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Article history:
Received 16 April 2015
Accepted 6 September 2015
Available online 16 September 2015
Keywords:
Air to water heat exchanger
Pressure loss
Double pipe
Heat transfer
Circular-ring
a b s t r a c t
In this study, heat transfer and pressure loss in an air to water double pipe heat exchanger are experimentally investigated. Typical circular-ring (TCR) and perforated circular-ring (PCR) turbulators are placed in
annular pipe. The working fluids are air, flowing in the annular pipe, and water through the inner circular
tube. The experiments are conducted for different governing parameters namely; air flow Reynolds number (600012,000), pitch ratio (1.83, 2.92 and 5.83) and number of perforated hole (0, 2, 4 and 8).
Correlations for friction factor, Nusselt number and thermal performance are presented according to
experimental data. Results indicated that using PCRs leads to obtain lower heat transfer enhancement
than the CRs because of reduction of intersection angle between the velocity and the temperature field.
Thermal performance increases with increase of N but it decreases with increase of Reynolds number and
pitch ratio.
2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
One of the significant types of heat exchanger is air to water
heat exchanger. This kind of heat exchanger has various applications such as: apartment buildings and condominiums, residential
heating, hybrid systems, air conditioning, dehumidification. Utilize
of augmentation techniques lead to increase in heat transfer coefficient but at the cost of enhance in pressure drop. To reach high
heat transfer rate while taking care of the augment pumping
power, various techniques have been presented in recent decade.
Currently, swirl flow devices have widely been used for increasing
the convective heat transfer in various industries. This application
is because of their low cost and easy setting up. Vermahmoudi
et al. [1] studied the overall heat transfer coefficient of water based
iron oxide nanofluid in a compact air cooled heat exchanger. They
indicated that the overall heat transfer coefficient and the heat
transfer rate of nanofluid have been improved with increase of
air flow Reynolds number. Buchlin [2] investigated effect of perforated ribs in a channel flow. He tested five types of perforated ribs
made in Plexiglas and found that the optimum design of ribs combines a rib pitch ratio of 5 with an open area ratio of 0.53. Prom-
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: m.sheikholeslami@stu.nit.ac.ir,
yahoo.com (M. Sheikholeslami).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.09.002
0894-1777/ 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
mohsen.sheikholeslami@
186
Nomenclature
A
Ai
Ao
cp
d
D
f
ho
hi
k
L
Nu
N
Pr
P
PR
Q
Re
T
U
fluid temperature
overall heat transfer coefficient
Greek symbols
thermal diffusivity
DP
pressure drop (Pa)
l
dynamic viscosity of nanofluid
h
dimensionless temperature
q
density
g
thermal performance
Subscripts
i
inner
o
outer
a
air
w
water
s
smooth pipe
Table 1
Temperature-dependent properties of air.
Coefficient
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A1 + A2 T + A3 T2 + A4 T3 + A5 T4
Properties of air
q kg=m3
C p J=kg K
l kg=m s
k W=m K
4.5399557047065677
2.3244292640615217E2
5.6404522707476041E5
6.2803748539876179E8
2.3678170919661321E11
1.0540764984602797E+3
3.5067618164922393E1
5.8416753365658986E4
3.0329858178609656E7
5.2479296621138882E10
9.4680032779877928E5
1.0222587861878098E6
4.7054455296163551E9
9.1119064881185846E12
6.5461225665736524E15
1.8028147194179223E2
1.6851766935888901E4
1.3838388187738584E6
3.2630462746304979E9
2.7514584927209003E12
187
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup; (b) test section and thermocouples.
"
UR
n
X
@R
i1
@V i
2 #1=2
UV i
188
Table 2
Temperature-dependent properties of water.
Coefficient
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A1 + A2 T + A3 T2 + A4 T3 + A5 T4
Properties of water
q kg=m3
C p J=kg K
lkg=m s
kW=m K
1.6622104933785317E+2
1.2256322983468429E+1
4.6535103004960353E2
7.7101273744096163E5
5.0319235543371908E8
1.2201774895976883E+4
9.2961742884825355E+1
4.0724280562804471E1
8.033901613887863E4
6.0554273200519027E7
4.5563422230298373E1
5.266709499675417E3
2.2937228364977076E5
4.4517867607521202E8
3.2451565252286636E11
2.1117772306964272E1
4.0615080360954991E3
4.0530952053441623E5
9.5665206133793231E8
6.772213049004531E11
Table 3
Constant coefficient for using Eq. (15).
aij
i=1
i=2
i=3
i=4
i=5
i=6
j=1
j=2
0.000395
7.352294
0.007348
0.737743
0.01396
0.05672
1.1E07
0.003036
0.124965
0.032623
0.0003
0.01492
Fig. 2. (a) Test section; (b) typical circular-ring (TCR) and perforated circular-ring (PCR) turbulators.
where UR is the total error, U V i is the error of each independent variable and n is the number of total variables. The uncertainty analysis
showed that the measuring errors were less than 10% for all the
experiments presented in this study.
Heat transferred to the air in the test section, Qa, can be calculated from
where ma is the mass flow rate of air, Cp,a is the specific heat of air,
Ta,in and Ta,out are the inlet and outlet air temperatures, respectively.
Heat transferred from the water, Qw, can be calculated from
Qw
mw
189
where mw is the mass flow rate of water, Cp,w is the specific heat of
water, Tw,in and Tw,out are the inlet and outlet water temperatures,
respectively.
The average heat transfer rate, Qave, used in the calculation is
determined from the water side and air side as follows:
Q av e Q a Q w =2
Fig. 3. Verification of friction factor and Nusselt number for smooth heat exchanger.
Fig. 4. Effects of Reynolds number (Rea), number of perforated hole (N) and pitch ratio (PR) on friction factor (f).
190
Q av e hi Ai T s;av e T w;av e
Q av e U i Ai DT LMTD
1
1
lnDo =Di
1
U i Ai hi Ai
2pkL
ho Ao
Nuo
ho D H
kair
DP
qu2 =2L=DH
where DP is the pressure drop, q is the density of air, u is the velocity of air and L is the length of the tube.
For a constant pumping power,
V_ DPs V_ DP
10
11
Nu=Nus
1
f =f s 3
12
Fig. 5. Effects of Reynolds number (Rea), number of perforated hole (N) and pitch ratio (PR) on Nusselt number (Nu).
Fig. 6. Effects of Reynolds number (Rea), number of perforated hole (N) and pitch ratio (PR) on friction factor ratio (f/fs).
Fig. 7. Effects of Reynolds number (Rea), number of perforated hole (N) and pitch ratio (PR) on Nusselt number ratio (Nu/Nus).
191
192
Nu
f =8Re 1000Pr
0:5
1 12:7f =8 Pr 3 1
13
Correlation of Petukhov,
f 0:79LnRe 1:642 ;
3000 6 Re 6 5 106
14
Fig. 4 shows the effects of Reynolds number, number of perforated hole and pitch ratio on friction factor. Obviously, friction factor decreases with rise of Reynolds number. Friction factor
increases with decreasing pitch ratio. In the other word, a decrease
of the distance between each pair of the turbulators causes an
increase in friction factor. This is due to this fact that the smaller
distance between each pair of the turbulators, the more numbers
of turbulators available in the heat exchanger, thus the more blockage against the flowing stream. Clearly, friction factor decreases
with the increase of the number of perforated hole due to the
reduction of turbulent fluctuation or eddy motion and the appearance of reverse flow between the each pair of the turbulators.
Besides, it can be indicated that friction factors in the heat exchan-
Fig. 8. Effects of Reynolds number (Rea), number of perforated hole (N) and pitch ratio (PR) on thermal performance factor (g).
Table 4
Constant coefficient for using Eq. (16).
bij
i=1
i=2
i=3
i=4
i=5
i=6
j=1
j=2
0.326821
0.035122
0.017554544
0.859826928
0.0499
0.01412
0.000396
0.958071
0.00295
0.001889
0.000917
0.03401
Table 5
Constant coefficient for using Eq. (17).
cij
i=1
i=2
i=3
i=4
i=5
i=6
j=1
j=2
j=3
7.74E07
0.924403
0.24951
0.000213
0.062311
1.188146
5.75E05
0.06636
0.349578
1.3E08
0.00288
1.29671
0.001121
0.005529
0.31755
3E06
7.7E05
1.334045
193
Fig. 9. Comparison of experimental data with those calculated from the correlation for (a) friction factor; (b) Nusselt number; (c) thermal performance.
194
c46 Y 21
c56 Y 22
15
16
c66 Y 1 Y 2
17
Also aij, bij and cij can be found in Tables 35, respectively. Fig. 9
depicts the comparison of the friction factor, Nusselt number and
thermal performance factor between experimental data and those
calculated from the present correlations. It is found that the majority of the measured data falls within 10%, 5% and 7%, for f ; Nu
and g. Contour plots of friction factor, Nusselt number and thermal
performance according to current correlations are shown in Fig. 10.
The heat transfer rate and friction factor of PCRs increase with
decreasing pitch ratio (PR) and decreasing number of perforated
hole (N). However, the thermal performance factor increases with
increasing number of perforated hole and decreasing pitch ratio.
5. Conclusion
Heat transfer and friction factor characteristics in the air to
water heat exchanger equipped with the typical circular-ring
(TCR) and perforated circular-ring (PCR) turbulators are investigated experimentally. The effects of the pitch ratio and number
of perforated hole on flow and heat transfer characteristics are considered. The correlations of the Nusselt number, friction factor and
(a) PR = 1.83
(b) N = 8
Nu
(c) PR = 1.83
(d) N = 8
(e) PR = 1.83
( f) N = 8
Fig. 10. Contour plots of friction factor, Nusselt number and thermal performance according to current correlations.
195