AC machines

NEE 423

Engr. Jessica Laine M. Tumbaga

General policies
Absence in excess of 20% of total required number of meetings
per term will be given a mark of D Dropped unofficially.
Late in excess of 25% of the scheduled class duration will be
considered absent (15 minutes for a 1 hour class; 23 minutes for
a 1-1/2 hour class; 30 minutes for a 2 hour class). Reference time
is DOSTs JUAN TIME.
Only missed major exams may be given a special make-up exam
with valid reasons and upon presentation of related documents.
Missed quizzes will be given a score of 0.
Cheating will be automatically penalized with a final grade of
5.0.
Going out of the class during exams is NOT ALLOWED.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

Grading system
Prelim

Midterm

Finals

Quizzes (Q)

33%

Quizzes (Q)

33%

Quizzes (Q)

33%

Prelim Exam (PE)

67%

Midterm Exam (ME)

67%

Final Exam (FE)

67%

Tentative Midterm
Grade (TMG)

100%

Tentative Final Grade

100%
(TFG)

Prelim Grade (PG)

100%
Midterm Grade=

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Final Grade=

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

COURSE OUTLINE
Alternator
Principle of operation
Parts and Construction
Generation of voltage, breadth factor and pitch factor
Voltage Regulation, power developed and efficiency
Parallel Operation
Synchronization
Synchronous Motor
Principle of operation
Exact and approximate equivalent circuits
Method of starting
Power flow diagram

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

Course outline (Contd)

Induction Motor
Principle of operation
Characteristics of induction motor
Torque, power stages and efficiency
DC resistance, no-load and blocked rotor test

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

Classification of Electrical Machines

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

ALTERNATOR
(SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR)

A machine which
produces electrical power
from mechanical power. It
operates with the same
fundamental
principle
of
electromagnetic induction as
a dc generator.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

frequency
The frequency of the induced e.m.f. in the armature
conductors depends upon the speed and the number of poles.

=
120
Where:
f frequency of e.m.f. in Hz
P number of rotor poles
n rotor speed in rpm

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

Classifications of alternator according to the

arrangement of their parts
a. Revolving-field type
The rotating-field alternator
has a stationary armature
winding and a rotating-field
winding

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

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Classifications of alternator according to the

arrangement of their parts
b. Revolving-armature type
The
rotating-armature
alternator
is
similar
in
construction
to
the
dc
generator in that the armature
rotates
in
a
stationary
magnetic field
Note: All alternators above 5
kVA employ a stationary
armature (or stator) and a
revolving d.c. field

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

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Advantages of stationary armature

It is easier to insulate stationary winding for high voltages for
which the alternators are usually designed. It is because they
are not subjected to centrifugal forces and also extra space is
available due to the stationary arrangement of the armature.
The stationary 3-phase armature can be directly connected to
load without going through large, unreliable slip rings and
brushes.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

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Advantages of stationary armature

(cont.)

Only two slip rings are required for d.c. supply to the field
winding on the rotor. Since the exciting current is small, the
slip rings and brush gear required are of light construction.
Due to simple and robust construction of the rotor, higher
speed of rotating d.c. field is possible. This increases the
output obtainable from a machine of given dimensions.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

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Armature and Field Insulation

Three classes of insulation on armature and field coils
a. Class A consist of paper or cambric impregnated with
varnish that has a limiting operating temperature of 100C.
b. Class B consist of mica or fiber glass that has a
limiting operating temperature of 120C.
c. Class C consist of silicone insulation that has a
limiting operating temperature of 160C.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

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Construction of an
alternator

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

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1. STATOR

is built up of sheetsteel laminations having

slots on its inner periphery.
The armature winding is
always connected in star
and
the
neutral
is
connected to ground.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

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2. ROTOR
carries the field winding which is supplied with

direct current through two slip rings by a separate d.c.

source (exciter). The exciter is generally a small d.c. shunt

or compound generator mounted on the shaft of the

alternator.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

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Types of rotor construction

i.

SALIENT
(OR
PROJECTING)
POLE
TYPE
are mounted on a large
circular steel frame which is
fixed to the shaft of the
alternator. The individual field
pole windings are connected in
series in such a way that when
the field winding is energized by
the d.c. exciter, adjacent poles
have opposite polarities.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

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Types of rotor construction

(cont.)
ii.
NON-SALIENT
(OR
CYLINDRICAL)
POLE
TYPE
the rotor is made of
smooth
solid
forged-steel
radial cylinder having a
number of slots along the
outer periphery. The field
windings are embedded in
these slots and are connected
in series to the slip rings
through which they are
energized by the d.c. exciter.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

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Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

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Applications:
Salient pole type

NON-SALIENT POLE
type

LOW & MEDIUM SPEED ALTERNATORS

(120-400 rpm)
- Diesel engines or water
turbines
Noiseless
Reduced windage loss
Strong enough to
withstand mechanical
stresses
large number of poles =
large diameters and short
axial lengths

HIGH SPEED
ALTERNATORS (1500
OR 3000 rpm)
- Steam turbines
Mechanical robustness and
noiseless
Better e.m.f. waveform
because of a nearly sine
wave flux distribution
around the periphery.
2/4 poles = small diameters
and very long axial lengths.

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

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Problems
1. An alternator has 6 poles and runs at 1000 rpm. What is its
generated frequency? What must be its speed if frequency is to
be 25Hz?
2. The Binga Hydroelectric plant has a synchronous generator
whose rating is: 3; 27,800 kVA; 0.9 pf; 60Hz; 13,800V; 327.3
rpm. How many poles are there in the alternator? What is the
rated current? Assuming that the generator efficiency is
83.85%, what must be the horsepower rating of the hydraulic
turbine driving the generator?
3. A steam turbine is rated at 50,000kW, 0.8 pf, 3, 13.8kV,
60Hz, and there are two poles. What mist be the rated rpm in
the machine? What is the rated current? If the generator
efficiency is 90%, compute for the torque in pound-feet applied
to the shaft of the generator at rated speed.
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

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Problems
4. A diesel-engine generator is rated at 30kW, 0.85pf, 240V,
single-phase, 1800rpm. Fuel consumption is 2.2 gallons per
hour at full-load conditions. (1 US gallon = 3.785 liters). What
is the ampere rating of the generator? How many poles are
there in generator? Assuming that diesel fuel costs Php 3.50
per liter, how much will it cost to run the generator
continuously for one month under full load conditions? Only
30% of the BTU from the fuel is converted into electricity. If
BTU content of diesel oil is 140,000 BTU per gallon, how much
heat is wasted per hour of operation?

Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

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Charles R. Swindoll

~The End~
Engr. J.L. Tumbaga

Tuesday, November 15, 2016