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SERVICE STATION
ABSTRACT
The aim of
DESIGN AND FABRICATION MINI WATER SERVICE STATION
There is a lot of energy going to waste every day that we could
possibly take advantage of to power land transport. In order to explore
this theory, project using the pneumatic power to run the water pump.
By means of this project we can clean our vehicles and bikes
autumatically in our homes in simple manner.Finally the main reason for
creation of this project is to clean without spending more money. This
project has high advantage of not using the more electric power.
by compressed
PUMP
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes
slurries, by mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major
groups according to the method they use to move the fluid: direct lift,
displacement, and gravity pumps.
Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary),
and consume energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid.
Pumps operate via many energy sources, including manual operation,
electricity, an engine of some type, or pedal powerpower.
Types
A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed
amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge
pipe.
Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the
suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows
into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid
flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant
through each cycle of operation.Positive displacement pumps, unlike
centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, theoretically can produce the same
flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure.
Thus, positive displacement pumps are constant flow machines.
However, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases
prevents a truly constant flow rate.
A positive displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on
the discharge side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like
centrifugal pumps. A positive displacement pump operating against a
closed discharge valve continues to produce flow and the pressure in the
discharge line increases until the line bursts, the pump is severely
damaged, or both.
A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive displacement
pump is therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external.
The pump manufacturer normally has the option to supply internal relief
or safety valves. The internal valve is usually only used as a safety
Gear pumps - a simple type of rotary pump where the liquid is pushed
between two gears
Screw pumps - the shape of the internals of this pump usually two screws
turning against each other pump the liquid
Rotary vane pumps - similar to scroll compressors, these have a
cylindrical rotor encased in a similarly shaped housing. As the rotor
orbits, the vanes trap fluid between the rotor and the casing, drawing the
fluid through the pump.
A Screw pumps is a more complicated type of rotary pump that uses two
or three screws with opposing threade.g., one screw turns clockwise
and the other counterclockwise. The screws are mounted on parallel
shafts that have gears that mesh so the shafts turn together and everything
stays in place. The screws turn on the shafts and drive fluid through the
pump. As with other forms of rotary pumps, the clearance between
moving parts and the pump's casing is minimal.
Progressing cavity pump
Widely used for pumping difficult materials, such as sewage sludge
contaminated with large particles, this pump consists of a helical rotor,
about ten times as long as its width. This can be visualized as a central
core of diameter x with, typically, a curved spiral wound around of
thickness half x, though in reality it is manufactured in s single casting.
This shaft fits inside a heavy duty rubber sleeve, of wall thickness also
typically x. As the shaft rotates, the rotor gradually forces fluid up the
rubber sleeve. Such pumps can develop very high pressure at low
volumes.
Roots-type pumps
Named after the Roots brothers who invented it, this lobe pump displaces
the liquid trapped between two long helical rotors, each fitted into the
other when perpendicular at 90, rotating inside a triangular shaped
sealing line configuration, both at the point of suction and at the point of
discharge. This design produces a continuous flow with equal volume
and no vortex. It can work at low pulsation rates, and offers gentle
performance that some applications require.
Plunger pumps
These consist of a cylinder with a reciprocating plunger. The suction and
discharge valves are mounted in the head of the cylinder. In the suction
stroke the plunger retracts and the suction valves open causing suction of
fluid into the cylinder. In the forward stroke the plunger pushes the liquid
out of the discharge valve.
Efficiency and common problems: With only one cylinder in plunger
pumps, the fluid flow varies between maximum flow when the plunger
moves through the middle positions, and zero flow when the plunger is at
the end positions. A lot of energy is wasted when the fluid is accelerated
in the piping system. Vibration and water hammer may be a serious
Centrifugal pumps are most often associated with the radial-flow type.
However, the term "centrifugal pump" can be used to describe all
impeller type rotodynamic pumps including the radial, axial and mixedflow variations.
Radial-flow pumps
Often simply referred to as centrifugal pumps. The fluid enters along the
axial plane, is accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the
Gravity pumps
Gravity pumps include the syphon and Heron's fountainand there also
important qanat or foggara systems that simply use downhill flow to take
water from far-underground aquifers in high areas to consumers at lower
elevations. The hydraulic ram is also sometimes called a gravity pump.
Steam pumps
Steam pumps have been for a long time mainly of historical interest.
They include any type of pump powered by a steam engine and also
pistonless pumps such as Thomas Savery's, the Pulsometer steam pump
or the Steam injection pump.
Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in low power solar steam
pumps for use in smallholder irrigation in developing countries.
Previously small steam engines have not been viable because of
escalating inefficiencies as vapour engines decrease in size. However the
use of modern engineering materials coupled with alternative engine
configurations has meant that these types of system are now a cost
effective opportunity.
Types of centrifugal pumps
shaft). These pumps are used in low head, large capacity applications
such as water supplies, irrigation, drainage etc.
CHARACTERISTICS
The water pump is characterized by parameters such as:
Construction
Force rating
Speed or productivity
Safety features
Power consumption
To reduce manpower
Less Maintenance
COMPONENTS
The pneumatic cutting machine consists of
1. Suction & delivery pipes
2. Pneumatic cylinder
3. nozzle
4. water tank
5. Metal frame
Pneumatic cylinder
Pneumatic cylinders (sometimes known as air cylinders) are
mechanical devices which use the power of compressed gas to produce a
force in a reciprocating linear motion.
pneumatics are used to prevent fluid from dripping onto people below the
puppets.
Operation
Once actuated, compressed air enters into the tube at one end of
the piston and, hence, imparts force on the piston. Consequently, the
piston becomes displaced (moved) by the compressed air expanding in an
attempt to reach atmospheric pressure.
Types
Single-acting cylinder
Single-acting cylinders (SAC) use the pressure imparted by
compressed air to create a driving force in one direction (usually out),
and a spring to return to the "home" position. More often than not, this
type of cylinder has limited extension due to the space the compressed
spring takes up. Another downside to SACs is that part of the force
produced by the cylinder is lost as it tries to push against the spring.
Double-acting cylinders
Double-acting cylinders (DAC) use the force of air to move in both
extend and retract strokes. They have two ports to allow air in, one for
outstroke and one for instroke. Stroke length for this design is not
Other types
Through rod air cylinders: piston rod extends through both sides of
the cylinder, allowing for equal forces and speeds on either side.
Cushion end air cylinders: cylinders with regulated air exhaust to
avoid impacts between the piston rod and the cylinder end cover.
Rotary air cylinders: actuators that use air to impart a rotary
motion.
Rodless air cylinders: These have no piston rod. They are actuators
that use a mechanical or magnetic coupling to impart force, typically to a
table or other body that moves along the length of the cylinder body, but
does not extend beyond it.
Tandem air cylinder: two cylinders are assembled in series in order
to double the force output.
Impact air cylinder: high velocity cylinders with specially designed
end covers that withstand the impact of extending or retracting piston
rods.
Where:
is the compressive or tensile force
is the cross-sectional area of the piston rod
is the stress
However, if the length of the rod exceeds the 10 times the
value of the diameter, than the rod needs to be treated as a
column and buckling needs to be calculated as well
Instroke and Outstroke
cylinder
are related,
they
are
not directly
compressed gas.
The relationship between the force, radius, and pressure can
derived from simple distributed load equation:[7]
Where:
is the resultant force
is the pressure or distributed load on the surface
is the effective cross sectional area the load is acting on
Outstroke
Using the distributed load equation provided
the
Where:
represents the resultant force
represents the radius of the piston
is pi, approximately equal to 3.14159.
Instroke
On instroke, the same relationship between force exerted, pressure
and effective cross sectional area applies as discussed above for
outstroke. However, since the cross sectional area is less than the piston
area the relationship between force, pressure and radius is different. The
calculation isn't more complicated though, since the effective cross
sectional area is merely that of the piston surface minus the cross
sectional area of the piston rod.
For instroke, therefore, the relationship between force exerted, pressure,
radius of the piston, and radius of the piston rod, is as follows:
Where:
represents the resultant force
represents the radius of the piston
represents the radius of the piston rod
is pi, approximately equal to 3.14159.
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
S.No
Components
Quantity
1.
Pump
2.
Compressed air
5 bar
3.
nozzle
4.
pipes
5.
Water tank
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Compressed air
Pneumatic
cylinder
Reciprocating
motion
Water
pumping
Discharge
Working Principle
ADVANTAGES
Higher productivity
Simple in construction
No electric power
APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
1.
2.
4.
Machines, McGraw-Hill,
5.
Hounshell,
David
A. :
The
Development
of