Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
org
Volume 30 Number 6
November/December 2013
Inside:
Annual Conference Preview.......................6
20th Annual Photo Contest ......................22
The Shale Gas Revolution .........................32
Hazmat 101 ..............................................36
SEE Education Foundation News .............40
www.isee.org
Publisher
International Society of Explosives Engineers
Editor
Dede Manross
explo@comcast.net
Contributing Writers
John Brulia
R.B. Hopler
Bill Reisz
Tom Snyder
Board of Directors
President
John E. Capers
Vice President, Administration
Michael J. Koehler
Vice President, Technical
Jack W. Eloranta
Treasurer
James P. Daley
Secretary
Alastair C. Torrance
Past President
Ron J. Elliott
Directors
Nancy C. Allen
Kevin Becker
Josef (Boet) E. Coetzee
Kevin J. Hachmeister
Algernon R. Hackett
David Harrison
Keith M. Henderson
Richard M. Hosley, Jr.
Braden Lusk
Cam Thomas
Hans E. Wallin
Kirk Whitaker
Dean A. Wiegand
Executive Director
J. Winston Forde
Director of ISEE and SEE Education Programs
Buck Hawkins
Director of Communication
Dede Manross
November/December 2013
Volume 30 Number 6
F E AT U R E S
6
Everything you need to know about attending the 40th Annual Conference in Denver
Colo. Includes schedule of events, blasters training seminar, exhibitors, product previews, technical sessions, special sessions, spouse program, special events, tours, and a
registration form.
This article presents a brief description of the two major technologies, namely directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing that made the development of these natural gas
resources possible.
36 Hazmat 101
D E PA RT M E N T S
4
From the Executive Director
24 Calendar of Events
26 Industry News
28 Explosives, 100 Years Ago, More or Less
More excerpts from Du Pont Blasting Powder.
44 Chapter News
45 Letters to the Editor
On the Cover: Rock
stabilization job at
Snoqualmie Pass in
Washington State.
See story page 22.
Copyright 2013 Society of Explosives Engineers, Inc., dba International Society of Explosives Engineers
The Journal of Explosives Engineering, published six times per year, is the official publication of the International Society
of Explosives Engineers.The Society is not responsible for opinions expressed and statements made by authors in articles
or advertisements published in the Journal. ISEE assumes no responsibility for the completeness, accuracy, or conclusions
reached in any of the articles or items published in this Journal.
Since the information is unique and because each job site is different, information presented in this Journal may not apply
to your specific field situation. Readers are cautioned to carefully consider ideas presented and decide for themselves if
the procedures described are safe and appropriate for the intended use.The International Society of Explosives Engineers
cannot be responsible for the specific application of the information presented. Also, remember to always consult the
manufacturer of the product(s) you are using for recommended practices.
Mention in this publication of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation for its use. Registered names, trademarks, logos, artwork, photographs, etc., used in this publication, even without
specific indication thereof, are to be considered protected by law.
Yearly subscription rates: $95 U.S.A., $115 all others (International Air Mail). All members of the Society receive a complimentary subscription.
November/December 2013
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The International Society of Explosives Engineers will hold the 40th Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting
Technique Feb. 9 -12, 2014, at the Hyatt Regency Denver at Colorado Convention Center, Denver, Colo.
As many as 1,600 blasters, manufacturers, government officials and suppliers from all over the world will gather for this
conference to gain new insights, ideas and form new business alliances.
This annual event is the premier international forum for the hands-on explosives user.The 2014 program will include
nearly 130 exhibits, technical sessions, poster session and workshops.
November/December 2013
Tuesday Kickoff
CM
MY
CY
CMY
Fragblast Session
Tuesday, Feb. 11, 2014
8:30 a.m. - 10 a.m.
The Fragblast Session will bring together researchers in
rock blasting fragmentation and includes theoretical, experimental and computer simulation papers. These sessions also continue the work of the Fragblast group during
the years in between the Fragblast conferences. Authors of
papers from these sessions are often encouraged to also
submit an expanded paper to the Blasting and Fragmentation Journal.
Explosives Security Workshop
Wednesday, Feb. 12, 2014
8 a.m. - 10 a.m.
Learn how to better protect your product and improve
your understanding of best practices by participating in the
Explosives Security Workshop.
Join regulators and industry professionals in a discussion about the most important security topics relevant to
manufacturing, storing and transporting explosives. The
conversation will include technical presentations regarding protection from theft and technological advancements
in magazine security. Regulatory agencies will also be available to discuss guidelines in securing explosive materials.
November/December 2013
Show
off
your
marksmanship
skills while helping
a good cause during the 12th Annual
ISEE Sporting Clays
Shoot.
Located at the
Kiowa Creek Sporting Club, 46700 E. County Rd 30, Bennett, the clay shoot includes 125 targets (100 sporting clay
targets plus 25 targets of your choice of trap or 5 stand).Approximately 125 rounds of ammo will be provided to each
pre-registered shooter. Bring your own shotgun or rent a
loaner shotgun on site.
Transportation will be provided. The bus will leave the
Hyatt Regency Denver Hotel at 8:30 a.m. and will return at
approximately 3 p.m. Start time is 9:30 a.m.
Clay shoot proceeds benefit the SEE Education Foundation Childrens Fund, which helps families of those killed or
injured in commercial explosives accidents.
November/December 2013
Spouse/Guest Program
Conference Hotel
Room Reservations
For sleeping room reservations, call the Hyatt Regency Denver at Colorado Convention Center at
303.436.1234 or 1.800.233.1234. Please be sure to
mention ISEE to receive the conference discount
rate of $189 single/double. Do not delay in making your reservations because the hotel is expected
to sell out early. Online reservations are available at
www.isee.org.
Denver photos courtesy of VISIT DENVER, Rich Grant, Steve Crecelius and
Hyatt Regency Denver.
The technical sessions will showcase the latest technological advances. Whether youre a blaster in the field or a
supervisor, youll find this an informative, enjoyable event.
The following is a preliminary list of papers that will be
presented in Denver. This program is subject to change.
A Novel Prediction of Blasting Vibration Parameter
A Review of Timing Requirements for Optimization of Fragmentation
A Safer and Green Detonator with NHN Substituting ASA
Advances in Predicting the Effects of Non-Ideal Detonation on Blasting
Analysis Method into True Detonator Delay Element Discrepancies
Analysis of Hollow Effect on Time-Frequency Characteristic of
Surface-Vibration Signal
Blast Optimization Through Long Term Fragmentation Analysis
Blast Segmentation for Vibration Management
Rapid Raising
10
November/December 2013
Physical Measurement
Technologies Inc
Potters Industries
Precision Blasting
QMR Pty Ltd
R.A Jones & Co
Renishaw Inc
Rockmore International
Rothenbuhler Engineering
Sandvik Construction
Sauls Seismic, Inc/NOMIS
Seminole Wire & Cable Co
ShotTrack
Sigicom
Soft-Blast
Conference Sponsors
Tread Corporation
Orica
Sauls Seismic, Inc./NOMIS
Austin Powder
Tradestar Corporation
Furukawa Rock Drill
12
International Reception
Sunday Welcome Reception (Food)
Conference Portfolio
International Luncheon
Monday Coffee Break & Tuesday
Banquet Reception
Poster Session Reception
205
201
13
504
310
110
17
417
112
114
706
606
11
500
Split Engineering
Stemlock Inc
Texcel
Thunderbird Mining Systems
Tipper Tie Inc
TM International
Tradestar Corporation
Tread Corporation
United Leasing, Inc
UTEC Corporation
Valeron Strength Films
Varel International
VCE
Vibronics Inc
501
600
515
19
610
102
213
407
304
315
22
412
207
503
708
510
Dyno Nobel/Sandvik
Nobel Insurance
Nelson Brothers
Silver Level
Registration Form
or Register Online
at www.isee.org
o Yes o No
Conference Speaker:
o Yes o No
Conference Registration
Ontime Before
1/5/2014
Late Reg.
After 1/5/14
Full Conference Registration - Sun-Wed, Feb. 9 - 12 (Blasters Training Seminar and Banquet tickets sold separately See Special Events)
ISEE Member
$ 635.00
$ 685.00
$ 760.00
Non-Member (includes a one-year membership)
$ 715.00
$ 765.00
$ 840.00
Emeritus Member
$ 125.00
$ 125.00
$ 125.00
Student Member - Special Rate!
$ 50.00
$ 50.00
$ 75.00
Spouse/Guest Program (includes Exhibits, Meals, Tours)
$ 160.00
$ 170.00
$ 180.00
Total
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Blasters Weekend Package - Feb 8 - 9 only (If Attending Full Conf, see Blasters Training Seminar Only under Special Events)
(Includes Blasters Training Seminar, Sat Lunch, Reception, Video Roundup, Exhibits & Sun Welcome Reception)
ISEE Member
Non-Member (includes a one-year membership)
Blasters Weekend Spouse - Feb 8 -9 only
$ 265.00
$ 345.00
$ 295.00
$ 375.00
$ 350.00
$ 430.00
$ 59.00
$ 59.00
$ 59.00
$ 205.00
$ 44.00
$ 235.00
$ 44.00
$ 280.00
$ 44.00
$ 48.00
$ 48.00
$ 48.00
___________
___________
___________
$ 49.00
$ 69.00
$ 49.00
$ 69.00
$ 49.00
$ 69.00
___________
___________
Conference Tours/Events
ISEE Sporting Clays Shoot - Saturday, Feb. 8 (limited space)
$ 150.00
$ 150.00
$ 150.00
___________
Proceedings
Conf Proceedings - Printed Book
Conf Proceedings - CD
$ 89.00
$ 59.00
$ 89.00
$ 59.00
$ 89.00
$ 59.00
___________
___________
Annual Awards Banquet & Live Auction - Tuesday, Feb. 11 (not sold on site)
With Full Paid Conference Registration or Spouse Program
Banquet Ticket Only
__________
__________
__________
___________
o Enclosed is a check drawn on a US bank payable to ISEE. No wire transfers or international checks will be accepted.
o Please charge my credit card for the amount due: o MasterCard
o Visa
o Amex
o Discover
Card # _________________________________________________ Exp. Date _________________ CVV Code ________________
Signature: __________________________________________________________________________________________________
No Refunds after January 10, 2014 Cancellations must be in writing. A processing fee of $50 will be deducted. No refunds for no shows.
Registrations cannot be taken over the phone.
Mail or Fax form to: International Society of Explosives Engineers, 30325 Bainbridge Road, Cleveland, OH 44139
Tel. (440) 349-4400 Fax (440) 349-3788 Web: www.isee.org
VOD Recorders
The following product/service showcase items are advertisements provided by exhibitors attending the 40th Annual Conference in Denver, Colorado. For more information,
please contact ISEE at (440) 349-4400.
Emulsifiers
MREL
Booth Location: 115
MREL manufactures the industrys
leading line of explosives performance
recorders. MREL recorders are used
worldwide to help both manufacturers
and consumers of explosives to solve
blasting concerns. Choose your role at
MRELs exhibit:Mike the Miner,Pete
the Powderman, or Rose the Researcher and watch the interactive presentations.T: +1.613.545.0466 E: blasting@
mrel.com W: www.mrel.com
See advertisement, page 33.
High-Speed Cameras
MREL
Booth Location: 115
14
Blasting Mats
Dynamat
Booth Location: 602
Dynamat
the North
Americas
Leading Manufacturer of
Blasting Mats!
We offer a flexibility that is unique in the industry. Our unique
Turnkey Service goes well beyond producing blasting mats we
also make sure you receive your blasting mats exactly Where and
When you choose! Because we care about you, our customer! W:
www.dynamat.qc.ca E: sales@dynamat.qc.ca T: 1-800-363-8026.
November/December 2013
Seismograph Sales
GeoSonics/Vibra-Techs 5500
seismograph features a removable CompactFlash memory
combined with a full QWERTY
keyboard and durable on-board
printer.The 5500 is equipped
with vibration and sound monitoring systems with LCD displays and metal cable connections. We provide exceptional
service on seismograph sales and leases as well as calibration and
repairs. www.geosonicsvibratech.com.
GeoSonics/Vibra-Tech
Booth Location: 316
Vibronics, Inc.
Booth Location: 503
Drill Bits
Varel International
Booth Location: 412
Varel International is the worlds
largest supplier of drill bits to the
mining and industrial market, providing roller cone and fixed cutter
drill bits. Varels proprietary design
capabilities, efficient manufacturing,
and sales force uniquely position
the company to provide high-quality
bits and value to its customers. More
information, www.varelintl.com.
November/December 2013
15
VIBRONICS, INC. is an
authorized dealer for
Instantel, Larcor, and White
seismographs, software, and
accessories. We offer seismograph calibration, repair, and
service. We also offer rental
equipment and provide onsite monitoring programs.
We offer both printing and
non-printing units, remote and non-remote systems. Fully operational remote systems can be shipped directly to your site, ready
for installation. Dont purchase or lease without calling us first.
See advertisement, page 5.
Vibronics, Inc.
Booth Location: 503
Vibronics, Inc.
Booth Location: 503
Bulk Trucks
Alpha-Blast V11
Tread Corporation
Booth Location: 407
Loading ANFO or
an ANFO/Emulsion
blend into a bulk
truck the easy way
Tread Corporation is
excited to announce
the addition of the
B1 Mixing Plant to
its lineup. Electronic
controls provide
a simple, yet accurate method to blend predetermined ratios
of ammonium nitrate prill, fuel oil, and emulsion at a variety
of rates. Also new to Treads product line is the 3716 Repump
truck. Learn more about these innovative products at www.
TreadCorporation.com.
See advertisement, page 35.
16
November/December 2013
Blasters Handbook
From the best subject matter specialists
in blasting comes the completely
18th Edition ISEE Blasters Handbook!
er
Ord !
nOw
Compu-Blast V9
Normet is a fast
growing Finnish
technology company with global operations. It provides
advanced solutions
for selected customer processes in underground mining and tunnelling environments.The Normet Group develops, manufactures
and markets machines, services, construction chemicals and specialized rock bolts for underground processes such as robotized
concrete spraying, highly mechanized explosive charging, lifting
and installation, rock reinforcement and logistics.
Normet International Ltd., Rothusstrasse 21, CH-6331 Hnenberg,
SWITZERLAND,Tel. +41 41 768 52 00, Fax +41 41 768 52 11,
info@normet.fi, www.normet.com
18
November/December 2013
Instantel
Booth Location: 301
Rothenbuhler Engineering
Booth Location: 417
Instantel InstaLink
Instantel
Booth Location: 301
ShotTrack VoD
ShotTrack
Booth Location: 606
19
ShotTrack
Booth Location: 606
MAXAM
Booth Location: 411
The release of the new ShotTrack
ViB is close.This light weight, durable and inexpensive self-contained
vibration monitor will revolutionise
near blast data collection. With no
external connections, Bluetooth
connectivity (GSM optional), GPS
and an IP rating of 68, this unit is
virtually indestructible.
For more information visit www.
shottrack.com.au
Maxam is a global
leader in the development, manufacture
and sale of civil
explosives and initiation systems for the
mining, quarrying and
construction industries. Maxam has a heritage of manufacturing a comprehensive
range of reliable products and providing
a high level of customer support dating
back to the 1800s. Stop by the booth or
call us at 801-233-6000 to find out how we
can help improve your process.
RionelTM
MAXAM
Booth Location: 411
Insurance
Fairmont Specialty
Booth Location: 317
Years of experience have
placed Fairmont
Specialty in a
position to have
the industry
knowledge
to properly
protect the hazardous business of the commercial explosives and
blasting industry. Fairmonts coverage: General Liability, Commercial Automobile, Umbrella, Property, Equipment and Workers
Compensation. For information contact our exclusive agent:
Texas AGA, 800-875-9484, www.aga-us.com.
20
November/December 2013
Insurance
What if you could reduce uncertainty at shooting time? Accurately forecast blast outcome thanks to I-Blast, the 3D physic-based
simulation software. contact@dna-blast.com | www.dna-blast.
com
At Nobel, we understand
the importance of protecting what you have today and better preparing
for tomorrow. For over
30 years, weve provided
quality insurance focused
on meeting the needs of
the commercial explosives industry. Let Nobel help you focus on reaching your goals
of long-term success. Call (800)766-6235 ext. 4121, or visit www.
nobelinsurance.com.
Next Issue
January/February 2014
Distributed to attendees of
ISEEs 40th Annual Conference
in Denver, Colo.
Case Study on Single Shot Drawbell Blasting
Determining the Origin of Air Overpressure
A Practical Approach to Managing Flyrock Control
Explosives 100 Years Ago
Articles are subject to change
21
20th
20th Annual
Photo Contest
Honorable Mention
Snoqualmie Pass
Category: Construction Blasting
Submitted by: Corry Goumans
Blaster in Charge: Corry Goumans
Photographer: Corry Goumans
Description of Project:
Project location is Snoqualmie Pass,Washington State
Photos 1 - 4 Chris Elliott is a rock slope supervisor on a
construction project east of Seattle,Washington. His job
is to look after a two man scaling crew working on the
rock bluffs some 300 feet in height along the I-90 interstate just east of the town Hyak. The Washington State
Rock Engineers noticed a very large mass of unstable
rock along the upper rock face and asked us to take it out.
Chris is loading explosives in 1 holes that are 8 to 10
feet deep by 40 feet long with 1 x 8 power primer on
the unstable rock mass that is about 300 feet above the
new road construction. I-90 runs east and west alongside
the new construction note the containment fence and the
ship containers along the highway for protection and Lake
Keechelus in the background.
Photo 2.
Photo 3.
Photo 1.
22
November/December 2013
Photo 4.
Photo 5.
November/December 2013
23
Calendar of Events
November 2013
January 2014
November 7, 2013
Mississippi Valley Chapters Quarterly
Meeting
Holiday Inn, South County I-55 and Butler
Hill Road
www.mvsee.org
November 14-15, 2013
16th Pennsylvania Drilling and Blasting
Conference
The Penn Stater Conference Center Hotel
State College, PA USA
www.outreach.psu.edu/programs/blasting
November 14, 2013
Heartland Chapter Meeting
Springfield, MO USA
Phil Porter, phil@buckleypowder.com
November 19-21, 2013
Underwater Blasting Seminar by PBS
Montville, OH USA
(440) 474-6700
December 2013
December 6, 2013
Black Hills Chapter General Membership
Meeting
AmericInn Lodge & Suites
Rapid City, SD USA
Doug Hoy, (605) 940-1055
dough@sayreassociates
December 11, 2013
University of Kentuckys 3rd Annual Clay
Shoot
Elk Creek Hunt Club and Winery
Owenton, KY USA
isee.uk@gmail.com.
July 2014
July 17, 2014
Great Lakes Chapter Meeting
Holiday Inn
Willowbrook, IL USA
Janet Schue, cheriamour@aol.com
September 2014
February 2014
February 9-12, 2014
ISEEs 40th Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique
Denver, CO USA
Lynn Mangol, mangol@isee.org
February 23-26, 2014
SME Annual Meeting
Salt Lake City, UT USA
www.smenet.org
March 2014
March 4-8, 2014
Conexpo-Conagg
Las Vegas, NV USA
www.conexpoconagg.com/
April 2014
April 17, 2014
Great Lakes Chapter Meeting
Holiday Inn
Willowbrook, IL USA
Janet Schue, cheriamour@aol.com
April 22-25, 2014
27th Best in the West Drill and Blast Conference
Spearfish, SD USA
doughoy@sayreassociates.com
May 2014
24
October 2014
October 16, 2014
Great Lakes Chapter Meeting
Holiday Inn
Willowbrook, IL USA
Janet Schue, cheriamour@aol.com
December 2014
December 4-5, 2014
Kentucky Blasting Conference
Lexington Center and Hyatt Regency
Hotel
Lexington, KY USA
www.kyblastingconference.com
April 2015
April 21-24, 2015
28th Best in the West Drill and Blast
Conference
Spearfish, SD USA
doughoy@sayreassociates.com
For the latest events, see ISEEs web
site at www.isee.org
November/December 2013
3,216 reasons to be an
ISEE member and counting.
The ISEE Explosives Reference Database Online: Search 3,216 documents of
general and research proceedings from the Annual Conference on Explosives and
Blasting Technique, Symposia on Explosives and Blasting Research; papers from
the Journal of Explosives Engineering; RIs and ICs from the U.S. Bureau of Mines;
and the Blasters Catalog.
24-hours-a-day, seven-days-a-week free access for all ISEE members. All you
need is a computer and Internet access.
docs.isee.org
Industry News
ISEE Election Now Underway
Election of Officers and
Directors for 2014
B. Todd Jones.
November/December 2013
Toll-Free: 877-900-0724
www.RTRrubber.ca
27
E X P L O S I V E S
by Robert B. Hopler
DU PONT
BLASTING POWDER
1913
28
November/December 2013
DU PONT
BLASTING POWDER
1913 (Continued from previous
Journal)
BLASTING METHODS
Priming
In use, blasting powder is exploded
by a spark from fuse, electric squib
or miners squib, or by a primer of
some high explosive, the last being
employed only in heavy charges on
open work. In mining, and sometimes
in light charges on open work, blasting powder is made into cartridges
by means of a paper tube or cylinder
sealed at one end, which is known as
the Du Pont tamping bag. Sometimes
the paper cylinder is made by the
miner by coiling a section of heavy paper, known as blasting paper, around a
wooden pin, called a cartridge pin, and
securing it with what is called blasting
soap. The removal of the pin leaves a
cylindrical cartridge open at one end,
into which the powder is poured and
the top folded and sealed with blasting soap.
The cartridge form increases safety
by eliminating loose powder about
the bore-hole, protects the blasting
powder from moisture when in the
bore-hole, and makes the charging of
the borehole much easier and quicker.
The cartridge pin should be but
little smaller in diameter than the
bore-hole, so that the cartridges will fit
snugly into the bore-hole without an
air space around them.The air space is
usually objectionable because it tends
to reduce the breaking effect and the
results given by the explosive. It is not
advisable to make the cartridges longer than 18 inches, because they are
then heavy and bulky and likely to
break or become unsealed in handling.
Any length that may be required less
than 18 inches can readily be made.
One or more cartridges may be used
in each bore-hole.
The best way to explode blasting
powder cartridges is with an electric
squib or with a high explosive primer.
The latter should not be used in coal
mines. Other methods are with fuse,
miners squib or electric fuze. The
electric fuze is a very efficient blasting
powder exploder, but is no better than
the electric squib, which costs less, although when a high explosive primer
is employed to explode large charges
of blasting powder an electric fuze is
necessary.
November/December 2013
the charge before the other may result in throwing partly exploded and
burning powder into the open air in
places where it might cause disastrous
results. It must be understood that the
time required for the explosion to travel from one end to the other of even a
long charge of blasting powder is very
short indeed, but a very much longer
period is required than for the detonation of a high explosive to travel the
same distance, and takes enough time
to cause the results already described.
Other advantages in the use of the
electric squib or the electric fuze,
either with or without a dynamite
primer, are the elimination of smoke
from burning fuse and the ability to
explode a number of charges simultaneously, which results in greater execution. Furthermore, the shot-firer has
absolute control of the time when the
shot explodes, making it possible to
fire when everybody is in a safe place,
and so eliminating the danger resulting
from persons inadvertently entering a
chamber after a slow-burning fuse has
been lighted. Still another advantage in
electrical ignition of blasting powder
charges is that the possibility of misfire is reduced to a minimum and of
hangfire entirely eliminated. Misfires,
hangfires and quickfires occur not infrequently in the use of fuse or miners squibs. Hangfires have probably
caused as many accidents as anything
else connected with the use of explosives.
When the electric squib is used to
explode blasting powder charges in
cartridges, the paper shell already referred to is filled half full of powder,
the electric squib put in, and then the
remainder of the shell is filled with
powder above the electric squib and about the
wires. Enough empty
shell is left at the top to
tie securely about the
wires. The cartridge is
primed in this manner,
and if the charge is to
consist of more than
one cartridge, this one,
known as the primer, is
placed at or near the center of the charge.
When exploding bulk
charges of blasting powder in chambered boreholes on open work with
electric squibs, the squib
should be lowered into
29
30
November/December 2013
EXPLOSIVES INSURANCE
is pushed two or three inches into the
end of the blasting powder cartridge
or the outside one, if the charge consists of more than one. The cartridge
is then put into the bore-hole with the
point of the miners needle remaining
in it and the other end of the needle
extending from the mouth of the
bore-hole, the needle having first been
carefully coated with soap.Tamping is
then packed compactly about the needle from the charge to the mouth of
the bore-hole. Careful removal of the
needle leaves a hole about a quarter of
an inch in diameter from the mouth of
the bore-hole into the powder. In this
hole the miners squib is laid, with the
slow match end extending. This is
lighted, and when the fire burns to the
powder train in the squib, the squib
shoots like a rocket back through the
needle hole into the powder and explodes the charge. The miners squib
method of exploding blasting powder
charges is the cheapest, so far as first
cost is concerned; besides having the
disadvantage of starting the explosion
at the end of the charge, like fuse, it
is probably the most uncertain method in its result, because if the needle
is carelessly removed the hole in the
tamping may close up in places and
prevent the miners squib from shooting into the blasting powder. In order
to prevent this, a piece of half-inch
gas pipe, called a blasting barrel, is
sometimes used instead of the miners
needle. One end of this is imbedded
in the end of the outside powder cartridge, while the other end extends
from the mouth of the bore-hole, and
the tamping is packed around it just as
when the needle is used. The blasting
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Introduction
A revolution in hydrocarbon well completions within the last thirty years has enabled drillers to tap the resources of known gas plays in an economically viable manner and deliver to market natural gas supplies for industrial, transportation and domestic use without the importation of liquefied natural gas from overseas.An added
benefit has been the convenient location of one of these gas plays, the Marcellus Shale, in the Northeastern states
strategically close to a major natural gas market, namely the cities and towns of the New England and Mid-Atlantic
states. As a sidelight, the development of the tight gas reservoirs and their subsequent production has created
thousands of jobs in an otherwise lackluster economy.
This article presents a brief description of the shale gas reservoir and an overview of horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing in gas well completions, and the environmental impact of shale gas well drilling. Finally, possible
advances in well drilling and completion methods are discussed.
In describing a rock formation containing oil or gas resources, three types of geologic formations are critical, a
source rock, a reservoir rock and a seal.The source rock is
the sedimentary geologic formation where the oil and gas
resources were formed, generally containing thick layers
of marine sediments rich in organic matter such as algae,
plankton, and marine plant life. Burial of the source rock
with its subsequent increase in temperature above 120C
and millions of years to attain sufficient burial depth converts the organic matter to oil and gas. Further increases in
temperature will convert the thermogenic oil into gas. In
conventional oil and gas reservoirs, the hydrocarbons thus
formed will migrate to a reservoir rock where they accumulate in producible quantities.A good reservoir rock such
as sandstone, limestone or dolomite must be both porous
to provide storage for the hydrocarbons, but must also be
permeable, or the pore spaces must be connected by pore
throats to render productive flow of the hydrocarbons possible. Finally, an impermeable rock seal must envelop the
reservoir rock to prevent the oil and gas resources from
leaking off and dispersing. The naturally occurring folding
or faulting of the seal and reservoir permit the oil and gas
to collect at the highest part of the fold or trap. Since gas
is less dense than oil, the gas will accumulate on the top of
the trap, the oil will accumulate below it and any accumu32
November/December 2013
33
Accompanying the recent nationwide surge in the recovery of hydrocarbon resources from tight shale, there has
The Journal of Explosives Engineers
November/December 2013
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The U. S. commercial explosives industry annually transports thousands of tons of hazardous materials (HM) in the
form of explosives, oxidizers, and combustible liquids by
highway in truck-tractor/trailer combinations and straight
trucks, including pickups. Managing risk during transportation is every commercial explosives industry motor carriers number one job.
During the transportation in commerce of HM, hazard
warning placards play a crucial role in a system of hazard
communication that also includes UN identification numbers, hazardous materials shipping papers, package markings and hazard warning labels.
Scope
This article discusses the safety and compliance requirements for the proper selection and display of the most
common placards used by the U.S. commercial explosives
industry. It will cover placards for Class/Division 1.1, 1.4
and 1.5 Explosives (NA0331 and UN0332), Class/Division
5.1 Oxidizers (UN3375 and UN1942), and Class 3 Combustible Liquid (NA1993-diesel fuel).
Safety
When a HM highway transport incident occurs, the effective use of the 2012 Emergency Response Guide (ERG)
by emergency responders is dependent upon the proper
display of the required placards in accordance with the
Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR). By identifying placards at an incident scene, as well as referencing
the ERG, emergency responders are quickly able to determine the potential fire, explosion and health hazards at the
scene, the protective clothing they may need to use, and
the fundamental public safety and evacuation procedures
for spills and fire.
36
Compliance
A failure to understand and to follow the placarding requirements prescribed in Part 172, Subpart F-Placarding of
the HMR, subjects a commercial explosives motor carrier
transporting Class 1, 3 or 5 materials to violations, penalties
and perhaps the loss of operating authority.
November/December 2013
Placards
Placard Tables
Placard tables, found in 49 CFR 172.504(e), are used
to determine placard requirements for all classes of HM.
There are two tables (table 1 and table 2) addressing these Compatibility Group Letters
Compatibility group letters are used to categorize differrequirements. As this article pertains to Explosives 1.1, 1.4
ent
types of explosives for segregation on the same transand 1.5; Combustible Liquid; and Oxidizers, table 1 and
port
vehicle. Compatibility letters B, D and S are the
table 2 were modified to only show these materials:
most common ones used in the commercial explosives industry.
For Class 1 Explosives, the compatible group letter appears in the lower half of the placard above the hazard class.
For Class 1, Division 1.1 Explosives, the compatibility group
letter appears to the right of the division number. For Class
1, Division 1.4 and 1.5 Explosives, the compatibility group
Table 1.
letters are above the class number and the division number
is located at the top of the placard.
Per 49 CFR 172.522, the compatibility group letter on a
placard is optional only for highway transportation mode in
the U.S. When explosives are transported by other modes,
for example by vessel or air, the compatibility letter is required to be on the placard.
If a motor carrier uses compatibility group letters on
placards, it is important to display the same compatibility
group letter on all of the placards. For example do not display a 1.4B placard on the ends, while displaying 1.4S placards on the sides.
Table 2.
A common suite of placards used for transporting comPer 49 CFR 172.504(a), Division 1.1 Explosives in table mercial explosives contains the following Class/Division/
1 require the display of placards on the sides and ends of compatibility groupletters: 1.1D, 1.1B, 1.4B, 1.4S and 1.5D
the transport vehicle, regardless of the quantity present. as shown in figure 1.
For example, transporting just a single 1.1D booster or even
a single 1.1B detonator requires the display of placards on
sides and ends of the transport vehicle.
The third (far right) column in the table 1 references
the specific section in the HMR where the details of placarding may be found. For example, 49 CFR 172.522, except
for the size and color, details the information required on Figure 1.
November/December 2013
37
Class 1 Explosives
Class 1 materials are explosives. Class 1 is divided into
six hazard divisions as show in table 3.
Table 3.
Per 49 CFR 172.504(f)(1), transport vehicles hauling several different Class 1 explosives divisions may display only
the placard with the lowest division number. The following table shows the possible combinations for Class 1, Divisions 1.1, 1.4 and 1.5 explosives to display a single class/
division placard as shown in table 4.
Table 4.
Figure 2.
November/December 2013
der edge, and a white number three for the hazard class
located at the bottom. This standard format is also used
for flammables. Differentiating the placard from the other
Class 3 materials is the text COMBUSTIBLE. This placard
is required to be used in association with a UN identification number (ID) displayed on an orange panel, or the ID
number is required to be directly on the placard. Markings
will be covered in the next article. See figure 3 for both
placard displays.
Shipper Requirements
Per 49 CFR 172.506, shippers who offer HM in commerce have the primary responsibility to ensure their contracted, third-party HM motor carriers are offered the required placards at the time the shipment is loaded. If the
motor carriers have the required placards, they may use
their own.
Summary
Acknowledgements
Figure 3.
Oxidizers
Division 5.1 Oxidizers are materials that can, by yielding
oxygen, cause or enhance the combustion of other materials. Ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium nitrate emulsions
(ANE) and ammonium nitrate solutions (ANS or ANSOL)
are all Class 5, Division 5.1 Oxidizers transported by the
commercial explosives industry in bulk packagings in
cargo tanker trailers or in cargo tanks mounted on straight
trucks. See table 5.
Table 5.
In the 2012 ERG, the Table of Placards and Initial Response Guide appearing on pages 6 and 7 show all classes
of placards in conjunction with a corresponding orangecolored guide page number for use if HM involved in a
transport incident cannot be specifically identified.
November/December 2013
The authors appreciate the use of placard art in this article provided by JJ Keller.
39
SEE Education
Foundation News
2013-2014 SEE Foundation Scholarships
Each year the SEE Education Foundation has the opportunity to be actively involved in post secondary education
through its scholarship program. The program distributes
awards to students pursuing explosives related degrees
based on academic performance, financial need, industry involvement and professional and personal goals. As
evidenced in the success of the Foundation and industry
fund-raising events, we have seen great generosity from
ISEE members, families, friends, chapters, and corporations. Through their continued support, the Foundation
now oversees 26 scholarship funds. One of the most well
maintained scholarship funds is the ISEE Scholarship fund,
which is supported by contributions made when members
pay their annual membership dues.
This year, the SEE Education Foundation has invested
$44,500 in 32 students from ten schools in the United
States and Canada. We expect to see most of the scholarship students remain in the Society as they are already involved in ISEE student chapters. The student consensus is
that scholarships will not only provide for current financial
support, but also lead to future investment into the Society.
Greg Gibson, a mining engineering student from Missouri S&T says, Your (the ISEE) generosity gave me the
support when I needed it most and inspired me to work
hard to achieve my degree in the hope that one day I will
be able to support students just like me to achieve their
goals.
As well, students have expressed that financial assistance have honed their study efforts to be more successful academically,By being able to worry less on finances, I
can now focus more on my academic performance and my
career in the future, says Niklas Folke, a mining engineering student from Montana Tech. Jos Carrasco, a graduate
student from New Mexico Tech agrees on both fronts, I
will make the best use of this scholarship and finish my
graduate studies with the best attitude. This scholarship is
motivation to do better and work harder.
We would be remiss if we did not mention the university faculty who continue to support ISEE student chapters,
help students get to conferences to present papers and to
network with individual members and corporations. The
faculty involvement is essential in passing along the enthusiasm that our members have in working in this industry.
This years recipients include four doctoral candidates, four
working on graduate degrees and 24 undergraduates. We
trust that industry will be looking at these students as they
prepare to graduate.When we track these students careers
we would like to find them among us. Here they are:
40
November/December 2013
41
Former ISEE board member Mick Fritz visited the Societys headquarters in September hauling a unique cargo.
Fritz donated more than 50 explosives-related relics to the
SEE Education Foundation Explosives Museum.The gallery
is a comprehensive collection of blasting memorabilia that
spans more than a century and currently is being revitalized
into a more spacious layout at the Cleveland facility. Some
of Fritzs items included a 60-year-old rack and bar blasting
machine used at Peabody Coal Companys Lynnville (Indiana) Mine, several wooden powder boxes, numerous industry belt buckles, and an extensive mineral collection.These
collectibles will be categorized and displayed along with
countless pieces acquired over many years. The SEE Education Foundation oversees the Explosives Museum and
the Reference Library, both of which can be visited by ISEE
members.Anyone seeking to make a donation to either can
contact the Society at 440-349-4400.
Figure 9. Buck Hawkins (left)
accepts an extensive museum
donation from Mick Fritz
(right) at the SEE Explosives
Museum and Reference Library
in Cleveland, Ohio.
Register online at
www.isee.org
For more information:
International Society of Explosives Engineers
Tel: (440) 349-4400 Fax: (440) 349-3788
www.isee.org
42
November/December 2013
21st Annual
Photo Contest
Official Entry Form
Categories of Entry
1. Blasters and Drillers at Work (People Photos)
a) Individual Photo or, b) Series of Photos (Limit of 5 photos)
2. Construction Blasting
a) Individual Photo or, b) Series of Photos (Limit of 5 photos)
3. Quarrying and Mining
a) Individual Photo or, b) Series of Photos (Limit of 5 photos)
4. Demolition Blasting
a) Individual Photo or, b) Series of Photos (Limit of 5 photos)
5. Specialty Blasting
a) Individual Photo or, b) Series of Photos (Limit of 5 photos)
Avalanche control, special effects, or extreme locations.
6. Artistic Photo Alteration
Photos that have been digitally enhanced with artistic filters.
(Limit of 5 photos)
Judging
Entries will be judged on quality, composition, and content.
Photos must depict safe operations to qualify. Entries will be
judged at the 40th annual conference in Denver, Colo.
Award
One $500 gift certificate to ISEE will be awarded to the entry
voted Best in Show.
Entries (use a different form for each photographer)
1. Category of Entry:_________ Entry Name:_______________________
Blaster in charge: _____________________________________________
2. Category of Entry:_________ Entry Name:______________________
Blaster in charge: _____________________________________________
3. Category of Entry:_________ Entry Name:______________________
Blaster in charge: _____________________________________________
4. Category of Entry:_________ Entry Name:______________________
Blaster in charge: _____________________________________________
I ___________________________________(Signature of photographer)
have read and accept the rules of entry.
International Society of Explosives Engineers 30325 Bainbridge Road Cleveland, OH 44139 www.isee.org
Chapter News
Western Canada Chapter
Enjoys Largest Event Ever
Figure 3. Winston Forde presenting the Dick Shaw Memorial Scholarship to Adam
Johnston. From L to R, Ron Elliott, Adam Johnston, Mark Grigons Chapter President,
and Winston Forde
Eastern PA Chapter
Welcomes ISEE
President to Iron
Pigs Game
Figure 1. Jose Boudreau from Transport Canada updating blasters on the latest requirements for Emergency Response Plans.
44
November/December 2013
45
PROFESSIONAL MARKETPLACE
AGA .....................................................................31
Apache Construction Corp..................................27
Atlas Copco .........................................................11
Austin Powder ................................................. OBC
Dyno Nobel ....................................................... IFC
Focus Mining .......................................................44
Instantel ................................................................ 7
ISEE Conference ..................................................42
ISEE Member Benefits............................................1
ISEE Online Database ..........................................25
ISEE Photo Contest ..............................................43
ISEE Blasters Handbook ......................................17
MREL ...................................................................33
Reliable Tire .........................................................27
Tread Corporation ...............................................35
Vibronics ...............................................................5
White Industrial Seismology..................................3
CLASSIFIEDS
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Send your best videos to ISEE for presentation during the Video Round-up at
ISEEs Annual Conference in New Orleans. Videos should be approximately
10 minutes. Send your videos to ISEE, Attention: Arlene Chafe, 30325 Bainbridge
Road, Cleveland, OH 44139. For more information, call Arlene Chafe at (440)
349-4400.
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