the super structure.
In this project work
Footings are grouped as four groups (F1, F2, F3, F4 & F5) respectively based
on axial force. Maximum working load is considered for the footings from each group
and are designed respectively. The isolated footings are designed for axial force. If the
area of footings overlapped combined footings are designed. The SBC of the soil in
the present project work is taken as 130kN/m2.
One typical design of footing pertaining to Axial force (Fy) and also by considering
Axial force and Bending moment of the support (M z) is presented and the rest is given
in the form of table.
Page 60

Design of Typical Isolated Footing
`
Table-10
Footing Axial Force (Fy) : ( support at node 40 taken)
Pu = 2120 KN Size of column = (230 x 600) mm
fck= 25 N/mm2
fy= 500 N/mm2
SBC of soil = 130 KN/m2
Size of the footing
Load of column = 2120 KN
Un factored load = 2120/1.5 = 1413 KN
Self weight of footing (10%) = 141.3 KN
Total load = 1413 + 141.3 = 1554 KN
Page 61

Area of footing required = 1554/30 = 11.95 m2
(2x+0.23)(2x+0.6) =11.95
Solving for x :
(2x+0.23)
x = 1.52
(2x+0.6)
Projection
along longer direction = (2)(1.52)+0.60 = 3.64 m
along shorter direction = (2)(1.52)+0.23 = 3.27 m
Adopt a rectangular footing of size 3.3 m x 3.7 m
Unfactored soil pressure at base is computed as
P' = 1413/(3.3x3.7) = 116 kn/m2 < 130 kn/m2
Hence , the footing area is adequate, since the soil pressure at the base is less than
bearing capacity of soil.
Depth of footing:
Critical section under bending at the face of column
W=(PXL)
M = WL2 / 2 = 116 x 3.7 x (1.52)2 = 496 KN - m

Mu = 1.5 x 496 = 744 kN-m = Mulim
Mulim = 0.133 x fck x b x d2
Page 62

d=246 mm
Assume d=700 mm , D = 750 mm
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1 - fy Ast / fck b d)
Ast = 2491 mm2
(Ast)min = 0.12 b D / 100
(Ast)min = 3330 mm2
Sv = ast X 3700 /Ast
Sv = 126 mm
Provide 12 # @ 150 mm c/c in both the directions
Check for shear : one way shear
Critical section under one way shear is at a distance 'd' from tha column face.
V = (x-d) (P' X L)
V = 352 KN
Vu = 528 KN
= Vu / bd = 0.20 N / mm2
Pt = Ast x 100 / bd = 0.13 %

c
= 0.29 N/mm2
>
Hence safe
Two way shear ( Punching shear )
Critical section under punching is at a distance of d/2 from column face.
Ap = A - A1
A = L X b = 3.3 X 3.7
A1 = (0.6+d)(0.23+d)
= (0.6+0.7)(0.23+0.7)
A1 = 1.21 m2
Ap = 11 m2
Page 63

F = P' X Area
F = 116 x 11 = 1276 KN = V
Vu = 1914 KN
v
= Vu / perimeter X d
= 0.61 N / mm2
Ks = 0.5 + c
c = short side of footing / long side of footing = 3.3 / 3.7 = 0.9
Ks = 1.4 ( but as per IS 456 : 2000) Ks = 1
= Ks 0.25
= 1.25 N/mm2
>
Hence safe.
Page 64
Fig-21
Page 65

Table-11 Details of footings
Group
F1
Size
Of Depth of Reinforcement
Footing
Footing
(mmxmm)
(mm)
Along
Longer Along Shorter Direction
Direction
2100x2300 450
10# @ 100 10# @ 100c/c
2200x2400 500
c/c
10# @ 100 10# @ 100 c/c
2400x2600 550
c/c
12# @ 130 12# @ 130c/c
1800x1900 400
c/c
10 # @ 130 10 # @130 c/c
F5
1100x1100 300
c/c
8 # @ 150 c/c 8 # @ 150 c/c
F6
1600x1700 350
10 # @ 125 10 # @ 1250 c/c
F2
F3
F4
c/c
Design of Staircase
3.13.1Introduction
Page 66

Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for the purpose of giving access to different
floors of a building. Usually, the staircase maybe provided near the main entrance of
the building. All staircases should be adequately ventilated and properly designed.
Types
Straight
Dog-legged
Open-well
Geometric
The loads on the landing could be taken equal to that on the steps but should be
distributed equally. This load distribution is usually idealized as uniform over the
entire span as done in the case of slabs.
In this project work dog legged staircase has been encountered. The rise and tread are
150mm and 300mm respectively. The width of the staircase is 2.93m and the length
being 5.04m. The complete design of the staircase is presented.
The staircase is of doglegged type the dimension of which are as given below.
Design of doglegged staircase:
Details
Total height of the stories
3.6m
Stair case room dimension
5.04 x 2.93 m2
Step rise
150 mm
Landing
1.2m
Tread
300 mm
Live load
3 KN/m2
Finish load
1.5 KN/m2
fck
25 MPa
fy
500 MPa
Wall thickness
230 mm
Proportioning of stair :
Page 67

Height of each flight = H1 = H/2 = 3.6/2 =1800 mm
No. of risers in each flight = H1/R = 1800/150 = 12 no.
Thus, no. of steps = 12-1 = 11
Width of flight horizontally = 11X 300 = 3300 mm
Let the width of step = 1.2 m
Gap between the flights = 2.5 - (2 X 1.2) = 0.1 m
Depth of waist slab , D = 150 mm
Assume effective cover = 20 mm (mild exposure ) + (10/2) = 25 mm
Thus, d = 125 mm
Load Calculations :
tan = R / T = 150 / 300 = 0.5
Hypotenuse, h =
= 335 mm
cos = T / h = 300 / 335 = 0.895

Dead load of waist slab in plan = 0.15 X 1 X 25 / cos = 4.19 KN / m2
Weight of all floor finish horizontally , assumed as = 1KN/m2
weight of steps
= R/2 X 24 =1.8 KN/m2
Imposed load
= 3 KN/m2
dead load say with Finishes = 7.5 KN/m

Total load (w)
= 9.99 KN/m2
Design load (wu)
= 1.5x9.99=15 KN/m2
Design of second flight :

Factored bending moment for second flight taking partial fixity effect
Mu = wu l2 / 10 = 15 X (5.04)2 / 10 = 38.1 KN m
d = 107.05 mm < 150 mm

The depth provided is Ok
Reinforcement :
Page 68

Mu/ bd2 = 38.10 X 106 / 1000 X 1252 = 2.438
From SP 16 , table 3
Pt = 0.644 %
Ast = (0.644 / 100 ) X 1000 X 125 = 805 mm2
Provide 12# @ 150 mm c/c
Here, spacing is < 300 mm , < 3d. Thus OK from serviceability requirements for
cracking.
Distribution steel :
Ast= (0.12*1000*150)/100= 180 mm2
spacing = S = (ast/Ast)x1000
S = 179 mm
Provide 8 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c
The spacing is less than 450 mm and also 5d. Thus safe in cracking.
Design for shear :
Vux = Wu l /2 = 15 X 5.04 / 2 = 37.8 KN
v = Vux / bd = 37.8 X 1000 / 1000 X 125 = 0.3 N / mm2
For Pt = 0.64 %
c = 0.53 N / mm2
c > v
Hence , safe against shear
Check for development length :
Ld = 47# = 47 X 12 = 560 mm at junction of flight and landing.
Ld / 3 = 180 mm anchorage over the support.
Page 69
Page 70
Fig-22
3.14.Details Of Drawings
(1) Details of Centerline Dimensions Column and Column Footings

(2) Details of Wall Foundation Grade and Plinth Beams
(3) Details of Ground Floor Staircase, Lintel, Chejja, Lift (Typical)
(4) Details of GF, SF, Roof Beams
(5) Details of Ground Floor, First Floor, Second Floor, Roof Slab, Reinforcement and
Roof Beams.
Page 71
3.17.SITE VISIT: BYATARAYANAPURA
Page 72
Fig 23 .Shear wall provided for lift
CHAPTER- 4
Page 73
Reflection Notes (Specific Outcomes)

Internship training Program was scheduled for a period of sixteen weeks as apart of
the M..Tech 3rd semester course for the academic year 2015-2016.
I under took my training with Karnataka Rural Infrastructure Development Ltd
First Four Weeks Exposed
To Study The civil basics Like

(1) Element of civil Engineering
(2) Strength of Material
(3) Structural Analysis
(4) Soil Mechanics
(5) Design of RCC
(6) Surveying
civil engineering Softwares like Staadpro, Autocad
To study the code Books etc,
Next Four Weeks Exposed
To Learn how to read the given plan from the architecture
To Learn where we give the column,
To Learn how to give the column orientations,
To Learn How to read Soil Reports like SBC of the Soil
Based on soil report we have to give the depth of Footing
Next Four Weeks Exposed
To Learn How to analysis the components of the building by using

(1) Slope Deflection method
(2) Moment Distribution method
(3) Kani's method
(4) Stiffness method
(5) flexibility method
Page 74
To Learn How to design the building components
To apply the task in to the Softwares
To Grouping the Footing, Slab, Column Beam, by using Staad-Pro values
To Take the Staad-Pro Values and Analysis and I Dealt with Design of
Footing, Column, Beam (Plinth Beam and Floor Beam), Slab
Further Next Week Exposed
Detailing is Done by using Cad Software
Site visit at Byatarayanapura
Finally To Prepare the Internship Report
In the Internship I got Following Things

Technically
Work Experience & Skills
I can be able to Choose a career path
I gave Practical Experience
I got Knowledge about Professional fields
Develop New Skills
I Gained Confidence
Taking initiative
Working under pressure
Analyzing statistics and data
Communicating well with staff and clients
Making a presentation
Meeting deadlines
Contributing to the work team
Coming up with ideas
Being accurate
Managing databases
Writing articles or reports
Being persuasive
Page 75
Non Technically:
Office procedure
File maintenance
Letter Writing
Note the Important points in file
Presentation to the Senior officer
Printing and Xerox
Tracing
Page 76
CONCLUSION
My training at Karnataka rural infrastructure development limited has been an
eye-opening as well as an enriching experience for me. I gained an in-depth and
thorough knowledge on the Structural Engineering Practices exercised by Engineers
in India. It is important that a prospective engineer such as me to develop a strong
understanding in the basics of structural element design.
An exposure to Staad .pro V8i software are been obtained.
Knowledge about visualization of structure is obtained.
Design of slabs, beams, columns, footing is done manually.
All the design requirements were checked for codal provisions.
Knowledge about preparation of structural design report is obtained and learned to
apply our engineering knowledge to practical field.
Page 77
REFERENCE
TEXT BOOKS
1. Reinforced concrete design S. Unnikrishna Pillai & Devdas Menon
Third Edition 2010
2. Design of RCC Structure S.Ramamrutham, R.Narayan
Tenth Edition Reprint 1988
3. Reinforced concrete (Limit state design) Ashok K. Jain
Sixth Edition 2002
4. Design of Reinforced concrete structures N. Krishna Raju
Second Edition 2004
5. RCC Theory and Design M. G. Shah & C. M. Kale
Revised Edition
6. Theory of Structures - S.Ramamrutham, R.Narayan
Eighth Edition - 2005
Page 78

CODES
1. Indian code practice for plain and reinforced concrete
IS 456-2000
2. Design aids of reinforced concrete IS 456-2000
SP 16-1980
3. Indian code of practice for loads
IS 875-1987 (Part-2)
4. Hand book on concrete reinforcement and detailing
SP 34-1977
Page 79
Page 80
Page 81

Chand Han

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Chand Han

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

eliminating middlemen, i.e., contractors, thereby avoiding exploitation of the

1.3 Mission Statement:

To respond immediately to customer needs

Department of Civil Engineering, T.O.C.E Bengaluru.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

1.6 Board Of Directors :1

Sri. Shrishail M.Dalawai,

Department of Civil Engineering, T.O.C.E Bengaluru.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

Sri. Subhash Chandra, I.A.S.,

1.7 Manpower Strength

1.8 Important Clients

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

(ii) Central Tibetian School Administration

Rural Development Panchayath Resource (RDPR) Department

1.9 Services offered by Architecture Section

1.10 Services offered by Quality Control Section

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

1.12 Services offered by Technical Consultancy Section

1.13 Architectural Team

1.14 Structural Design Team

1.15 Project Management Consultancy Team & Quality Control

Sri.K.Abdul Raheem, M.Tech(CADS), MIE, CE, AEE (Design) ,(phd)

1.16 Quality Control

Department of Civil Engineering, T.O.C.E Bengaluru.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

1.17 Completed Major Projects

Department of Civil Engineering, T.O.C.E Bengaluru.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

(b) Police Traning Center at Gulberga

(c) veterinary Animal and Fisheries Science University Bidar

Department of Civil Engineering, T.O.C.E Bengaluru.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

Certificate of Commendation award: In 2005 for good work carried out in

Department of Civil Engineering, T.O.C.E Bengaluru.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

constructing Police Training Centre at Nagana Halli, Gulburga District.

and Gadag Districts of Karnataka just in 12 months at cost of 36 Crores.

construction of Police Training Centre at Gulbarga

1.19 Financial Progress of KRIDL

Department of Civil Engineering, T.O.C.E Bengaluru.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

Government has further exempted under Section 4(g) for direct

entrustment of works for a period of one year from 01-04-2015.

Name of the Zone/Division

Progress achieved Percent

(upto March-2015) achieve

BANGALORE ZONE (Bangalore, 200.00

Kolar, Chickballapur, Tumkur)

Department of Civil Engineering, T.O.C.E Bengaluru.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

Karwar, Gokak, Belgaum, Chikkodi,

Kittur, Bijapur, Dharwad, Haveri)

Gulbarga, Koppal, Raichur, Yadgir,

Profit/Loss after Taxes

(upto March-2015) (Provisional)

Civil, STAAD.pro etc.

Department of Civil Engineering, T.O.C.E Bengaluru.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

2.2 Organization Structure of the Department

Smt.Suma Bhat, AE, Design

Chandrshekhar.N.B AE, Design

Smt.Kannika Mary, AE, Desgin