Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
GUIDELINES
for
LABORATORY DESIGN
February 2010
Revised second edition April 2011
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
Executive Summary
1
Codes and Standards/References
1.1
Codes and Standards
1.2
References
1.3
Lab Permitting
2
Definitions
2.1
Laboratory
2.2
Chemical Fume Hoods
2.3
Chemical Storage Room
2.4
Commissioning Terminology
2.5
Cryogen
2.6
Lab Programming Terminology
2.7
Critical Environment
2.8
Critical Equipment
Sustainability
3.1
General
3.2
Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
3.3
Air Quality
3.4
Waste Minimization
General Guidelines for Laboratory Design
4.1
General Project Requirements
4.2
Commissioning
4.3
Approvals
Architectural Guidelines for Laboratory Design
5.1
Layout Requirements
5.2
Finishes
5.3
Casework
5.4
Furniture
5.5
Lighting
5.6
Storage: (Chemical)
5.7
Storage: (Regulated Medical Waste)
5.8
Acoustic & vibration
5.9
Signage
MEP Guidelines for Laboratory Design
6.1
MEP General Design Considerations
6.2
Mechanical
6.3
Building Automation System (BAS)
6.4
Electrical
6.5
Plumbing
Safety and Security Guidelines for Laboratory Design
7.1
General
7.2
Eyewash and Safety Showers
7.3
Biosafety
7.4
Fire Life Safety
7.5
Security
Special Rooms and Equipment
8.1
Environmental Rooms
2
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
Appendices
Appendix I Members of LDWG
Appendix II Laboratory Door Signage Cut Sheet
Appendix III Laboratory Ventilation and Fume Hood Exhaust
Appendix IV Eye-Face Wash/Drench Hoses and Overhead Emergency Showers
Executive Summary
Designed for Project Managers (PMs), Architects and Engineers (A/Es) and Laboratory
Design Consultants.
Good laboratory planning and design will provide a safe, efficient and collaborative
environment for scientific research and teaching. This pursuit must, at all times,
recognize the Universitys commitment to lessening its environmental footprint,
including minimizing the release of airborne particulates and reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, which stem in large part from the combustion of fossil fuels used in the
process of providing illumination, ventilation, and air-conditioning, etc to support the
laboratory work environment. It is at this intersection where some of the most difficult
design and future operation decisions are considered. In achieving these goals, it is
essential for all stakeholders to openly engage in these discussions. Outlined below are
Columbia University Guidelines for Laboratory Design (Guidelines) by which a design
team, and other stakeholder, including client representatives and/or Principal
Investigators, using a combination of general laboratory programming, planning, design,
documentation and project delivery processes, will develop a safe and efficient lab
environment based on the specific needs of the laboratory in an energy-efficient and
environmentally sustainable manner. This document provides minimum requirements;
more stringent requirements may be necessary depending on the specific laboratory
function or contaminants generated.
The University is one of the founding members of the PlaNYC University Mayoral
Challenge and is committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 30% by the year
2017. All laboratory designs shall implement energy efficient measures to achieve this
goal.
These Guidelines were formulated as a consensus document among all members of the
Laboratory Design Working Group (Appendix I). All laboratory design teams shall
consult with Columbia Universitys: Environmental Health & Safety (EH&S), Facilities
and the Office of Environmental Stewardship (OES) during the schematic design phase.
These offices shall be involved throughout the design process. The Guidelines shall be
reviewed to incorporate regulatory changes, industry developments and best practices
on an annual basis.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
Laboratories will be designed to comply with applicable federal, state and local
laws and regulations to facilitate compliance and reporting requirements not limited
to the latest edition of the following:
AAALAC (Association for Assessment & Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care)
ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act 29CFR 1630)
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Engineers) Standards, Handbooks and Laboratory Design Guide
BBCNY (Building Code of the City of New York)
CAMH (Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals): The Official Handbook
ECCCNYC (Energy Conservation Construction Code of New York State)
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) regulations
GLP (United States Food and Drug Administrations Good Laboratory Practices)
GMP (United States Food and Drug Administrations Good Manufacturing
Practices)
IES (illuminating Engineering Society) Standards
JCAHO (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations)
Labs21 (Laboratories for the 21st Century) Guidelines
LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) for Labs
NIH (National Institutes of Health) Design Requirements Manual for Biomedical
Laboratories and Animal Research Facilities
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association)
NYFPC (New York City Fire Prevention Code)
NYCRR (New York City Rules and Regulations)
OSHA (Occupational Health & Safety Administration)
PlaNYC University Mayoral Challenge
1.2
References
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institutes of Health-2007:
Biological Safety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories.
Columbia University EH&S (www.ehs.columbia.edu) for additional Health and Safety
Policies and Procedures.
Columbia University Environmental Stewardship (www.environment.columbia.edu)
for Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Policies and Initiatives.
Columbia University Facilities (www.facilities.columbia.edu) for Service Requests and
Plant Engineering Standards.
NFPA 45-2000: Standard of Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals. Quincy,
MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2000.
FDNY Code 2702.1: New Fire Code for New York City Section 2702.1 Definitions. 2008
NYC Building Code BC 419.4 N.Y. ADC. LAW 28-701.2C4: NY Code Section
28-701.2C4: Special Detailed Requirements Based on Use and Occupancy
Section BC 419.4 Non-Production Chemical Laboratories Definitions.
NFPA 701: Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and
Films. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2004.
OSHA 1910.1450 (B): PART 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards.
Subpart 1910.1450 (B) Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in
Laboratories Definitions.
RCNY 10-2008: Section FC 2706 Non-Production Chemical Laboratories. New York,
NY: NYC FDNY Fire Code, 2008.
1.3
Lab Permitting
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
Definitions
2.1
Laboratory
Laboratory means a facility where the "laboratory use of hazardous chemicals occurs.
It is a workplace where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a
non-production basis [OSHA 1910.1450(B)].
Lab Unit: An enclosed space of a minimum one hour rated construction, designed or
used as per a non-production laboratory. Laboratory units may include one or more
separate laboratory work areas, and accessory storage rooms or spaces within or
contiguous with the laboratory unit, such as offices and lavatories. [FDNY Code 2702.1,
NYC Building Code BC 419.4]
Permitted Laboratory: A laboratory requiring a permit from the FDNY.
2.2
Refer to: Columbia University Guidelines for Laboratory Design: Laboratory Ventilation
and Fume Hood Exhaust Systems http://www.ehs.columbia.edu/FinalLabDesign409.pdf (Appendix III)
2.3
Shall comply with New York City 2008 Building Code Section 419.9.
Approved DOB plans of Chemical Storage Rooms must be submitted to FDNY Tech
Management for approval to obtain proper FDNY permits.
2.4
Commissioning Terminology
Basis of Design - all information necessary to accomplish the design intent including
weather data, interior environmental criteria, other pertinent design assumptions, cost
goals, and references to applicable codes, standards, regulations and guidelines.
Commissioning - the process of ensuring that the equipment, components and
systems are designed, installed, functionally tested, and capable of being operated and
maintained to perform in conformity with the design intent.
Commissioning Plan - a document defining the commissioning process, this is
developed in increasing detail as the project progresses through its various phases.
Design intent - a detailed explanation of the ideas, concepts, and criteria that are
defined by the owner to be important. This typically is an expansion of the information
provided in the Owners Program. The initial document should describe the facilitys
functional needs, intended levels and quality of environmental control and needs.
6
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
Owners Project Requirements is a written document that details the functional
requirements of a project and the expectations of how it will be used and operated.
2.5
Cryogen
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
RDS Room Data Sheets, which are comprised of a generic plan/layout configuration,
detailed room finish, circulation, HVAC, system/utility requirements, and equipment
layouts.
ZSF Zoning Square Feet, typically limited to square feet assignable to FAR.
2.7
Critical Environment
Laboratories not fitting into any of these criteria will be considered non critical
environments.
2.8
Sustainability
3.1
General
All laboratory designs must factor in a gross square footage energy load estimate to
meet the PlaNYC goal. This estimate shall be reviewed by the Office of Environmental
Stewardship (OES) to be evaluated for consistency with the Universitys commitment.
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) for lab renovations of more than 3000 square feet shall be
conducted to evaluate long-term budget, energy, and environmental impacts in
considering lab design options. No energy-efficiency measure shall be eliminated for a
less energy-efficient option without first being part of a life cycle cost analysis.
Consultants shall assist the owner in identifying potential design solutions in support of
project goals pertaining to funding from New York State Energy Research Development
Authority (NYSERDA) and other government and private sources, including the
Department of Energy (DOE), as part of design process so as to maximize the
8
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
Universitys eligibility for funding for energy-efficient design and equipment, and the
budget and life-cycle analysis.
3.3
Air Quality
The Universitys Manhattan campuses are situated in areas that have amongst the
highest rates of asthma and childhood asthma in the United States. Moreover, these
campuses are located in environmental justice zones. Particulate emissions and other
air pollutants shall be considered in laboratory design and operations so as to minimize
such emissions and promote the health of the residents of the surrounding communities.
3.4
Waste Minimization
Construction and demolition debris and material shall be recycled or reused at a rate
consistent with the overall projects LEED goals. Following laboratory clearance by
EH&S, surplus equipment and furniture must be made available to the OES Surplus
Reuse Program for consideration.
Meeting the educational and research goals of the academic department alongside
health, safety and operational goals should be the guiding principle for the
Architect/Engineer (A/E).
Attention to detail is extremely important to the success of laboratory space. It is
incumbent upon the A/E to ascertain the needs of the project.
AE shall be responsible for satisfying design requirements stipulated by any granting
sources.
4.2
Commissioning
Approvals
A Professional Engineer (PE) or Registered Architect (RA) must provide signed and
sealed documents with code compliant design with necessary affidavits and documents
for full Department of Buildings (DOB) and FDNY compliance and approvals.
9
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
A/E shall be responsible for responding to comments from the University underwriter
(e.g., FM Global) for conformity with underwriters policy design requirements.
4.4
Speculative Projects
For projects that have speculative tenancy in part or in whole, shall be designed under
the guidance of the Executive Committee.
Layout Requirements
Occupants should not have to go through a laboratory space to exit from nonlaboratory areas.
Laboratories shall be designed to minimize foot traffic in areas where air flow
sensitive devices (biological safety cabinets, fume hoods) are in use.
Each door from a hallway into a lab should be a minimum of 36 wide and have
a view panel. Door sizes shall be coordinated to allow for equipment and cart
access and wall protection if required.
Mechanical and electrical devices shall be readily accessible with localized shut
off per direction by Facilities.
A break out area will be provided on every floor for collaboration and where
eating and drinking will be permitted. This shall be external to permitted lab
space.
10
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
5.2
Finishes
Designers to select materials that allow for normal cleaning, upkeep, and
maintenance.
Wall & corner protection should be provided where cart or equipment traffic
occurs regularly.
Doors into laboratories should be provided with vision panels (to see if lab is in
us), self closing door hardware and kick plates.
5.2.2 Floors
Floors shall be level, non-slip. Floor drains shall only be permitted and installed
based on a demonstrated engineering need, and following consultation between
the end-user, CUF and/or CUMC CPM, and EH&S.
5.2.3 Ceilings
Concern for proper acoustics should prevail in selection of ceiling materials. For
acoustic panel ceilings, the preference is for a removable panel system.
No concealed-spline ceilings.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
Wet areas, Vivarium, or other special lab areas shall have hard, Fiber
reinforced panel (FRP) or other special ceiling system that provides compliance
with Association for Assessment & Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care
(AAALAC), Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) or Good Manufacturing Practice
(GMP) requirements as applicable. Retaining clips shall be provided where
required.
Room Darkening vs. Solar Controls - Solar controls to support the HVAC needs
must be considered for both the exterior and interior of the laboratory space in
new construction.
5.3
5.4
Casework
Filler Panels shall be provided at all inside corners to allow for smooth, full open
door and drawer operation.
Bench work areas should have knee space to allow room for chairs near fixed
instruments, equipment or for procedures requiring prolonged operation.
Cup sinks on bench tops shall be installed only after the determination of
specific research need based on consultation among the end user and EH&S. If
approved, a lip must be installed around the basin perimeter to prevent
inadvertent release of spilled material into the drain.
Furniture shall be scheduled to the extent possible with standardized dimensions and
parts and in compliance with university-wide campus standards.
5.5
Lighting
5.5.1 General
12
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
Day lighting shall be maximized where possible for user comfort. Lighting
should be even across the room, with a maintained light level capable of 75
foot-candles on the work surface. Non-laboratory space shall follow Illuminating
Engineering Society (IES) standards. A combination of lighting zones,
dimmable fixtures, and controlled daylight and occupancy sensors with
adjustable sensitivity in the room is ideal. Fixtures should control glare and
should not produce veiled reflection in the room or on equipment and render
colors accurately and uniformly with minimum eye strain. If a room is multifunctional, the A/E is responsible to account for the lighting design
considerations for the various tasks that are to occur in the different sectors of
the room.
If a space has a ceiling above 12 in height, the project team shall review all
access requirements for light fixture maintenance and incorporate any fixed
requirements such as access panels, into the documents.
Ceiling mounted ultrasonic sensors (or better) shall be used in corridors to turn
off lights. Select fixtures shall remain on at all times in sufficient quantity to
maintain a minimum of 2 foot candles for security and safety. (It is the intent
that these select fixtures be part of the back-up generator powered emergency
egress lights, rather than a set of additional fixtures.)
Lighting fixtures should not be placed where they will obstruct or interfere with
the spray pattern of sprinkler heads. (Refer to NFPA 13).
5.6
T-5 fluorescent lighting or Light-Emitting Diodes (LED) are standard for the
University. Indirect/direct lighting is preferred for its even quality, however
should only be considered when ceiling height is adequate (9-6 minimum). For
any needed down lighting or highlighting, a compact fluorescent lamp, T-5
fluorescent or LED may be used as appropriate. Incandescent fixtures are not
to be used; an LED fixture may be used to mitigate RFI concerns.
In public spaces or where special lighting is required, the A/E may submit
alternate lighting systems to the CUF or CUMC CPM for review and approval.
Storage (Chemical)
NYC campuses must adhere to 2008 NYC Building, 2008 Fire Code, Title 3
Section 4827-01(G) (1), and NFPA 45, 2004 edition. The A/E is responsible to
confirm all hazard, code and regulatory issues that apply to the design of the
project and be coordinated and approved by EH&S, and CUF or CUMC CPM.
13
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
Cabinets for chemical storage should be of solid, sturdy construction, with built-in
partition for separation of incompatible chemicals for secondary containment, and
vented as required by applicable code.
Storage of corrosive chemicals (acids and bases) shall be so arranged that there
will be no contact with bare unprotected metals or casework. Storage cabinets for
corrosive materials must be poly-lined and protected. Additionally, oxidizing acids
cannot be stored on cellulosic material.
Laboratories using compressed gases should have areas designated for cylinder
storage and be equipped with devices to secure cylinders in place. Cylinders
must not be secured to plumbing or electrical conduits. Cylinder Manifold
systems shall be designed to be readily accessible for FDNY inspection and
have required permit information readily available.
5.7
Sites where Regulated Medical Waste (RMW) is staged prior to pick up shall
incorporate the following features:
Design
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
5.8
The A/E shall consider maximum acceptable noise and vibration criteria in
each equipment selection, location, and system design and discuss those
considerations with CUF or CUMC CPM.
The A/E shall ensure appropriate application of noise and vibration control
devices.
5.9
Signage
Laboratory signage within New York City shall be provided by means of the
standard EH&S Laboratory Sign, (Appendix II) which includes space for up to
four different hazard-specific inserts. The sign shall be placed adjacent to the
latch side of the door leading to the laboratory located in the area of the midpoint of the height of the door. (RCNY Title 3, Chapter 2706-01).
A/E shall utilize efficient capacity methods for sizing primary equipment to
provide required redundancy and overage while maintaining energy
efficient operation for the normal operating load profile.
Early planning and coordination with the entire design team is critical and
close coordination between mechanical, electrical, and structural
disciplines is required to minimize interference of piping/ventilating
systems and electrical systems, with structural framing.
The design shall carefully consider cost effective approaches that shall
result in economical arrangements of MEP services including risers,
15
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
mains, branches, run outs for both valving and circuiting arrangements
that allow for shutdown of individual laboratories, as well as independent
isolation of each floor, building wing, and zone without affecting other
areas.
6.2 Mechanical
6.2.1 Design Considerations
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
understanding that this system could experience unexpected shutdown and is
not on emergency power.
6.2.3 Dedicated (year round) chilled water
Dedicated chilled water refers to year round, 24/7, chilled water used to cool lab
spaces and occupants (environmental comfort). It is a University goal to minimize the
production of all central plant chilled water, particularly dedicated chilled water. The
use of air side economizers is encouraged for environmental comfort where practical.
All proposed uses of dedicated chilled water require approval from Plant Engineering.
Where that need is established, Plant Engineering will evaluate if the existing building
infrastructure has the capacity to support the additional load. When infrastructure
upgrades are required, it is intended that they be performed on a building wide basis
and include forecasted load growth.
6.2.4 Process chilled water
Process chilled water refers to chilled water used to cool critical and non critical lab
equipment. Process chilled water systems generally operate year round, 24/7. All new
and substantially renovated science buildings are required to provide process chilled
water systems to serve these needs and include a realistic building growth factor.
Process chilled water systems shall be designed in a manner that allows expansion of
the system with minimal disruption to the building. In consultation with CUF,
consideration should be made for future routing and deployment of systems. Roof and
mechanical space shall be reserved to install additional chillers, pumps and ancillary
equipment. Process chilled water systems should be designed with 100% redundancy.
Connect of laboratory equipment to the process chilled water loop shall be through a
heat exchanger which hydraulically isolates the loop from the equipment.
The use of centralized campus chilled water to cool laboratory equipment is
prohibited.
The use of domestic water to cool laboratory equipment is prohibited.
NOTE: Water cooled equipment is preferred in lieu of air cooled equipment.
6.3 Building Automation System (BAS)
6.3.1 Design Considerations
The University Morningside campus has standardized on Andover Controls and
Siemens Building Technologies as the acceptable manufacturers for building
automation systems. The CUMC campus has standardized o Johnson Controls
and no other system shall be considered for approval without CUMC Facilities
Operations/Engineering.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
All operator devices shall have the ability to access all point status and
application report data, or execute control functions for any and all other
devices, via the local area network.
Communication between all Direct Digital Control (DDC) units, servers and the
workstations shall be by way of high speed network communication cable
utilizing Ethernet that is coordinated with Columbia Universities IT (CUIT)
department assigned project manager.
As program requires, emergency power should be provided for the entire DDC
system.
6.3.2
Typical Laboratory Temperature Control
Where laboratory variable volume systems are specified in new and substantially
renovated science buildings they shall be furnished with a stand-alone DDC
electronic controllers, pressure independent, variable air volume laboratory flow
tracking system. The flow tracking system includes VAV boxes, reheat coils, damper
and valve operators, with all control devices to monitor the following as minimum:
room temperature, F, room humidity, % RH, reheat coil valve position, reheat coil
temperature F, supply cfm, exhaust cfm.
6.3.3 Monitoring and Security System
An environmental monitoring and security system shall be provided to monitor
critical equipment such as freezers, designated environmental rooms, cabinets, and
other types of equipment as indicated in the lab program. This system shall be
interfaced with the BAS system to provide emergency alarm/reporting only.
6.4 Electrical
6.4.1 General:
Laboratories should have a sufficient number of electrical outlets and informed
from the Researcher, to eliminate the need of extension cords and multi-plug
adapters. Electric outlets should be coordinated with the electrical
characteristics of the lab equipment.
Power conditioners and UPS are the responsibility of the end user.
Each electrical panel board shall be provided with a panel number marked (at
the exterior panel face) that is coordinated with the panel board schedules on
the electrical construction drawings.
18
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
6.4.2
Main Building Distribution System
In new construction, the electrical service is to be extended from the main
service switchboards to distribution panels located in electric closets on
each floor. These local floor panels will serve the interior floor distributions
system as described below:
The interior distribution system to each lab shall also include as a minimum
dedicated 120/208 V, 3 phase, 4 wire plus ground panel boards, 150 amp main
circuit breaker with forty-two (42) branch circuit breakers. Each panel will be
door-in-door construction with copper bus bars (no aluminum) and an integral
digital meter (3 phase amps and volts) and integral Transient Voltage Surge
Suppressor (TVSS). These panels which are also typically located in the lab to
serve lab convenience outlets, lab equipment, etc. Space in each electric closet
should be reserved for future panel boards. Vivarium lighting, equipment and
convenience outlets shall be served from separate dedicated panels located in
each electric closet and 120/208V distribution system.
6.4.3
Emergency Power Distribution System
Emergency power shall only be derived from the building emergency
power distribution system, not from adjacent buildings.
An emergency power load study is required for all new laboratories where
applicable.
6.4.4
Life Safety System
An integrated fire alarm, smoke detection and sprinkler alarm system shall
be provided.
Provide photoelectric type for area detection and ionization type for duct
mounting.
19
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
6.4.5
Isolated Grounding System
The AE shall determine in conjuction with information from the researcher if an
isolating grounding system is required for the design of the project and, as
required, coordinate with Facilities to avoid potential conflicts.
6.5 Plumbing
6.5.1 General:
Building services to the extent possible (such as centralized bottled gases,
Reverse Osmosis Deionized (RODI) water and compressed air required
for research), shall be considered in the design to facilitate modular
systems and services for the facility.
All utility pipelines shall be clearly labeled to identify the service provided
and direction of flow within each module.
Use flexible connections for connecting gas and other plumbing utilities to
any free standing device.
The storage site shall be protected from heat sources. The site shall be
in area that minimizes that opportunity for accidental contact with the
20
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
cylinders. The site shall be in a well ventilated, dry location, with easy
accessibility for periodic exchange of cylinders.
6.5.3
Provide acid neutralization and any other treatment of water sent to a Publicly
Owned Treatment Works (POTW) as per all applicable laws and regulations.
Use only efficient water treatment systems that comply with the following
criteria:
i. For buildings with a Building Management System (BMS) system, all filtration
processes, remote notification shall be provided (by means of BMS) along with
local pressure gauges to determine and display when to backwash or change
cartridges;
ii. For all ion exchange and softening processes, recharge cycles shall be set by
volume of water treated or based upon conductivity or hardness;
iii. For reverse osmosis and nanofiltration equipment, with capacity greater than
100 liter/hr, reject water shall not exceed 60 % of the feed water.
iv. Simple distillation is not acceptable as a base system for water purification.
6.5.4
Vacuum Pumps
6.5.5
Fire Protection
A central combined fire standpipe/sprinkler system is to be provided for all
buildings on the Campus.
Pre-action sprinkler systems should be given consideration for specialized
imaging equipment and IT server rooms.
See section 6.4.4 for other details.
General
21
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
7.2
The requirements for monitoring and control of laboratories using toxic gases
shall be reviewed with EH&S.
Eye-Face Wash & Emergency Showers
7.3
Laboratory spaces for work with biological materials shall incorporate the following
features.
7.4
Storage Limits - Flammable and combustible liquids. The density and total
quantity of flammable and combustible liquids allowed within a laboratory unit,
excluding storage rooms, shall be in accordance with NFPA 45 for laboratory
unit fire hazard classes B and D.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
7.4.3 Chemical Storage Rooms
In addition to the quantities that may be stored, handled and used in a
laboratory unit, chemicals for use in a laboratory unit may be stored in a
dedicated storage room (up to 300 Gallons). Such rooms may enhance the
efficiency of laboratory operations and should be considered if space
considerations allow. Consult with EH&S for specific code requirements.
7.4.4 Oxygen (O2) Sensors
Where O2 sensors are required, they may be portable or hardwired. Consult with
EH&S for specific code requirements.
7.4.5 Black-out Curtains
Black-out curtains are required to be made of an inherently flame resistant material
(IFR). These curtains require documentation from the manufacture stating they are
incompliance with NFPA 701. These curtains must also be tested and
documentation issued by a FDNY Certificate of Fitness holder for Flame Retardant
Treatment C-15 to their flame resistance. Copies of both documents must be
provided to EH&S.
7.4.6 Fire Blankets
As all new laboratories using flammable or hazardous chemicals are to be provided
with eyewash/drench hose units at all sinks, the provision of fire blankets is to be at
the discretion of the laboratory. If installed, fire blankets shall be placed by the
means of egress.
7.4.7 Fire Extinguishers
10 pound ABC extinguishers (or other appropriate type extinguisher*) shall be
installed in accordance with NFPA and NYC Fire Codes. Fire extinguishers shall be
placed in external cabinets which are identifiable by proper signage. Initial cabinet
placement shall be located near (within 10 ft.) of main entrance doors. Maximum
travel distance to any extinguisher must be within 50 ft.
*Please consult EHS-Fire Safety to determine if different types of extinguishers are
required.
7.5
Security
The A/E shall review security requirements with the Principle Investigator, Project
Manager and Public Safety. The University employs access control (e.g., Lenel
Systems), as part of a campus-wide system, at the entrances of many of its buildings,
and to some interior spaces as well.
23
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
Environmental Rooms
APPENDICIES
24
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
25
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
26
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES
for
Laboratory Design:
Laboratory Ventilation
and Fume Hood Exhaust Systems
April 2009
Revised second edition April 2011
27
Executive Summary
1
2
3
4
5
6
Executive Summary
The purpose of laboratory ventilation is to help provide a safe environment for
scientific research and teaching. Outlined below are Guidelines by which a design
team, using a combination of general laboratory ventilation, fume hood exhaust
systems and other local exhaust ventilation, will design a safe and energy efficient
system to contain emissions within the laboratory, depending on the specific needs
of the laboratory. This document provides minimum requirements; more stringent
requirements may be necessary depending on the specific laboratory function or
contaminants generated.
The University is one of the founding members of the PlaNYC Mayoral challenge
committing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 30% by the year 2017. All
laboratory designs shall consider energy efficient measures to achieve this goal.
These Guidelines were formulated as a consensus document among all members
of the Laboratory Design Working Group (listed in Appendix I). All laboratory design
teams shall consult with Environmental Health &Safety (EH&S), Facilities
Operations (Facilities) and Office of Environmental Stewardship (OES) during the
schematic design phase. These offices shall be involved throughout the design
process so as to ensure that University safety and energy efficiency goals and
commitments are met in a timely and cost-effective manner. The Guidelines shall
be reviewed to incorporate regulatory changes, industry developments and best
practices on a regular basis.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
2.
The HVAC systems will be designed in accordance with the following codes
and standards, latest edition:
Building Code of the City of New York (BCCNY)
New York City Fire Prevention Code (NYFPC)
New York City Rules and Regulations (NYCRR)
ASHRAE HVAC Applications, Chapter 14, Laboratories
ASHRAE 62.1, 2004, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
ASHRAE 90.1, 2004, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise
Residential Buildings
Energy Conservation Construction Code of New York State (ECCCNYS),
2002
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), latest edition
2.2
References
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
Definitions
2.1
Laboratory
2.2
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
2.3
Cryogen
Ventilation
3.1
General Laboratory
3.1.1
3.1.2
All laboratory rooms shall use 100% outside air and exhaust to the
outside.
3.1.5
3.1.6
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
3.1.7
3.1.8
3.1.9
4.
3.2
Animal Satellites
3.2.1
3.2.2
Exhausting
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.2.2
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
4.1.2.3
4.1.3
4.1.4
Constant air volume (CAV) and variable air volume (VAV) systems
are acceptable. A life cycle cost analysis shall determine use in new
building installations and major renovations. Building precedent
shall govern in minor renovations where practical.
4.1.5
4.1.6
4.1.7
4.1.8
4.1.9
4.2
Components
4.2.1
Under hood storage units shall comply with NYC Fire Code.
4.2.2
Lighting devices in the interior of the hood must meet all applicable
codes.
4.2.3
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
sink is deemed necessary, it shall have a lip above the fume hood
work surface per FDNY code requirements.
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
Exhaust fans must meet the fire, explosion and corrosion resistant
requirements set forth in local codes and standards. The rotating
element of the fan must be of nonferrous or spark resistant
construction. Motors and their controls shall be located outside of
the air stream.
4.2.7
All internal and working surfaces of the hood and the exhaust ducts
should be impervious to moisture and attack of chemicals used in
the hoods and be configured for easy cleaning.
4.2.8
4.3
Regulatory
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.4
Site Conditions
4.4.1
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
5.
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.4.5
Commissioning
5.1
Requirements
5.1.1
10
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
6.
Ductwork
Label clearly the ductwork at each access point. The label should state the
location of the hood and warning statement. Example of Wording:
CAUTION
THIS DUCT IS CONNECTED TO THE CHEMICAL FUME HOOD IN
ROOM 123. DO NOT OPEN UNTIL THE LABORATORY SUPERVISOR
OR AN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY OFFICER HAS BEEN
NOTIFIED.
CONTACT EH&S (CUMC 212-305-6780, MORNINGSIDE 212-854-8749)
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION OR IN AN EMERGENCY.
6.2
11
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
6.3
Radioactive Material
Label Colors
LABEL COLORS: The labels for items 1-2 must have bright yellow
background with wording in a color of high contrast (black). The radiation
symbol of item 3 must be magenta or purple.
6.7
12
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
7.
Special Hazard
An additional label shall be provided for ductwork at each access point. The
label should state a warning such as follows:
WARNING
THIS DUCT IS CONNECTED TO A PERCHLORIC ACID FUME HOOD
AND MAY CONTAIN EXPLOSIVE SHOCK SENSITIVE CRYSTALS. DO
NOT OPEN UNTIL THE DUCTWORK HAS BEEN WASHED DOWN.
CONTACT EH&S (CUMC 212-305-6780, Morningside 212-854-8749) FOR
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION OR AN EMERGENCY.
13
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
7.2
Hood Designation
Perchloric Acid (HClO4) may only be used in fume hoods designated and
designed for its use. The hood must be clearly labeled as a PERCHLORIC
ACID FUME HOOD. Where confusion is possible, other hoods shall be
labeled NO PERCHLORIC ACID in 2 tall black letters on a yellow
background.
7.3
Exhaust Requirements
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3 To mitigate risk and cost associated with the PAFH exhaust
system, it is recommended that PAFH be installed on the top floor
of laboratory buildings.
7.3.4 Bends in ductwork should be avoided, but where necessary pairs of
45 degree bends will be used in lieu of 90 degree bends. Round
ductwork is recommended.
7.3.5 Since the user will have on/off control of the PAFH exhaust fan, air
flow exhausted through the PAFH must not be used by designers to
satisfy the required laboratory ventilation rate (air changes per
hour.) It is recommended that a separate general lab exhaust be
provided with a motorized VAV damper interlocked to the PAFH
exhaust fan control to reduce the general exhaust while the fume
hood is in operation.
7.3.6 The user should turn off the PAFH exhaust fan when the fume hood
is not in use to conserve energy.
7.4
Exhaust Scrubbers
Exhaust scrubbers are difficult to monitor and maintain, and are not
recommended for new installations. A thorough evaluation of more reliable
alternatives must be presented before a retrofit to an existing laboratory of a
PAFH equipped with a scrubber will be approved.
14
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
The PAFH exhaust stack, fan, and internal hood baffles must be
provided with cold water spray nozzles activated by a series of
electric solenoids controlled by a wash down timer control system.
7.5.3 When wash down is initiated, the fan will shut down, and the water
spray solenoids will activate sequentially starting at the very top of
the exhaust stack and completing below the stack washing down
the internal baffles of the fume hood. All wash down water will be
collected by the laboratory waste drain provided.
7.5.4 The PAFH user who initiated the wash down and is familiar with the
normal operation of the control system will remain present in the lab
during wash down to report a malfunction or leak to Facilities.
7.5.5 The PAFH user must wash all surfaces of the interior work space of
the hood to complete the wash down. It is recommended that a
hand held spray nozzle capable of flowing 1 to 2 gpm and drain be
provided within the workspace to facilitate this operation.
7.6
User Controls
7.6.1
7.6.2
The PAFH user must clear all apparatus and chemicals from the
hood prior to initiating a wash down to avoid damaging equipment
or causing spills and/or injury.
7.6.3 The PAFH user must be trained in the safe operation and
maintenance of the fume hood and the handling of Perchloric Acid.
The users safety is best assured by his or her knowledge and
control of the work space.
15
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
7.7
7.7.1
7.7.2
Non-Corrosive Materials
The use of non-corrosive, smooth and water tight materials is required for all
components involved in the construction of the hood, exhaust stack, drain,
water supply and fan. Compatible plastic materials are ideally suited, but
likely to require a variance in NYC for ductwork. Welded stainless steel is an
alternative where plastic may not be used.
7.9
Commissioning
High Volatility
For example: radioactive iodine (I-125; I-131)
The use of fume hoods in these cases is mandatory. The exhaust
of fume hoods, used for iodination, must be vented directly to the
16
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
Medium Volatility
For example: 5 millicuries or more of Sulfer-35 in the form of
Methionine or Cystien 100 millicuries or more of Hydrogen-3 in the
form of Tritiated Water.
The use of fume hoods in these cases is recommended and is
decided by the Radiation Safety Committee and the Radiation
Safety Officer (RSO).
8.3
Low Volatility
For example: Phosphorus-32 compounds
No fume hood is required unless the amount of activity is 1
millicuries or more.
Note: When working with an unsealed alpha emitter radioactive
material such as Polonium-210, a glove box with HEPA filtered
exhaust must be used. The RSO must be consulted before the use
of such an apparatus.
8.4
General Requirements
17
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
9 Appendices
9.1 Appendix 1 Distance Recommendations for the
Installation of Fume Hoods in a Laboratory Joe Mannino
Architectural Feature
Common Pedestrian Walkway
Opposite Bench Used by Chemist
Opposite Hood Used by Chemist
Opposing Wall
Adjoining Wall
Non Egress Doorway
4.9
9.8
6.6
18
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
19
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
and 45 inches from the level on which the user stands and 6 inches from the nearest
wall or other obstruction.
A mixing valve shall be used to provide tepid water in accordance with the most
current edition of the ANSI Standard Z358.1 specifications).
When installation involves penetration of suspected asbestos-containing material
(e.g., lab bench top), EH&S shall be contacted before initiation of work.
Upon installation, units shall be thoroughly flushed by the installer to confirm proper
water delivery and to remove any metal shavings or other debris. The installer shall
operate the valve to determine that both eyes will be washed simultaneously at a
velocity low enough to be non-injurious to the user in accordance with the most
current edition of the ANSI Standard Z358.1 specifications.
Maintenance
Contractors shall provide Facilities with operation, and maintenance instructions.
Units shall be activated weekly by laboratory personnel to verify proper operation, as
per the most current edition of the ANSI Standard Z358.1.
Units that do not appear to be operating properly shall be repaired by Facilities upon
notification or discovery.
EH&S training for laboratory personnel with potential exposure to hazardous
materials shall include instructions on the location, operation, and weekly verification
procedures.
OVERHEAD EMERGENCY SHOWER
Definition:
A plumbed device capable of providing uninterrupted water flow to the entire body upon
activation and until intentionally deactivated.
An overhead emergency shower shall be available for laboratories where there is the
potential for a hazardous material splash to the body.
Provision
Overhead emergency showers shall be provided for all new laboratories or
laboratories undergoing major renovation where there is a risk of injurious bodily
exposure to a hazardous material or where the Department Chair or designee
requests one.
Situations necessitating the default installation of overhead emergency showers
inside of a laboratory include, but are not limited to, need-based possession of
corrosive materials in excess of 5-gallons; discrete procedural handling of an
excessive volume of flammable, corrosive, or materials acutely toxic via dermal
exposure; or manipulation of such materials (e.g. synthetic chemistry laboratories) in
a way as to increase the potential for spill or gross bodily contamination.
20
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
Units shall be manufactured and installed to comply with the most current edition of
the ANSI Standard Z358.1.
The PI, EH&S, and CUF or CUMC CPM, shall collaborate on the siting of overhead
emergency showers.
A determination shall be made for non-laboratory spaces where the need for an
overhead emergency shower may exist, including, but not limited to, glass washing
facilities, acid neutralization tank rooms, and chemical storage rooms.
Performance
Units shall perform in accordance with all criteria of the most current edition of the
ANSI Standard Z358.1, including, but not limited to, those addressing:
o Flow rate
o Water temperature
o Operation of unit
o Location
Installation
Units shall be in an accessible location no farther than 10 seconds travel distance
from the farthest point at which hazardous materials are used. Or, if installed in a
corridor, no farther than 25 feet from the laboratory(s) requiring access to an
emergency shower in a New York City location or as per the most current edition of
the ANSI Standard Z358.1.
Units shall be activated by a delta or circular ring attached to a rigid (not chain link)
metal bar.
A mixing valve shall be used to provide tepid water in accordance with the most
current edition of the ANSI Standard Z358.1 specifications.
Units shall be constructed so that water flow can be readily shut at the site of
activation. (For example, the rigid metal bar referenced above, may be connected to
a paddle lever so that pushing up on the bar returns the lever to the closed position.
Maintenance
Contractors shall provide operation, inspection, and maintenance instructions with
equipment, which shall be accessible to maintenance and training personnel.
Units shall be activated annually by Facilities to verify operation and results shall be
recorded on a tag or other record at the location of the shower.
Units that do not appear to be operating properly shall be repaired by Facilities upon
notification or discovery.
EH&S training for laboratory personnel with potential exposure to hazardous
materials shall include instructions on the location and operation.
SIGNAGE: Eye-Face Wash/Drench Hoses and Overhead Emergency Showers
21
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GUIDELINES for LABORATORY DESIGN
All locations must be identified with a highly visible sign positioned so that it is visible
within the area served by the unit.
For Overhead Emergency Showers located in the corridor, a tent sign shall be used.
(Adopted from American National Standards Institute,
Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment, Z358.1-2008)
22