Konservasi Massa

Kontinuitas

&

Konservasi Energi
Hk.
Hk. Bernoulli

FLUID DYNAMICS
THE BERNOULLI EQUATION

The laws of Statics that we have learned cannot solve

Dynamic Problems. There is no way to solve for the flow
rate, or Q. Therefore, we need a new dynamic approach
to Fluid Mechanics.

Continuity
Mass Flux
Tube of flow: bundle of streamlines

r
v1

r
v2

A1

A2
m1
m1 = 1 A1v1 t mass flux
= 1 A1v1
t1
Tinggi Saluran

Conservation of Mass
IF:
IF: no sources and no sinks/drains
Hukum kekekalan massa aliran

1 A1v1 = 2 A2 v2 = constant
A1v1 = A2 v2 = constant, for incompressible fluid
1 = 2

A x V = constan

Narrower tube = larger speed, fast

Wider tube
= smaller speed, slow

Example of equation of continuity. Also conservation of

charge in E&M

Hukum kontinuitas
Q = A x V = konstans

Example of equation of continuity.

Penampang 1 sebuah saluran yang mengalirkan air dengan kecepatan 3 m/s
dan garis tengahnya 2 m, dipenampang 2 garis tengahnya 3 m, berapakah
Debit atau kapasitas dan kecepatan dipenampang keluar (2)
Penyelesaian :
Persamaan kontinuitas :
Q = A x V = konstans
V1

V2

Q1 = A1 x V1

Q2 = A2 x V2

&

Q1 = Q2=Q
Q1 = Q =

d12 .V1 =

( 2) 2 .3 = 9.42

m3
s

Q=Q2 = A2 x V2
V2 =

Q 4 x9.42
=
= 1.33m / s
A2
.d 22

FLUID DYNAMICS
THE BERNOULLI EQUATION

A Remarkable Family
Jakob Bernoulli (1654(1654-1705)
Johann Bernoulli
(1667(1667-1748), brother
of Jakob
Daniel Bernoulli (1700(1700-1782),
son of Johann; discovered
Bernoulli
Bernoullis Principle

Leonhard Euler (1707-83)

Born in Basel on April 15, 1707
Studied under Johann Bernoulli
Master
Masters degree (1724)
Comparing natural philosophy
of Descartes and of Newton

Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1727)

Berlin Academy of Sciences (1741)
Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1766)

Achievements of Euler
Mathematics: calculus, differential

equations, analytic and differential

geometry, number theory, calculus of
variations,
Physics: hydrodynamics; theories of heat,
light, and sound,
Others: analytical mechanics, astronomy,
optical instruments,

Bernoulli
Bernoullis Equation: Introduction

Daniel Bernoulli
(1700-1782)

Swiss mathematician, son of Johann Bernoulli, who showed that as

the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure decreases, a statement
known as the Bernoulli principle. He won the annual prize of the
French Academy ten times for work on vibrating strings, ocean tides,
and the kinetic theory of gases. For one of these victories, he was
ejected from his jealous father's house, as his father had also
submitted an entry for the prize. His kinetic theory proposed that the
properties of a gas could be explained by the motions of its particles.

Acceleration of Fluid Particles give Fluid Dynamics

Newtons Second Law is the Governing Equation
Applied to an Idealized Flow and Assumes Inviscid Flow
There are numerous assumptions
Most Used and Abused Equation

The Bernoulli Equation is Listed in Michael Guillen's book

"Five Equations that Changed the World: The Power and
Poetry of Mathematics"

Bernoullis Principle
Flow is faster when the pipe is narrower
Put your thumb over the end of a garden

hose
Energy conservation requires that the
pressure be lower in a gas that is moving
faster
Has to do with the work necessary to
compress a gas (PV is energy, more later)

Bernoullis Principle
When the speed of a fluid increases,

internal pressure in the fluid decreases.

Bernoullis Principle

Bernoullis Principle

Why the streamlines are compressed is

quite complicated and relates to the air
boundary layer, friction and turbulence.

Bernoullis Principle

Who Accelerates the Fluid?

Acceleration due to pressure difference.

Bernoulli
Bernoullis Principle = Conservation of energy

Newton
Newtons Second Law: Fluid Dynamics
We describe the motion of each particle with a velocity vector: V
Particles follow specific paths base on the velocity of the particle.
Location of particle is based on its initial position at an initial time,
and its velocity along the path.
If the flow is a steady flow, each successive particle will follow the
same path.

Newton
Newtons Second Law: Steady Flow
For Steady Flow, each particle slides along its path, and the velocity
vector is every tangent to the path.
The lines that the velocity vectors are tangent to are called streamlines.
We can introduce streamline coordinate, s(t) along the streamline and n,
normal to the streamline.
Then (s) is the radius of curvature of the streamline.

Newton
Newtons Second Law: Steady Flow F.B.D.

Remove, the fluid particle from its surroundings.

Draw the F.B.D. of the flow.
Assume pressure forces and gravity forces are important.
Neglect surface tension and viscous forces.

Bernoullis Equation
kinetic E, potential E, external work

Energi Balance :

m = A1 x1 = A2 x2
1
1
p1 A1 x1 p2 A2 x2 = mv22 + mgy2 mv12 mgy1
2
2
1 2
1 2
p1 + v1 + gy1 = p2 + v2 + gy2
2
2
1 2
p + v + gy = constant
2
Bentuk dan ukuran yang sama

Subskrip 1 dan 2 pada sembarang titik, maka ditulis menjadi :

Jika :

= .g

1
p + gy + v2 = konstan
2
= Berat jenis

Maka :

1 2
v = konstan
2g
+

2g

+ y = kons

Energi Kinetik

n
a
t

Atau :

+ y+

Elevasi
(Energi Potensial)

Energi Tekanan

Persamaan Bernoulli

The Bernoulli Equation (unit of L)

At any two points on a streamline:

P1/ + V12/2g + z1 = P2/ + V22/2g + z2

1

The Bernoulli Equation (unit of L)

At any two points on a streamline:

P1/ + V12/2g + z1 = P2/ + V22/2g + z2

1

Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure: Bernoulli Equation

Static
Pressure

Dynamic
Pressure

Hydrostatic
Pressure

Static Pressure: moves along the fluid static to the motion.

p1 = h

Dynamic Pressure: due to the mean flow going to forced stagnation.

Hydrostatic Pressure: potential energy due to elevation changes.
Following a streamline:

p2 +

1
1
V2 2 + z 2 = p1 + V12 + z1
2
2
0

0, no elevation

1
2
p2 = p1 + V1
2
V1 = (H h )

Note:

Follow a Streamline from point 1 to 2

0, no elevation

p2 = H

Total Pressure = Dynamic Pressure + Static Pressure

H>h
In this way we obtain a measurement of the centerline flow with piezometer tube.

Stagnation Point: Bernoulli Equation

Stagnation point: the point on a stationary body in every flow where V= 0
Stagnation Streamline: The streamline that terminates at the stagnation point.
Symmetric:

Stagnation Flow I:

Axisymmetric:
If there are no elevation effects, the stagnation pressure is
largest pressure obtainable along a streamline: all kinetic
energy goes into a pressure rise:

p+

V 2

2
Total Pressure with Elevation:

Stagnation Flow II:

p+

1
V 2 + z = pT = cons tan t on a streamline
2

PitotPitot-Static Tube: Speed of Flow

p2 = p3
p2
H. De Pitot
(1675-1771)

p1

p1 = p4
p1

p2

p1
p2

p1

p2

Stagnation Pressure occurs at tip of the Pitot-static tube:

p2 = p +

1
V 2 = p3
2

Static Pressure occurs along the static ports on the side of the tube:
p1 = p = p4 (if the elevation differences are negligible, i.e. air)

Now, substitute static pressure in the stagnation pressure equation:

1
1
p3 = p4 + V 2
p3 p4 = V 2
2

Now solve for V:

V=

2( p3 p4 )

Air Speed:

PitotPitot-Static Tube: Design

Pitot-static probes are relatively simple and inexpensive
Depends on the ability to measure static and stagnation pressure
The pressure values must be obtained very accurately
Sources of Error in Design in the Static Port:
A) Burs
Sources of Error in Design in the
Static Port: C) Alignment in Flow
Error: Stagnates

Error: Accelerates

OK

Sources of Error in Design in the Static Port:

B) Spacing
Too Close

Yaw Angle of 12 to 20 result in

less than 1% error.

PitotPitot-Static Tube: Direction of Flow

A Pitot-static Probe to determine direction:

Rotation of the cylinder until p1 and p3 are the same indicating

the hole in the center is pointing directly upstream.
P2 is the stagnation pressure and p1 and p3 measure the static
pressure.

is at the angle to p1 and p3 and is at 29.5.

The equation with this type of pitot-static probe is the follwing:

(
)
V = 2 p2 p1

A Simple Bernoulli Example

V2

= air

Determine the difference in pressure between points 1 and 2

Assume a coordinate system fixed to the bike (from this system,
the bicycle is stationary, and the world moves past it). Therefore,
the air is moving at the speed of the bicycle. Thus, V2 = Velocity of
the Biker
Hint: Point 1 is called a stagnation point, because the air particle
along that streamline, when it hits the bikers face, has a zero
velocity (see next slide)

Stagnation Points

On any body in a flowing fluid, there is a stagnation point. Some fluid

flows over and some under the body. The dividing line (the stagnation
streamline) terminates at the stagnation point. The Velocity decreases
as the fluid approaches the stagnation point. The pressure at the
stagnation point is the pressure obtained when a flowing fluid is
decelerated to zero speed by a frictionless process

10

Apply Bernoulli from 1 to 2

V2

= air

Point 1 = Point 2
P1/air + V1

2/2g

+ z1 = P2/air + V22/2g + z2

Knowing the z1 = z2 and that V1= 0, we can simplify

the equation
P1/air = P2/air + V22/2g
P1 P2 = ( V22/2g ) air

A Simple Bernoulli Example

If Lance Armstrong is traveling at 20 ft/s, what pressure
does he feel on his face if the air= .0765 lbs/ft3?

We can assume P2 = 0 because it is only atmospheric pressure

P1 = ( V22/2g )(air) = P1 = ((20 ft/s)2/(2(32.2 ft/s2)) x .0765 lbs/ft3
P1 =.475 lbs/ft2
Converting to lbs/in2 (psi)
P1 = .0033 psi (gage pressure)
If the bikers face has a surface area of 60 inches
He feels a force of .0033 x 60 = .198 lbs

Bernoulli Assumptions
There are three main variables in the Bernoulli Equation
Pressure Velocity Elevation
To simplify problems, assumptions are often made to
eliminate one or more variables

Key Assumption # 1
Velocity = 0
Imagine a swimming pool with a small 1 cm hole on the floor of
the pool. If you apply the Bernoulli equation at the surface, and
at the hole, we assume that the volume exiting through the hole
is trivial compared to the total volume of the pool, and therefore
the Velocity of a water particle at the surface can be assumed to
be zero

11

Bernoulli Assumptions
Key Assumption # 2
Pressure = 0
Whenever the only pressure acting on a point is
the standard atmospheric pressure, then the
pressure at that point can be assumed to be zero
because every point in the system is subject to
that same pressure. Therefore, for any free
surface or free jet, pressure at that point can be
assumed to be zero.

Bernoulli Assumptions
Key Assumption # 3
The Continuity Equation
In cases where one or both of the
previous assumptions do not apply, then
we might need to use the continuity
equation to solve the problem
A1V1=A2V2
Which satisfies that inflow and outflow
are equal at any section

Uses of Bernoulli Equation: Free Jets

New form for along a streamline between any two points:

If we know 5 of the 6 variable we can solve for the last one.

Free Jets: Case 1
Torricellis Equation (1643):

Following the streamline between (1) and (2):

0 gage

0 gage

Note: p2 = p4 by normal to
the streamline since the
streamlines are straight.
As the jet falls:

12

Uses of Bernoulli Equation: Free Jets

p3 +

Free Jets: Case 2

1
1
2
2
V3 + z3 = p 4 + V 4 + z 4
2
2

=(h-l)

0 gage

Then,

Physical Interpretation:
All the particles potential energy is converted to kinetic energy assuming no
viscous dissipation.
The potential head is converted to the velocity head.

Uses of Bernoulli Equation: Free Jets

Free Jets: Case 3 Horizontal Nozzle: Smooth Corners
Slight Variation in Velocity due
to Pressure Across Outlet

However, we calculate the average

velocity at h, if h >> d:

Torricelli Flow:

Free Jets: Case 4 Horizontal Nozzle: Sharp-Edge Corners

vena contracta: The diameter of the jet dj is less than that of the
hole dh due to the inability of the fluid to turn the 90 corner.
The pressure at (1) and (3) is zero, and the pressure varies
across the hole since the streamlines are curved.
The pressure at the center of the outlet is the greatest.
However, in the jet the pressure at a-a is uniform,
we can us Torrecellis equation if dj << h.

The Continuity Equation

Why does a hose with a nozzle shoot water further?
Conservation of Mass:
In a confined system, all of the mass that enters the system, must also exit
the system at the same time.
Flow rate = Q = Area x Velocity

1A1V1(mass inflow rate) = 2A2V2( mass outflow rate)

V1 ->

A1

A2 V2 ->

Q2 = A2V2
Q1 = A1V1

A1V1 = A2V2

If the fluid at both points is the

same, then the density drops
out, and you get the continuity
equation:
A1V1 =A2V2
Therefore
If A2 < A1 then V2 > V1
Thus, water exiting a nozzle has
a higher velocity

13

Free Jets

The velocity of a jet of water is clearly related to the depth of water

above the hole. The greater the depth, the higher the velocity. Similar
behavior can be seen as water flows at a very high velocity from the
reservoir behind a large dam such as Hoover Dam

example problem
A tank of water has a small nozzle at its
base as shown. Find the velocity in
ft/sec and the volumetric flow rate in
ft3/sec from the nozzle.

Fluid Mechanics
Assume the jet is cylindrical and that the

pressure is atmospheric as soon as it

leaves the nozzle. Apply Bernoulli
Bernoullis
equation between a point 1 on the surface
of the tank and a point 2 at the nozzle
exit:

(v )
P1 (v1 )
P
+
+ z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2
g
2g
g
2g
2

14

Fluid Mechanics
The pressure at point 1 and at point 2 is
just that of the atmosphere, so P1 = P2.

At point 1 the height is z1 = H and at point

2 the height is z2 = 0. If the size of the
top of the tank is very large compared to
the outlet area, then (V1)2 is significantly
less than (V2)2 .

Fluid Mechanics
The Bernoulli Equation becomes

(v )
P1
P
+0+H = 2 + 2 +0
g
g
2g
2

but the terms P1/g and P2/g are equal

and cancel because the pressures are the

same, and what is left is

V2 = 2gH

Fluid Mechanics
And so the exit velocity is
V2 = 2(32.2 ft / sec 2 )(16 ft ) = 32.1 ft / sec

the discharge flow rate is

2

1
1 4 in
ft
Q = A2V2 = d 2V2 =
= 2.8
32.1
4
4 12 in
sec
ft

ft 3
sec

15

Uses of the Bernoulli Equation: Confined Flows

There are some flow where we can-not know the pressure a-priori because
the system is confined, i.e. inside pipes and nozzles with changing
diameters.
In order to address these flows, we consider both conservation of mass
(continuity equation) and Bernoullis equation.
Consider flow in and out of a Tank:

The mass flow rate in must equal the mass flow rate out for a steady state flow:
and

With constant density,

Uses of the Bernoulli Equation: Final Comments

In general, an increase in velocity results
in a decrease in pressure.
Airplane Wings:

Flow in a Pipe:
Venturi Flow:

Uses of Bernoulli Equation: Flow Rate

Measurement
Flowrate Measurements in Pipes using Restriction:
Horizontal Flow:
An increase in velocity results in
a decrease in pressure.

Assuming conservation of mass:

Substituting we obtain:

So, if we measure the pressure

difference between (1) and (2) we have
the flow rate.

16

Tank Example
Solve for the Pressure Head, Velocity Head, and Elevation Head at each
point, and then plot the Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line
Assumptions and Hints:
P1 and P4 = 0 --- V3 = V4 same diameter tube
We must work backwards to solve this problem

R = .5

R = .25

4
1

Point 1:
Pressure Head : Only atmospheric P1/ = 0
Velocity Head : In a large tank, V1 = 0 V12/2g = 0
Elevation Head : Z1 = 4

1
4

R = .5

R = .25

4
1

Point 4:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 1 and 4
0 + 0 + 4 = 0 + V42/2(32.2) + 1
V4 = 13.9 ft/s
Pressure Head : Only atmospheric P4/ = 0
Velocity Head : V42/2g = 3
Elevation Head : Z4 = 1

1
H2O= 62.4 lbs/ft3

R = .5

R = .25

4
1

17

Point 3:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 3 and 4 (V3=V4)
P3/62.4 + 3 + 1 = 0 + 3 + 1
P3 = 0
Pressure Head : P3/ = 0
Velocity Head : V32/2g = 3
Elevation Head : Z3 = 1

1
4

R = .5

R = .25

4
1

Point 2:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 2 and 3
P2/62.4 + V22/2(32.2) + 1 = 0 + 3 + 1
Apply the Continuity Equation
(.52)V2 = (.252)x13.9 V2 = 3.475 ft/s
P2/62.4 + 3.4752/2(32.2) + 1 = 4 P2 = 175.5 lbs/ft2
Pressure Head :
P2/ = 2.81

1
4

R = .5

Velocity Head :
V22/2g = .19

R = .25

4
1

Elevation Head :
Z2 = 1

Penerapan Persamaan Bernoulli

Disebut vena contracta

Dengan mengambil dasar tangki sebagai patokan, diperoleh :

p +

1 2
1
v1 + gh = pa + v22
2
2

v22 = v12 + 2

Atau

Berdasarkan hukum kontinuitas :

v2 =

p pa
+ 2 gh

A1
v1
A2

Jika tangki terbuka dan berhubungan dengan udara luar, maka :

Dan :

A1 >> A2, maka :

v2 = 2 gh

p = pa dan p pa = 0

Kecepatan efflux sama dengan kecepatan benda jatuh bebas melalui

Tinggi h disebut Dalil Toricelli

18

Pipa Ventury

Dari persamaan Bernoulli :

p1 +
Maka :

1 2
1
v1 + gy1 = p2 + v22 + gy 2
2
2

p1 +

y1 = y2

1 2
1
v1 = p2 + v22
2
2

Berdasarkan persamaan kontinuitas kecepatan dititik 2 lebih besar dititik 1, maka sebaliknya
tekanan dititik 2 (tenggorokan) lebih kecil dari tekanan dititik 1, dengan demikian gaya netto
menuju kekanan memberi percepatan pada fluida ketika memasuki tenggorokan, maka untuk
mengukur kecepatan dan massa yang mengalir digunakan Ventury meter

BEq in Everyday Life

Open a faucet, the
stream of water gets
narrower as it falls.

V1
V2

A1
A2

Velocity increases due to

gravity as water flow down,
thus, the area must get narrower.

Q & A on Bernoullis Eq.

A bucket full of water.
One hole and
one pipe, both
open at bottom.
Out of which water flows faster?
Same. It only depends on depth.

19

Measuring Pressure
E. Torricelli: Mercury Barometer

Patm = gh

p=0
patm

h=

Patm
g

U-Tube Manometer

p A + 1 gh1 = patm + 2 gh2

The Venturi Meter

Speed changes as
diameter changes.
Can be used to
measure the speed
of the fluid flow.

p1 +

1
1
v12 = p 2 + v 22 ,
2
2

v1 A1 = v 2 A2

20

The Pitot Tube

1
v a2 = pb
2
pb p a = gh
pa +

The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line

Looking at the Bernoulli equation again:
P/ + V2/2g + z = constant on a streamline
This constant is called the total head (energy), H
Because energy is assumed to be conserved, at any point along
the streamline, the total head is always constant
Each term in the Bernoulli equation is a type of head.
P/ = Pressure Head
V2/2g = Velocity Head
Z = elevation head
These three heads summed equals H = total energy
Next we will look at this graphically

The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line

Measures the
static pressure

Pitot measures
the total head

2
EL

V2/2g

HGL

1: Static Pressure Tap

Measures the sum of the
elevation head and the
pressure Head.
2: Pitot Tube
Measures the Total Head
EL : Energy Line

P/

Total Head along a system

HGL : Hydraulic Grade line

Sum of the elevation and

the pressure heads along a
system

21

The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line

Understanding the graphical approach of
Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade line is
key to understanding what forces are
supplying the energy that water holds.

Point 1:
Majority of energy
stored in the water is in
the Pressure Head
Point 2:

EL

V2/2g

V2/2g

HGL

P/

Majority of energy
stored in the water is in
the elevation head

If the tube was

symmetrical, then the
velocity would be
constant, and the HGL
would be level

P/

1
Z

Plotting the EL and HGL

Energy Line = Sum of the Pressure, Velocity and Elevation heads
Hydraulic Grade Line = Sum of the Pressure and Velocity heads
V2/2g=.19
EL
P/

=2.81

V2/2g=3 V2/2g=3

Z=4
HGL
Z=1

Z=1

Z=1

Thank you

22