Piping - Wikipedia

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Piping
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and gases)
from one location to another. The engineering discipline of piping design studies the
efficient transport of fluid.[1][2]
Industrial process piping (and accompanying in-line components) can be manufactured
from wood, fiberglass, glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, copper, and concrete. The in-line
components, known as fittings, valves, and other devices, typically sense and control the
pressure, flow rate and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included in
the field of Piping Design (or Piping Engineering). Piping systems are documented in
piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the
tube cleaning process.
"Piping" sometimes refers to Piping Design, the detailed specification of the physical
piping layout within a process plant or commercial building. In earlier days, this was
sometimes called Drafting, Technical drawing, Engineering Drawing, and Design but is
today commonly performed by Designers who have learned to use automated Computer
Aided Drawing / Computer Aided Design (CAD) software.,l

Large-scale piping system in an

HVAC mechanical room

Plumbing is a piping system with which most people are familiar, as it constitutes the
form of fluid transportation that is used to provide potable water and fuels to their homes
and businesses. Plumbing pipes also remove waste in the form of sewage, and allow venting of sewage gases to the outdoors.
Fire sprinkler systems also use piping, and may transport nonpotable or potable water, or other fire-suppression fluids.
Piping also has many other industrial applications, which are crucial for moving raw and semi-processed fluids for refining into
more useful products. Some of the more exotic materials of construction are Inconel, titanium, chrome-moly and various other
steel alloys.

Contents

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3
4
5
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7
8
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Engineering subfields
Stress analysis
Materials
Wooden piping history
Standards
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Engineering subfields
Generally, industrial piping engineering has three major subfields:
Piping material
Piping design
Stress analysis

Stress analysis

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Process piping and power piping are typically checked by pipe stress engineers to verify that the routing, nozzle loads, hangers,
and supports are properly placed and selected such that allowable pipe stress is not exceeded under different loads such as
sustained loads, operating loads, pressure testing loads, etc., as stipulated by the ASME B31, EN 13480 or any other applicable
codes and standards. It is necessary to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the piping under regular loads (internal pressure and
thermal stresses) as well under occasional and intermittent loading cases such as earthquake, high wind or special vibration, and
water hammer.[3][4] This evaluation is usually performed with the assistance of a specialized (finite element) pipe stress analysis
computer programs such as CAEPIPE[5] and CAESAR.[6]
In cryogenic pipe supports, most steel become more brittle as the temperature decreases from normal operating conditions, so it
is necessary to know the temperature distribution for cryogenic conditions. Steel structures will have areas of high stress that
may be caused by sharp corners in the design, or inclusions in the material.[7]

Materials
The material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for choosing any pipe. Materials that are used for
manufacturing pipes include:

Carbon steel
ASTM A252 Spec Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3 Steel Pile Pipe
Low temperature service carbon steel
Stainless steel
Nonferrous metals, e.g. cupro-nickel
Nonmetallic, e.g. tempered glass

Wooden piping history

Early wooden pipes were constructed out of logs that had a large hole bored lengthwise through the center.[8] Later wooden pipes
were constructed with staves and hoops similar to wooden barrel construction. Stave pipes have the advantage that they are
easily transported as a compact pile of parts on a wagon and then assembled as a hollow structure at the job site. Wooden pipes
were especially popular in mountain regions where transport of heavy iron or concrete pipes would have been difficult.
Wooden pipes were easier to maintain than metal, because the wood did not expand or contract with temperature changes as
much as metal and so consequently expansion joints and bends were not required. The thickness of wood afforded some
insulating properties to the pipes which helped prevent freezing as compared to metal pipes. Wood used for water pipes also does
not rot very easily. Electrolysis, that bugbear of many iron pipe systems, doesn't affect wood pipes at all, since wood is a much
better electrical insulator.
In the Western United States where redwood was used for pipe construction, it was found that redwood had "peculiar properties"
that protected it from weathering, acids, insects, and fungus growths. Redwood pipes stayed smooth and clean indefinitely while
iron pipe by comparison would rapidly begin to scale and corrode and could eventually plug itself up with the corrosion.[9]

Standards
There are certain standard codes that need to be followed while designing or manufacturing any piping system. Organizations
that promulgate piping standards include:
ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers - B31 series
ASME B31.1 Power piping (steam piping etc.)
ASME B31.3 Process piping
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
ASME B31.5 Refrigeration piping and heat transfer components
ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping systems
ASME B31.9 Building services piping
ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems (Withdrawn, Superseded by B31.4)

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ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM A252 Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles[10]
API - American Petroleum Institute
API 5L Petroleum and natural gas industriesSteel pipe for pipeline transportation systems[11]
EN 13480 - European metallic industrial piping code
EN 13480-1 Metallic industrial piping - Part 1: General
EN 13480-2 Metallic industrial piping - Part 2: Materials
EN 13480-3 Metallic industrial piping - Part 3: Design and calculation
EN 13480-4 Metallic industrial piping - Part 4: Fabrication and installation
EN 13480-5 Metallic industrial piping - Part 5: Inspection and testing
EN 13480-6 Metallic industrial piping - Part 6: Additional requirements for buried piping
PD TR 13480-7 Metallic industrial piping - Part 7: Guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures
EN 13480-8 Metallic industrial piping - Part 8: Additional requirements for aluminium and aluminium alloy piping
EN 1993-4-3 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures - Part 4-3: Pipelines
AWS - American Welding Society
AWWA - American Water Works Association
MSS Manufacturers' Standardization Society
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
NFPA - National Fire Protection Association
EJMA - Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association
Intro to pipe stress - http://oakridgebellows.com/metal-expansion-joints/metal-expansion-joints-in-one-minute/part-1thermal-growth+(one+minute)

See also

Firestop
Gasket
Hydraulic machinery
Hydrogen piping
Hydrostatic test
MS Pipe, MS Tube
Pipe network analysis

Piping and plumbing fittings

Coupling (piping)
Double-walled pipe
Elbow (piping)
Nipple (plumbing)
Pipe cap
Street elbow
Union (plumbing)
Valve
Victaulic
Pipeline pre-commissioning
Plastic pipework
Plastic Pressure Pipe Systems
Plumbing
Riser clamp
Thermal insulation

References
1. Editors: Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (1984). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company.
ISBN 0-07-049479-7.
2. Editor: McKetta, John J. (1992). Piping Design Handbook. Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBN 0-8247-8570-3.
3. [1] (http://catalog.asme.org/books/PrintBook/Process_Piping_Complete_Guide.cfm) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20060529120337/http://catalog.asme.org/books/PrintBook/Process_Piping_Complete_Guide.cfm) 29 May
2006 at the Wayback Machine.
4. Power Piping: ASME B31.1 (http://catalog.asme.org/Codes/PrintBook/B311_2004_Power_Piping.cfm)
5. http://www.sstusa.com/caepipe.php
6. "Intergraph CAESAR II - Pipe Stress Analysis". coade.com.
7. Temperature & Stress Analysis (http://www.pipingtech.com/technical/pdf/tempstress-cryoshoes.pdf) Piping Technology and Products,
(retrieved February 2012)
8. "BBC - A History of the World - Object : wooden water pipe". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-10.

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9. "Piping water through miles of Redwood". Popular Science: 74. December 1918.
10. H. "ASTM A252 Pipe Pile". China Huayang Steel Pipe.
11. "API 5L Specification Line Pipe (1) API Terms and Definitions". China Huayang Steel Pipe.

Further reading
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Guide, Revision 2
(http://engstandards.lanl.gov/esm/pressure_safety/process_piping_guide_R2.pdf) from Los Alamos National Laboratory
Engineering Standards Manual OST220-03-01-ESM
Seismic Design and Retrofit of Piping Systems, July 2002
(http://www.americanlifelinesalliance.org/pdf/Seismic_Design_and_Retrofit_of_Piping_Systems.pdf) from American
Lifelines Alliance website
Engineering and Design, Liquid Process Piping. Engineer manual, entire document
(http://publications.usace.army.mil/publications/eng-manuals/EM_1110-1-4008_sec/EM_1110-1-4008.pdf) (index page)
(http://publications.usace.army.mil/publications/eng-manuals/EM_1110-1-4008_sec/toc.htm) U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, EM 1110-l-4008, May 1999

External links
Building services piping links

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Pipes.

(https://www.dmoz.org//Construction_and_Maintenance/Materials_and_Supplies/Mechanical/Building_Services_Piping/)
at DMOZ
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piping&oldid=749722171"
Categories: Piping Plumbing Mechanical engineering Building engineering Chemical engineering

This page was last modified on 15 November 2016, at 21:03.

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