1. Explain in detail the differences between a mastery test and an achievement test.

A mastery test is used to determine whether a student has achieved enough

knowledge to meet some minimum requirement set by the tester. It is not used to
determine the relative ranking of students cognitive abilities but rather to
determine each students compliance, or lack of compliance, with some previously
determined standard or criterion. The purpose of an achievement test, on the other
hand, is to discriminate among different levels of accomplishment. It is usually not
reasonable to expect every student to achieve 100% of every cognitive objective
put forth, identifying each students progress toward meeting the objectives is of
great interest.

2. Describe in detail the how to construct and score a test for research purposes
(begin with page 150).

3. Discuss in detail the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing multiple-choice

questions.
Advantages: Questions can be scored and analyzed efficiently, quickly, and reliably.
There is less ambiguity than with other with other types of questions. Questions
with more than 2 responses are not as susceptible to chance errors caused by blind
guessing. Questions can be used to measure the higher-order cognitive processes,
such as application, analysis, synthesis am evaluation. Questions can measure
almost any educational objective. Questions can be analyzed to determine their
contribution to tests reliability and validity.
Disadvantages/limitations: Multiple-choice questions, because of their versatility,
do not have many intrinsic weaknesses. However, the required investment of time
makes multiple choice questions inefficient for small groups or one-time use. A few
objectives are not as efficiently measured by multiple-choice questions as by other
types of questions.

4. Discuss in the detail the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing essay

questions.
Advantages: The contention that essay questions promote the study of
generalizations rather than facts seems reasonable but has not been and probably
never will be conclusively substantiated. Essay questions can effectively measure

opinions and attitudes; however, we are seldom interested in measuring these

attributes in an institutional unit.
Disadvantages: inability to obtain a wide sample of achievement-because of the
time required to organize and write answers, it is not always possible to include
enough essay questions on a test to measure the achievement of each content and
educational objective. Inconsistent in scoring procedures- the most serious problem
associated with essay questions is the unreliability of the scoring procedures.
Because of the freedom the examinee has in constructing the essay answer, it is
often necessary for you to decide, sometimes subjectively, whether an examinee
has achieved an objective.

5. Discuss how to asses a test for validity and reliability.

ReliabilityIf a test was perfectly reliable then each examinees observed score
would be an exact representation of his or her level of achievement of whatever the
test measures. In actuality, of course, an observed score consists of two parts: the
true score and the error score. The error score may be positive or negative,
increasing or decreasing the observed score.
ValidityIf a written test does not measure what it is designed to measure, the
resulting test scores are of little value. For a written test, one of the most important
types of validity is content validity. This is generally determined subjectively by the
extent to which the individual test items represent a sufficient sample of the
educational and content objectives included in a course of instruction.

6. What are the components of health related fitness and how can each be
measured? In the measurement portion of each answer provide the gold standard
(best) and one that is considered to be a field measure if the gold standard is either
too time consuming of expensive to utilize with a large population.

7. What are some of the methods utilized to measure physical activity?

Bod-Pod:
Pros:
Accurate.
Little effort for subject.
Well suited for special populations.

Cons:
Availability of equipment.
Expensive.
Not suitable for mass testing.

Skinfold measurements:
indirect measurement.
measures subcutaneous fat, which is related to total body fat.
Pros:
good correlation to underwater weighing.
Cons: takes a lot of practitioner practice.
Dexa:
Uses x ray imaging to determine fat mass and FFM.
Good vailidity.
Pros:
accurate:
little effort needed.
low radiation.
Cons:
Expensive.
Availibility of equipment.
Not good for mass testing.
different makers machines produce different results.