Chapter 4 Additional Problems

X4.1 Determine the value of the coefficient of coupling ( k) for the transformer of Example
4.7 of the text.
The turns ratio is
a

V1 240

2
V2 120

Based on [4.27],
M

Xm
400

0.5305 H
a 2 60 2

By use of [4.25] and [4.26],

L1

X1
0.18
aM
2 0.5305 1.0615 H

2 60

L2

X2 M
0.045 0.5305

0.2654 H

a 2 60
2

Using the conclusion of Problem 3.15,

k

L1 L2

0.5305

1.0615 0.2654

0.999

X4.2 For the ideal transformer circuit of Fig. X4.1, R p 18 , RL 6 , and X l 0.5 . If
V2 1200 V and PS 5600 W , (a) determine the turns ratio a, (b) the source voltage
VS , and (c) the input power factor PFS .

(a)
V 2 120
PRL 2
2400 W
RL
6
2

PR p PS PRL 5600 2400 3200 W

3200 18

V1 PR p R p
a

240 V

V1 240

2
V2 120

(b)
I2

V2 1200

200 A
RL
6

I1

1
1
I 2 200 100 A
a
2

I S I1

V1
2400
100
23.330 A
Rp
18

VS Z l I S V1 0.590 23.330 2400 240.282.78 V

(c)
PFS

PS
5600

0.999 lagging
VS I S 240.28 23.33

X4.3 For the circuit of Fig. X4.1, a 10 , RL 24 , R p 3.6 k , X l 100 , and

PL 2400 W . Calculate (a) VS and (b) PS .
(a)
V2 PL RL

2400 24

240 V

I 2 PL / RL 2400 / 24 10 A

Assume V2 on the reference.

V1 aV2 10 2400 24000 V
I1

1
1
I 2 100 10 A
a
10

I S I1

V1
24000
10
1.6670 A
Rp
3600

VS Z l I S V1 10090 1.6670 24000 2405.83.97 V

(b)

2400 2400 4000 W

V2
PS 1 PL
Rp
3600
2

X4.4 For the circuit of Fig. X4.1, a 2 , R p 20 , and RL 10 . Determine the percentage of input power PS that is dissipated by R p regardless of the voltage values.
% PS

% PS

V12 / R p 100
V12 / R p V22 / RL
a 2 RL 100
a 2 RL R p

a 2V22 / R p 100
a 2V22 / R p V22 / RL

2 2 10 100
2 2 10 20

66.7%

X4.5 For the circuit of Fig. X4.1, let RL 0 , R p 10 , X l 1 , and a 2 . Determine the
power factor PS .
With RL 0 , V2 0 and V1 aV2 0 ; thus R p is shorted and the input
impedance is j X l . Since I S must lag VS by 90,
PFS cos 90 0 lagging

X4.6 The non-ideal transformer of Fig. X4.2 has three coils each with identical number of
turns N. Terminal pair e-f is open circuit. If terminals b and c are connected together
and Vad 240 V (60 Hz), the input current is 1 A. If terminal pairs a-b and e-f are open
circuit and Vcd 120 V (60 Hz), predict the value of input current. Leakage flux and
coil resistance are to be neglected.

Based on [4.7], the maximum value of mutual flux for the two cases, respectively, is
m

Vad
240
2

4.44 N N f 4.44 2 N 60 4.44 N

Vcd
120
2

4.44 Nf 4.44 N 60 4.44 N

Or, the mutual flux has the same value for both cases. Thus, the magnetizing current
and core losses have identical values for both cases. Consequently, the input current
for the second case must also be 1 A.
X4.7 The non-ideal transformer of Fig. X4.2 has three coils each with identical number of
turns. Terminal pair e-f is open circuit. Leakage flux, coil resistance, and core losses
can be neglected. When the two left-hand coils are additively connected in parallel and
Vab 120 V (60 Hz), the input current is 2 A. If the lower coil (terminal pair c-d) is
disconnected (open circuit) and Vab remains 120 V (60 Hz), predict the value of input
current to the single coil.
Based on [4.7], the maximum value of mutual flux for both cases is given by
m

Vab
120
2

4.44 Nf 4.44 N 60 4.44 N

Hence, the mmf established for both cases must be identical. For the first case of
parallel-connected coils, the 2 A input current divides equally between the two coils to
produce an exciting mmf of 1 N 1 N 2 N . When one of the two coils is disconnected, the current through the remaining coil must increase to 2 A to produce the
required mmf of 2N. Thus, input current remains 2 A.
X4.8 For the ideal residential distribution transformer of Fig. X4.3, (a) determine current I1 .
(b) Assume that the two series-connected secondary windings are identical and determine the minimum kVA rating of a 2400:240/120 V transformer required to sustain this
load without risk of winding over-temperature.

(a)
I2

2400
120 A
20

I3

1200
I 2 120 120 240 A
10

I1

120
120
120
I2
I3
360 1.80 A
2400
2400
2400

(b) Since I3 is the larger secondary current, the rating is dictated by the lower secondary winding; thus,
S R 2V3 I 3 2 120 24 5.76 kVA

X4.9 The transformer of Fig. X4.4 is rated as 3 kVA, 240:120 V, 60 Hz if H 2 is connected to

H 3 with 240 V applied between H1 and H 4 . However, it is connected as shown in
Fig. X4.4 where Z1 10 . (a) Find the values of I X 1 and I H 3 . (b) Are all windings
operating within rated current values?

(a) Conclude from the voltage rating that three coils have identical number of turns.
VX 1 VH 3 VH 1 120 V
IX1

VX 1 120

20 A
R2
6

IH 3

VH 3 120

12 A
Z1
10

(b) Letting R denote rated,

I H 1R I H 2 R
I X 1R

SR
3000

12.5 A
VH 1H 4 R
240

S R 3000

25 A
VXR 120

From the results of part (a), it is seen that the X 1 -X 2 coil and the H 3 -H 4 coil are
operating within rated current.
1
1
I H1 I H 3
I X 1 12 20 32 A
1
1

Thus, the current of the H1 -H 2 coil significantly exceeds the rated value of 12 A.

X4.10 Determine the value of Ceq for the ideal transformer of Fig. X4.5.

a
X eq
1

1
2

Ceq 1

XC
2

1
4

C C

or
Ceq

1
4

X4.11 The three-winding ideal transformer of Fig. X4.6 has N1 N 2 2 N3 and identical
load resistors (R ) connected across coils 2 and 3. Determine the input impedance Z1
as indicated on Fig. X4.6.

MMF balance requires that

N1 I1 N 2 I 2 N 3 I 3
1

N1 I1 N1 I 2 N1I 3
2

or
1

I1 I 2 I3

(1)

Since the value of flux through all three coils is identical, V1 V2 2V3 . By Ohm's law,
I2

V2 V1

R R

(2)

I3

V3 V1

R 2R

(3)

Use (2) and (3) in (1) to find

I1

V1 V1 5V1

R 4R 4R

Hence,
Z1

V1 4
R
I1 5

X4.12 A 15 kVA, 2400:240/120 V, 60 Hz, two-winding transformer is to be reconnected as a

2400:2520 V step-up autotransformer. From test work on the two-winding transformer, it is known that its rated voltage core losses and coil losses are 280 W and
300 W, respectively. For this autotransformer, (a) determine the apparent power rating
and (b) the full-load efficiency if supplying 2520 V to a 0.8 PF lagging load.
(a) The connection is similar to Fig. 4.31b except that the upper coil consists of the
parallel additive connection of the two 120 V secondary windings. Following the
procedure of Example 4.14,
IH I2

15,000
125 A
120

VH V1 V2 2400 120 2520

S X S H VH I H 2520 125 315 kVA

(b) The core and copper losses are unchanged from the two-winding transformer.
Po S H PF 315,000 0.8 252 kW

Po 100
Po losses

252,000 100
252,000 280 300

99.77 %

X4.13 An autotransformer is frequently used as a variable voltage supply in the laboratory.

The construction is a single coil wound on a toroidal core. A common lead exists
between the input and output as shown by Fig. 4.32. The other output lead makes
sliding contact with the coil. If the input voltage is impressed across the total span of
the coil, then the two coil sections are always additive. If such an autotransformer is
rated for 20 A output, what must be the current rating of the winding?
Let be the per unit portion of the N turn coil between output leads. Then
mmf balance is given by
I1 1 N I 2 N

(1)

Referring to Fig. 4.32,

I1 I 2 I X 20

(2)

Simultaneous solution of (1) and (2) yields

I1 20

I 2 1 20

Whence it is seen that as 1 , I1 20 A and I 2 0 A . Conversely, as ,

I1 0 A and I 2 20 A . Thus, the coil must be rated for 20 A to handle the extremes
in output voltage.
X4.14 The transformer of Example 4.8 (using the approximate equivalent circuit) is supplying rated current and voltage to a load. For the load point, V1 2V2 V2' . Determine
the load PF.

This described condition can only occur for a leading PF as illustrated by the
phasor diagram of Fig. X4.7. By the Law of Cosines,
cos

V1 2 V2'

I 2' Z eq

'

2V1V2

From Example 4.8, I 2' 20.83 A , and

Z eq Req j X eq 0.12 j 0.36 0.379571.56

Then,
240 2 240 2 20.83 0.3795 2
1.887
cos
2 240 240

By application of KVL,
I 2'

V1 V2' 2401.887 2400

20.8219.38
Z eq
0.379571.56

PFL cos V2' I 2' cos 19.38 0.943 leading

X4.15 Three 100 kVA, 12,470:7200 V, 60 Hz, two-winding transformers are to be connected
to provide 300 kVA, 7200/4160 V service to an industrial customer from the threephase 7200 V distribution mains. (a) Determine the connection arrangement for this
transformer bank. (b) For balanced operation, with an apparent power load of 150
kVA, determine the values of line current on both sides of the transformer bank.
(a) To meet the service agreement of 300 kVA with rated voltages, the transformers
must be connected on the primary side. A wye connection on the secondary side
provides for 7200 V line-to-line and 4157 V (nominal 4160 V) line-to-neutral.
(b) With the transformer bank operating at half rated apparent power capability and
referring to Fig. 4.33d,
I L1

ST
150,000

6.94 A
S VL1
3 12, 470

I L2

ST
150,000

12.03 A
3 VL 2
3 7200

X4.16 A 25 kVA, 2400:240 V, 60 Hz, two-winding transformer is to be applied in a

distribution system with service at 2000:200 V, 50 Hz. (a) Is there any fundamental
problem with this application? (b) Determine the apparent power rating in the 50 Hz
application.
(a) Based on [4.7], the maximum value of mutual flux is
m

V1
4.44 N1 f

Since the ratio of voltage to frequency

V1 2400

f
60

60 Hz

2000
50

50 Hz

10

is unchanged, the magnetic core will operate at the design level of flux density with
the magnetizing current unchanged. The core losses, being frequency dependent, will
reduce in value, resulting in a cooler operating temperature. Operationally, there is no
problem.
(b) The transformer can still only thermally handle the rated current for the 60 Hz
design case. However, voltage has reduced. Thus,
ST

50
25 kVA 20.83 kVA
60

11