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Table of Contents
Earthing Principles ........................................................................................................ 1
Decoding the Earthing Types ................................................................................... 1
TN Systems ........................................................................................................................ 2
Characteristics.............................................................................................................. 2
Reference to IEC/EN 60364-4-41 413.1.3................................................................ 2
Reference to IEC/EN 60364-5-54, 543.4.3 ............................................................ 2
UPS Systems are to be Considered as a Generating Set ................................. 2
Additional Requirements when the Generating set (the UPS) Provides
a Switched Alternative to the Public Supply (IEC/EN 60364-5-55
551.4.2)............................................................................................................................ 3
Protective devices in TN systems ........................................................................... 3
3:3 TN-C System According to IEC 60364.......................................................... 5
3:1 TN-C System According to IEC 60364.......................................................... 6
3:1 TN-C System with Single Source and Dual Mains With Exceptions
from IEC 60364.............................................................................................................. 7
3:3 TN-S System According to IEC 60364.......................................................... 8
3:1 TN-S System According to IEC 60364.......................................................... 9
3:1 TN-S System with Dual Source and Dual Mains With Exceptions
from IEC 60364..............................................................................................................10
3:1 TN-S System with Single Source and Dual Mains System With
Exceptions from IEC 60364 .......................................................................................11
TT Systems ........................................................................................................................12
Characteristics..............................................................................................................12
Reference to IEC/EN 60364-4-41 413.1.4................................................................12
Protective devices in TT systems............................................................................12
3:3 TT System According to IEC 60364 ..............................................................13
3:1 TT System According to IEC 60364 ..............................................................14
3:1 TT System with Dual Source and Dual Mains With Exceptions
from IEC 60364..............................................................................................................15
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3:1 TT System with Single Source and Dual Mains With Exceptions
from IEC 60364..............................................................................................................16
IT Systems ..........................................................................................................................17
Characteristics..............................................................................................................17
Reference to IEC/EN 60364-4-41 413.1.5................................................................17
Protective devices in IT systems .............................................................................18
3:3 IT System According to IEC 60364................................................................19
3:1 IT System According to IEC 60364................................................................20
3:1 IT System with Dual Source and Dual Mains With Exceptions from
IEC 60364........................................................................................................................21
3:1 IT System with Single Source and Dual Mains With Exceptions
from IEC 60364..............................................................................................................22
Dimensioning ....................................................................................................................23
Cross-Sectional Area of Technical Earth...............................................................23
Cross-Sectional Area of Protective Conductors .................................................23
ii
9903606B-001
Earthing Principles
When considering a UPS installation, it is important to take into account the power system and the earthing
requirements. For safety reasons proper UPS earthing is a must in case of a short circuit ensuring that a
loop circuit is established for the fault current to return to its origin and thereby make the OCPD operate.
The following is based on the standards given in IEC 60364 and relates to the installation and earthing
principles of the UPS systems from APC by Schneider Electric.
According to the standards given in IEC 60364 all power systems are divided into three earthing types:
TN, TT, IT.
Note: The UPS installation must always comply with local and national regulations, and
some countries have exceptions to the IEC 60364 standard.
Second letter
Additional letters
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Connected directly to main earth at a certain point in the power system, normally at
the supplying transformer.
The power system is insulated from earth or connected to earth through a sufficient
high impedance (I = Isolated)
The exposed conductive parts are connected directly to earth e.g. the UPS chassis
disregarding whether the power system is earthed or not.
The exposed conductive parts e.g. the UPS chassis are connected directly to earth at
the main earthing point.
The Protective Conductor (PE) and Neutral Conductor (N) are two different and
separate conductors (S = Separate).
The Protective Conductor (PE) and Neutral Conductor (N) are one common conductor
(PEN) (C = Common).
TN Systems
Characteristics
TN systems have one point connected directly to earth. All exposed conductive parts must be connected
to that point by protective conductors.
Depending on the way the neutral and protective conductors are fed, there are three types of TN systems:
TN-C system: the neutral and protective conductors are combined to one single conductor in the
whole system
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SOURCE
L1
L1
When a residual current protective device is used in a TN-C-S system, a PEN conductor must not be used
on the load side. The connection of the protective conductor to the PEN conductor must be made on the
source side of the residual current protective device (see below illustration):
L1
PEN
L1
L1
LOAD
L1
N
PE
Due to the required installation of the functional earth, upstream protection by Residual Current Protective
Devices will not be possible, as they will malfunction due to the leakage current from the UPS.
The characteristics of protective devices and the circuit impedances shall be such that, if a fault of
negligible impedance occurs anywhere in the installation between a phase conductor and a protective
conductor or exposed conductive part, automatic disconnection of the supply will occur within the
specified time (five seconds - valid for distribution circuits, 413.1.3.5). The following condition fulfilling
this requirement: IEC/EN 60364-4-41, 413.1.3.3
Zs x Ia U0
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In the condition:
Zs is the impedance of the fault loop comprising the source, the live conductor up to the point of the
fault, and the protective conductor between the point of the fault and the source
Ia is the current causing the automatic operation of the disconnecting protective device within a
conventional time not exceeding five seconds
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P EN
S e rvic e En tra n c e
P EN Conductor
P EN
Q1
Q5
In p u t S witc h g e a r
P EN Conductor
Bypa s s
input
PE
L3
L2
L1
Ma ins
input
L3
L2
L1
UP S S ys te m
PE
L3
L2
L1
UP S output
PEN Conductor
P EN
Q2
Ou tp u t S witc h g e a r
P EN
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S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
PE
( P DU )
P EN
S e rvic e En tra n c e
P EN Conductor
P EN
Q1
Q5
In p u t S witc h g e a r
P EN Conductor
PE
L3
L2
L1
Ma ins
input
Bypa s s
input
UP S S ys te m
UP S output
PE
PEN Conductor
P EN
Q2
Ou tp u t S witc h g e a r
P EN
6
S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
PE
( P DU )
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PEN
S e rvic e En tra n c e
PE
L1
L2
L3
PEN
In p u t S witc h g e a r
Q1
Q5
PE
PE
UP S S ys te rm
PE
PEN
Q2
Ou tp u t S witc h g e a r
PEN
S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
PE
PE
S e rvic e En tra n c e
For Ga la xy 300,
Ne utra l conne cte d
to Ma ins input; for
Ga la xy 3500 a nd
S UVT, Ne utra l
conne cte d to
Bypa s s input.
Q1
Q5
In p u t S witc h g e a r
Bypa s s
Input
PE
Ma ins
input
L3
L2
L1
PE
L3
L2
L1
UP S Output
UP S S ys te m
N
P rote ctive
Conductor
PE
Q2
Ou tp u t S witc h g e a r
S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
PE
( P DU )
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PE
S e rvic e En tra n c e
Q1
Q5
In p u t S witc h g e a r
For Ga la xy 300,
Ne utra l conne cte d
to Ma ins input; for
Ga la xy 3500 a nd
S UVT, Ne utra l
conne cte d to
Bypa s s input.
PE
L3
L2
L1
Ma ins
input
Bypa s s
Input
PE
UP S Output
UP S S ys te m
N
P rote ctive
Conductor
PE
Q2
Ou tp u t S witc h g e a r
S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
PE
( P DU )
10
S o u rc e 1
Sour ce 2
PE
PE
S e rvic e En tra n c e
L2
L2
L3
L3
PE
PE
Q1
Q5
L1
L1
In p u t S witc h g e a r
PE
PE
UP S S ys te m
Q2
Ou tp u t S witc h g e a r
S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
PE
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PE
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L2
L3
PE
Q1
Q5
PE
L1
Input S witchge a r
PE
UP S S ys te m
PE
Q2
Output S witchge a r
S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
PE
11
TT Systems
Note: Due to the nature of a TT system and the use of Residual Current Protective Devices,
it is required to install an isolation transformer upstream to the UPS.
Characteristics
TT systems have one point connected directly to earth and all exposed conductive parts of the installation
must be connected to earth electrodes. These earth electrode are independent of the power system earthed
point.
RA is the sum of resistance of the earth electrode and the protective conductor for the exposed
conductive parts
a device with inverse time characteristics and Ia must be the current causing automatic operation
within 5 seconds, or
a device with an instantaneous tripping characteristic and Ia must be the minimum current causing
instantaneous tripping
12
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S e rvic e En tra n c e
Q1
Q5
In p u t S witc h g e a r
PE
Bypa s s
input
PE
Ma ins
input
L3
L2
L1
PE
L3
L2
L1
UP S output
UP S S ys te m
PE
Q2
S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
Ou tp u t S witc h g e a r
PE
( P DU )
13
14
S e rvic e En tra n c e
Q1
Q5
In p u t S witc h g e a r
PE
PE
L3
L2
L1
Ma ins
input
Bypa s s
input
UP S output
UP S S ys te m
PE
PE
Q2
Ou tp u t S witc h g e a r
S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
PE
( P DU )
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Sour ce 1
Sour ce 2
S e rvic e En tra n c e
PE
PE
L1
L1
L2
L2
L3
L3
In p u t S witc h g e a r
Q1
Q5
PE
UP S S ys te rm
PE
Q2
Ou tp u t S witc h g e a r
S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
PE
15
16
PE
L1
L2
L3
N
Q1
Q5
Input Switchgear
PE
UPS Syster m
PE
Q2
Output Switchgear
S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
PE
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IT Systems
Characteristics
In IT systems the installation is insulated from earth or connected to earth through a sufficiently high
impedance. Exposed conductive parts are earthed individually, in groups, or collectively.
3 x U0
2 x Ia
In installations where the neutral is distributed, the following conditions must be fulfilled:
Zs
U0
2 x Ia
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17
In the conditions:
Zs is the impedance of the fault loop comprising the neutral conductor and the protective conductor of
the circuit
18
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Grounding
impe da nce
Q1
Q5
In p u t S witc h g e a r
PE
Grounding
Impe da nce Note 1.
Grounding
impe da nce
For Ga la xy 300,
Ne utra l conne cte d
to Ma ins input; for
Ga la xy 3500 a nd
S UVT, Ne utra l
conne cte d to
Bypa s s input.
Note 1: By impe da nce grounding the UP S s ys te m is conne cte d to the ma ins s upply ground via a n impe da nce .
S e rvic e En tra n c e
Bypa s s
input
PE
N
E
L2
PE
L3
L1
L3
UP S output
L2
L1
Ma ins
input
L3
L2
L1
UP S S ys te m
Q2
Ou tp u t S witc h g e a r
S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
PE
PE
( P DU )
19
20
Grounding
impe da nce
Q1
Q5
In p u t S witc h g e a r
PE
Grounding
Impe da nce Note 1.
Grounding
impe da nce
For Ga la xy 300,
Ne utra l conne cte d
to Ma ins input; for
Ga la xy 3500 a nd
S UVT, Ne utra l
conne cte d to
Bypa s s input.
Note 1: By impe da nce grounding the UP S s ys te m is conne cte d to the ma ins s upply ground via a n impe da nce .
S e rvic e En tra n c e
PE
L3
L2
L1
Ma ins
input
Bypa s s
input
UP S S ys te m
PE
UP S output
Q2
Ou tp u t S witc h g e a r
S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
PE
PE
( P DU )
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S e rvic e En tra n c e
PE
PE
L1
L1
L2
L2
L3
L3
In p u t S witc h g e a r
Q1
Q5
PE
UP S S ys te rm
PE
Q2
Ou tp u t S witc h g e a r
In ca s e s whe re a n IT s ys te m is us e d for re a s on of continuity of s upply, a n ins ula tion monitoring de vice s ha ll be provide d.
S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
PE
21
22
S e rvic e En tra n c e
PE
L1
L2
L3
N
In p u t S witc h g e a r
Q1
Q5
PE
UP S S ys te rm
PE
Q2
Ou tp u t S witc h g e a r
In ca s e s whe re a n IT s ys te m is us e d for re a s on of continuity of s upply, a n ins ula tion monitoring de vice s ha ll be provide d.
S e e IEC 60364 s e rie s for ge ne ra l re quire me nts a nd loca l code for s pe cific loca l re quire me nt
PE
9903606B-001
Dimensioning
Cross-Sectional Area of Technical Earth
The purpose of the Technical Earth is to provide a return path for any fault current when the UPS is in
battery operation, and the connection to the earthed point of the public supply system by accident has
been disconnected. Therefore, the cross-sectional area of the Technical Earth shall satisfy the conditions
for automatic disconnection of supply required in clause 413.1 of IEC 60364-4-41 and be capable of
withstanding the prospective fault current. The cross-sectional area should be calculated according to
IEC60364-5-54, 542.3.
S 16
k1 x S
k2
16 < S 35
16a
k1 x 16
k2
S > 35
Sa
2
k1 x S
k2 2
where
k1 is the value of k for the line conductor, selected from tavle A.54.1 or from the tables in IEC
60364443, according to the materials of the conductor and insulation;
k2 is the value of k for the protective conductor selected from tables A.54.2 to A.54.6 as applicable
a
For a PEN conductor, the reduction of the cross-sectional area is permitted only in accordance with the
rules for sizing of the neutral conductor (see IEC 60364552).
9903606B-001
23
543.1.2. The cross-sectional areas of protective conductors shall not be less than the value determined
either
I2t
k
where
S
is the value (r.m.s) in A of prospective fault current for a fault negligible impedance, which can flow
through the protective device (see IEC 609090);
is the factor dependent on the material of the protective conductor, the insulation and other parts and the
initial and the final temperatures (for calculation of k, see annex A).
If application of the formula produces non-standard sizes, conductors of a higher standard cross-sectional
area shall be used.
NOTE 2 For limitations of temperatures for installations in potentially explosive atmospheres, see IEC
600790.
NOTE 3 As the metallic sheaths of mineral insulated cables according to IEC 607021 have an earth fault
capacity greater than that of the line conductors, it is not necessary to calculate the cross-sectional area of
the metallic sheaths when used as protective conductors.
543.1.3 The cross-sectional area of every protective conductor which does not form part of the cable or
which is not in a common enclosure with the line conductor shall be not less than
2,5 mm2 Cu/16 mm2 Al of protection against mechanical damage is provided
4 mm2 Cu/16 mm2 Al of protection against mechanical damage is not provided
24
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25
APC by Schneider Electric. APC and the APC logo are owned by Schneider Electric Industries
S.A.S., American Power Conversion Corporation, or their affiliated companies. All other trademarks
are property of their respective owners.
9903606B-001
10/2012