Undergraduate Program in Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering

GD4002 Undergraduate Thesis

Deformation study of Anak Krakatau Volcano by InSAR Method

Alexander Daniel Pratama1, Dr. Dina Angreni2, Teguh Purnama Sidiq S.T., M.T. 3, Dr. Estu
Kriwati4
1,2,3
4

Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, West-Java, Indonesia.

Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG), Bandung. West-Java,

Indonesia.

Abstract
Deformation study of volcano activity is one primary aspect in geodynamic monitoring in
Earth. This study is located in Anak Krakatau Volcano where once it was a volcano known as
Krakatau Volcano. That volcano erupted in 1883 was categorized as eruption scale 6 of 9
according to Volcanic Explositivity Index.
Anak Krakatau born from the caldera of Krakatau eruption. It actives for a decade and its
significant activity is in the period 2006-2011. It was monitored by SAR satellite, ALOS-1
which is built and launched by JAXA (Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency). ALOS-1
uses L-band radar. It transmits the electromagnetic wave to earth terrain and generates a raw
radar image. The radar image contains phases data and amplitude data which is represented as
complex number. Therefore, the generation of inteferogram image from two radar images is
solved by complex conjugate cross-multiplying. Inteferogram image contains the total phases
of earth phenomena include deformation phases. The deformation of Anak Krakatau is
estimated by Differential InSAR with two-pass method. It requires Digital Elevation model to
build a synthetic inteferogram for vertical reference purpose.
Anak Krakatau Volcano shows deformation through five years observation (2006-2011). It is
shown by inteferogram images which shows variety of deformation model along observation
years. InSAR has a capability to observe a whole island of Anak Krakatau Volcano. This
deformation is followed by seismic activity of Deep Volcanic Earthquake (DVE), Shallow
Volcanic Earthquake (SVE), Local Tectonic Earthquake (LTE), and Far Tectonic Earthquake
(FTE). DVE and SVE are mostly affects Anak Krakatau Volcano where SVE is more dominant
than DVE.
InSAR measurement is good enough to measure the deformation of Anak Krakatau. It is
quantified by estimated the coherence value in each pixel of Anak Krakatau Volcano. There
are more than 60% pixels cover the observation area
Keywords: Deformation, InSAR, ALOS-1, Anak Krakatau
Interferometry SAR, Two-pass method, Seismic activity, Coherence.

Volcano,

Differential

Deformation study
I.

Introduction

Anak Krakatau is one of the volcanoes

which has a destructive potential in
Indonesia. This potential is due to the
predecessors of Anak Krakatau. They
were three volcanoes of Poerbawatan (120
m), Danan (480 m), and Rakata (800 m) in
one islands, Rakata island (Figure 1).
Figure 2 Anak Krakatau volcano satellite
image

Figure 1 Rakata island ilustration before

eruption in 1883 source (source:
photovolcanica.com)
The series of eruption begun in
Perboewatana from May to June 1883.
Conseequently, Perboewatan collapsed in
mid-June 1883 which caused widened of
eruption to Danan, and finally to Rakata.
Rakata begun eruption in August 26th 1883
12:53 p.m. It sent out of cloud gas and
debris an estimated 24 km. In later day, it
erupted violently which caused the
destruction of Rakata island to parts.
The scale of eruption is 6 from 9 based on
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI).
According to Anak Krakatau history,
should it have to conduct of deformation
study to know the characteristic
deformation of Anak Kraktau volcano. In
this paper, the study of deformation is
processed by inteferometric-SAR (InSAR)
methods. The advantages of InSAR are
large area covered, and sensitive
measurement deformation. The satellite
image of Anak Krakatau is provided in
figure 2.

Anak Krakatau is observed by ALOS-1

during 2006 to 2011. ALOS-1 is choosen
due to the only satellite which has SAR
sensor, PALSAR (Phased Array L-band
Synthetic Aperture Radar) and global
coverage. The wavelength of ALOS-1 is
23.6 cm which will be used as a conversion
unit from phase radian to international
standard for length unit.

II.

Data and method

There are 22 raw data of SAR which

divided two type of polarisation, Fine
Beam Single Precision (FBS) and Fine
Beam Double Precision (FBD). This
diffrentiation are bandwith and spatial
resolution. FBS has 29 MHz and 10 m,
while FBD is 14 MHz and 20 m (source:
asf.alaska.edu). Therefore, it need a
conversion data from FBD to FBS.
InSAR requires two SAR image in same
reference to make inteferogram images.
Theoritically, the first image and second
image have same position of exposure
station. However, it does not happen in
application. The difference position of
exposure station generates difference
coordinate system. It is solved by
polynomial secon order of coordinate
transformation. It is formulated on
equation 1 (Feretti et al, 2007).

Alexander Daniel Pratama

rs = a.rm 2 +b.rm +c.am +d
2

as = e. rm +f.rm +g. am +h

(1)

where, ( , ) are the range and azimuth

coordinate respectively of master image;
( , ) are the range and azimuth
coordinate respectively of slave image.
Eight Coefficient are defined as: d is fixed
azimuth shift; h is fixed range shift; b is
stretch in range; g is azimuth stretch; c,f are
range and azimuth skew respectively; a,e
are second order terms for processing large
swath.
Then, it begins inteferometric processing.
It processes with cross- multiplying
complex conjugate. It is due to raw data
contains phase data and amplutide data
which is represented as complex number
(ax+bi). The formulation of this process is
formulated in equation 2 (Amarjagal,
2003).
I = C1 . C2 = A1 A2 ei (1 -2 )

(2)

Where, is amplitude; is complex

number; = 1. While phases 1 , 2 ,
is the phase difference between
corresponding pixel. The differential of
1 2 is known as interferometric. It
is formulated in equation 3 (Amarjagal,
2003),
= arctan (

Im (I)
) =1 -2
Re (I)

(3)

The process of interferometric signal

generates inteferogram images. It contains
the total phase of earth phenoma and
objects. It is formulated in equation 4
(Zhang Yanjie)
(4)
total =
topo +orbit +earth +atm +def +noise
Where, differential phase of topography
topo , differential phase of orbit orbit ,
differential phase of earth curvature
, differential phases of
atmospheric atm , differential phase of

deformation def , and differential phase

of noise noise
The process to extract deformation
differential
phase
is
diffirential
inteferometric (DInSAR). There are 3
DInSAR methods of two-pass, three-pass,
four-pass. GMTSAR default process uses
two-pass method to obtains deformation
differential phases. It requires Digital
Elevation Model (DEM) to uses as vertical
references. DEM coordinates system and
height values converse to radar coordinate
system (Azimuth-Range) and phase radian
respectively.
Before DInSAR begin, inteferogram
flattening is done first. Total differential
phases is corrected by topography
diffential phases and orbit differential
phases. It is formulated in equation 5
(Feretti et al., 2007, Tobita et al., 2008)
0
(5)
4 B,P
4
Hterrain - B
0
R sin

Hsat - Hterrain
-1
)}
sin {- cos (
R
0
Where, is radar wavelength, B,P
is
perpendicular baseline from master to
slave, Hterrain is height in the spesific point
on earth, R is slant range, Hsat is satellite
altitude from vertical reference, is look
angle of satellite. Topography differential
phases uses DEM to build sythethic
inteferogram image as vertical references
of inteferogram image or Single Look
Complex (SLC) image/

inf = -

After the inteferogram flatening, the

process is continued to phase unwrapped.
The principal observation is twodimensional relative phase signal for
interferometric applications (Ramon,
2001). It is 2-modulus of absolute phase
signal. Therefore, the signal processes
which contains topography height
information is wrapped to follow absolute
phase signal. The ilustration is given in
figure 2.

Deformation study
2.

3.
Figure 3 Unwrapped phase process
(Sources: PPT. EE/Ae 157 b)
4.
SAR error such as foreshortening and
layover causes more complex solution to
obtain the un-delay phase.
For
conventional methods is formulated in
equation 6 (Ramon F., 2001),

For these points, the position at

the time of imaging along orbit 2
is retrieved together with
corresponding ranges,
The range differences are
determined for every referenced
point, covnverted to phase
diffrences.
Finally, interpolated for every
resolution
cell
of
the
interferogram.

w = W {}=mod{+,2}-,
with
(6)
R
= -4
+N =2k+N

Where, W is wrapping operator, R = the

difference in slant range to the two satellite
position, N [- , c ) express additive
phase noise, and k is the integer ambiguity
number.
The ambiguity is solved by some
assumption based on a priori knowledge of
the terrain. It is assumed that phase
gradient between adjacent pixel in the
image is limited to the [- , ).
Consequently, if the phase gradient is
larger than +, a cycle is subtracted, and if
less than -, a cycle. It is illustrated in
figure 2.11.
The final process is geocoding. Geocoding
is coordinate system transformation of
radar coordinates to geodetic reference
system, such as WGS 84 (Ramon F.H.,
2002). According to Remote Sensing and
Digital Image Processing 2 by Ramon F.H.,
there are four steps of geocoding:
1.

A few positions (time) along orbit

1, the ranges to a few equally
distributed
points
in
the
inteferogram area are determined.
At first steps, Doppler frequency
used for the SAR focusing, the
range time, and the definistion of
the referenced body are used to
find the location of defined point.

Figure 4 InSAR workflow

III.

Results

During 2007 2011, Anak Krakatau

Volcano reactivated. It was followed with
eruption and seismic activity. The detail
date of activation started October 23rd
2007 to July 10th 2011 (ESDM, 2015).
Monitoring station stated Anak Krakatau
seismic activity could happen more than
6000 frequencies every day according to
ESDM report.

Alexander Daniel Pratama

There are two ground sample which
locates at coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o
2522.44 E, and 6o610.44 S, 105o
2531.44
E.
Geographic
system
coordinate uses WGS 84.
InSAR measurement, as shown in figure 5,
on June 23rd 2007 shows Anak Krakatau
Volcano has done deflation in dome region
coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E,

of -19.81 mm. It was followed by 4426

Deep Volcanic Earthquake (DVE), 9894
Shallow Volcanic Earthquake (SVE), 406
Local Tectonic Earthquake (LTE), and
516 Far Tectonic Earthquake (FTE) from
January 1st 2005. Similarly, coordinate
6o610.44 S, 105o 2531.44 E, deflation
is -23.39 mm.

Figure 5 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 23 June 2007

On 8 August 2007, Anak Krakatau still shows deflation in the dome region coordinate
6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E, yet the deflation declines to -8.141 mm. Until this date,
seismic activity was recorded to 124 DVE, 124 SVE, 16 LTE, and 22 FTE from June 23rd 2007.
Similar to coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o 2531.44 E, it declines -7.035 mm. It is shown in
figure 6.

Deformation study

Figure 6 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 8 August 2007

On 23 September 2007, InSAR measurement still shows deflation in the dome region region
coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E. The deflation increases -14.17 mm. Until this date,
seismic activity was recorded to 190 DVE, 192 SVE, 30 LTE, and 41 FTE from August 8th
2007. However, there was a change of inflation area. It is marked in eastern and south-eastern
part of Anak Krakatau island. This data is shown in figure 7.

Figure 7 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 23 September 2007

On 8 February 2008, there is not formed inteferogram image. It can be seen in figure 8. Until
this date, Anak Krakatau was followed to 9985 DVE, 7010 SVE, 562 LTE, and 10213 FTE
from September 23rd 2007.

Alexander Daniel Pratama

Figure 8 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 8 February 2008

On 10 Mei 2008, InSAR measurement cannot detect deformation in coordinate region
coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E and region coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o 2531.44
E. Dome region recovers slowly from February 8th 2008 model, but some regions cannot be
still measured (blank area). This is caused by some eruption on 2 to 22 April 2008 (PVMBG,
2008). It can be seen in figure 9 which the purple box indicates eruptions. Until this date, Anak
Krakatau seismic activity was recorded to 2575 DVE, 3924 SVE, 16 LTE, and 20 FTE from
February 8th 2008.

Figure 9 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 10 May 2008

On June 25th 2008, InSAR measurement cannot detect deformation in coordinate region
coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E and region coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o 2531.44
E. It can be seen in figure 10 which there are still blank data in dome region. Seismic activity
was recorded to 5239 DVE, 9989 SVE, 16 LTE, 24 FTE from Mei 10 th 2008.

Deformation study

Figure 10 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 25 June 2008

On September 25th 2008, InSAR measurement cannot detect deformation in coordinate region
coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E and coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o 2531.44 E. It
can be seen in figure 11. Until this date, seismic activity was recorded to 1868 DVE, 6321
SVE, 49 LTE, and 25 FTE from June 25th 2008.

Figure 11 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 25 September 2008

On November 10th 2008, InSAR measurement only detect deformation in coordinate region
coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E, while coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o 2531.44 E
cannot be measured. As it seen in figure 3.12, coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E
uplifts 1.739 mm. Until this date, seismic activity was recorded to 241 DVE, 496 SVE, 11
LTE, 12 FTE activity from June 25th 2008.

Alexander Daniel Pratama

Figure 12 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 10 November 2008

On December 26th 2008, InSAR measurement has about covered 90% of Anak Krakatau
Volcano area. It can be seen in figure 13 The dome region 6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E,
does deflation -38.43 mm, although coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o 2531.44 E does inflation
0.025 mm. Until this date, there was 251 DVE, 1326 SVE, 19 LTE, and 13 FTE from
November 10th 2008.

Figure 13 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 26 December 2008

On February 10th 2009, InSAR measurement shows almost complete covered area of Anak
Krakatau Volcano. As it can be seen in figure 14, coordinate 6.1o S,105.4o E does deflation 12.04 mm. Similar to coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o 2531.44 E, deflation is -0.055 mm which
is slower than coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E. Until this date, seismic activity was
recorded to 200 DVE, 805 SVE, 5 LTE, and 10 FTE from December 24 th 2008.

Deformation study

Figure 14 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 10 February 2009

On June 28th 2009, there does not formed inteferogram image. This is caused by some eruption
in 2 April to 22 May 2009 (PVMBG, 2009). It can be seen in figure 15 which purple box
indicates eruptions. Until this date, seismic activity was recorded to 467 DVE, 6066 SVE, 5
LTE, and 6 FTE from February 10th 2008.

Figure 15 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 28 June 2009

On September 29th 2009, InSAR measurement cannot detect deformation (figure 16) in
coordinate region coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E and coordinate 6o610.44 S,
105o 2531.44 E. Until this date, seismic activity was recorded to 49 DVE, 6403 SVE, 3 LTE,
and 8 FTE from February 10th 2008.

Alexander Daniel Pratama

Figure 16 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 29 September 2009

On November 13th 2009, there does not formed inteferogram image. It can be seen in figure
17. Until this date, seismic activity was recorded to 34 DVE, 216 SVE, 2 LTE, and 26 FTE
from September 29th 2009.

Figure 17 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 13 November 2009

On December 29th 2009, InSAR measurement cannot detect deformation in coordinate (figure
18) region coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E and coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o
2531.44 E. Until this date, seismic activity was recorded to 82 DVE, 456 SVE, 3 LTE, and
16 FTE from November 13th 2009.

Deformation study

Figure 18 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 29 December 2009

On February 13th 2009, InSAR measurement almost covers Anak Krakatau Volcano. As it can
be seen in figure 19, the dome region has best model from all InSAR model. In this date, Anak
Krakatau does not deform extremely which is may be in dormant state. This is supported by
low seismic activity occurrence especially DVE and SVE. Until this date, seismic activity was
recorded to 34 DVE, 216 SVE, 2 LTE, and 26 FTE from December 29th 2009.

Figure 19 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 13 February 2010

On July 1sh 2010, InSAR measurement only detect deformation in coordinate region coordinate
6.103oS,105.4oE, while coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E cannot be measured. As it
seen in figure 20, coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o 2531.44 E uplifts 8.995 mm. Until this date,
seismic activity was recorded to 292 DVE, 1096 SVE, 10 LTE, and 13 FTE from February
13th 2010.

Alexander Daniel Pratama

Figure 20 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 1 July 2010

On August 16th 2010, InSAR measurement only detect deformation in coordinate region
coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E, while coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o 2531.44 E
cannot be measured. As it seen in figure 21, coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o 2531.44 E
deflation -2.796 mm. In this date, seismic activity was recorded to 992 DVE, 3256 SVE, 10
LTE, and 13 FTE from July 1st 2010.

Figure 21 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 16 August 2010

On October 1sh 2010, InSAR measurement only detect deformation in coordinate region
coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o 2531.44, while coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o 2522.44 E
cannot be measured. Based on figure 22, coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o 2531.44 E shows
increase of uplift 2.026 mm. Until this date, seismic activity was not recorded from February
13th 2010 due to broken device is caused by eruption before.

Deformation study

Figure 22 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 1 October 2010

On November 16sh 2010, InSAR measurement does not covers Anak Krakatau Volcano
(Figure 23). In this date, seismic activity was recorded to 1174 DVE, 5572 SVE, 6 LTE, and
4 FTE from August 16th 2010.

Figure 23 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 16 November 2010

On January 1sh 2010, InSAR measurement does not covers Anak Krakatau Volcano (Figure
24). In this date, seismic activity was recorded to 421 DVE, 4551 SVE, 0 LTE, and 4 FTE
from November 16th 2010.

Alexander Daniel Pratama

Figure 24 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 1 January 2011

On February 16th 2011, InSAR measurement does not covers Anak Krakatau Volcano (Figure
25). Until this date, seismic activity was not recorded from January 1 st 2011 due to broken
device is caused by eruption before.

Figure 25 Line of sight of Anak Krakatau on 16 February 2011

The summary of temporal seismic activity is summarized in table 2, and plotted in figure 26,
and 27 according to pixel sampling coordinates. There is also add three coordinate samples
which is still located in dome region (Figure 28, Figure 29, Figure 30). The interesting
deformation of Anak Krakatau based on Figure 3.26 to Figure 3.30, especially part b of them,
it is the deformation first appears and then the seismic activity follows the deformation. From
23 June to 23 September 2007, there is inflation trend during those dates. Amongst 5 sample
coordinate, coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o 2531.44 E has the highest differential line of sight
from those dates. It is 42.485 mm.

Deformation study
Table 1 Quantity of quake event recorded
Date
23 Jun 07
8 Aug 07
23 Sep 07
8-Feb-08
10-Mai-08
25-Jun-08
25-Sep-08
10-Nov-08
26-Dez-08
10-Feb-09
28-Jun-09
29-Sep-09
13-Nov-09
29-Dez-09
13-Feb-10
1-Jul-10
16-Aug-10
1-Okt-10
16-Nov-10
1-Jan-11
16-Feb-11

DVE
4426
124
190
9985.5
2575
5329
1868
241
251
200
467
49
34
82
155
292
992
0
1174
421
0

SVE
9894
124
192
7010.2
3924
9989
6321
496
1326
805
6066
6403
216
456
594
1096
3256
0
5572
4551
0

LTE

FTE
406
16
30
56.2
16
16
49
11
19
5
5
3
2
3
6
10
10
0
6
0
0

516
22
41
10212.7
20
24
25
12
13
10
6
8
26
16
7
13
13
0
4
4
0

Alexander Daniel Pratama

(a)

(b)
Figure 26 Seismic activity of Anak Krakatau Volcano coordinate 6o558.56 S, 105o
2522.44 E (area marked in google earth (a) and purple box indicates eruption (b))

Deformation study

(a)

(b)
Figure 27 Seismic activity of Anak Krakatau Volcano coordinate 6o610.44 S, 105o
2531.44 E (area marked in google earth (a) and purple box indicates eruption (b))

Alexander Daniel Pratama

(a)

(b)
Figure 28 Seismic activity of Anak Krakatau Volcano coordinate 6o67.5 S, 105o
2531.50 E (area marked in google earth (a) and purple box indicates eruption (b))

Deformation study

(a)

(b)
Figure 29 Seismic activity of Anak Krakatau Volcano coordinate 6o622.50 S, 105o
2534.50 E (area marked in google earth (a) and purple box indicates eruption (b))

Alexander Daniel Pratama

(a)

(b)
Figure 30 Seismic activity of Anak Krakatau Volcano coordinate 6o628.50 S, 105o
2531.50 E (area marked in google earth (a) and purple box indicates eruption (b))

3.2.1 Coherence
The
quality control
of
InSAR
measurement for deformation Anak
Krakatau Volcano uses coherence value in

each pixel of the data. There are 21 pair

inteferogram image, but only 20 of them is
generated by GMTSAR. It is due to one

Deformation study
pair inteferogram image fails in coregistering process.

IV.

Coherence threshold value sets to 0.25. If

a pixel value in each inteferogram images
are lower than threshold value, it will not
count as one pixel. However, if a pixel
value is higher than threshold value, it will
count as one pixel. The result is maximum
value of 16 in a pixel from a total
coherence image of 20 inteferogram
images. It indicates 75% from each pixel
of total coherence image passes threshold
value. It can be seen in figure 3.28 that is
the distribution of coherence value mostly
concentrated between 0.2 and 0.7.

During 23 June 2007 - 10 May 2008,

InSAR shows Anak Krakatau Volcano
mostly deflation in dome region. The
average deformation at coordinate
6.1o,105.4o and 6.103o,105.4o are -8.424
mm and -3.673 mm respectively. Deflation
at dome area is followed by 17300 DVE
and 21144 SVE. It means Anak Krakatau
Volcano active seismically.

Figure 31 InSAR coherence Anak

Krakatau Volcano
The maximum coherence mostly occurs in
northern and southern part of volcano
(Figure 32) where there is not any
vegetation growth according to figure 2.
Anak Krakatau dome area has low
coherence value because of volcanic
activity especially volcanic ash and
eruption smoke.

Figure 32 Total coherence of Anak

Krakatau Volcano

Conclusions and
Recommendations

Anak Krakatau Volcano also entered

dormant state on 8 August 2007,10 May
2008, 25 September 2008, and 13
February 2010. There was not any
significant deformation. The seismic
activity recorded temporally recorded low
frequency activity. This can be seen in
figure 3.2, 3.5, 3.7, and 3.15.
On 1 July 2010 1 January 2011, the
model shows Anak Krakatau in active
state. It is shows by inteferogram images
each date observations. They show the
deformation in whole island, but cannot
measure of two ground sample near dome
region.
The blank pixel in the image is caused by
low coherence of signal phase between
two images. Interferogram of two images
are high different phase which will
generates noises in the images. There
might be some factors of extreme
deformation, failure co-register, failure
phase unwrapped, etc. As it is seen in
figure 1.1, The eastern side and southeastern Anak Krakatau Volcano grow
vegetation such as trees. Consequently, it
causes low coherence value in that area
because of the growth of tree cannot be
avoided.
InSAR measurement is good to monitor
deformation of Anak Krakatau Volcano.
According to total pixel coherence image,
there are more than 60%-pixel cover Anak
Krakatau Volcano site.
InSAR method has modelled a whole
process of how Anak Krakatau
deformation is. The study can be continued

Alexander Daniel Pratama

to modelling the sub-surface of Anak
Krakatau. It will be one of others key to
understand the deformation process.
Statistical analyses can be continued to
InSAR deformation modelling equation to
get the mean value of deformation.
Data supports are also needed to support
the model. It can be quantity of seismic
activity, seismic magnitude, picture of the
observation day, etc. They will describe
Anak Krakatau model comprehensively.

References
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C., & Rocca, F. (2007). InSAR
Principles: Guidelines for SAR
Interferometry Processing and
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ESTEC.
Hansen, R. F. (2002). Remote Sensing
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EW YORK, BOSTON,
DORDRECHT, LONDON,
MOSCOW: KLUWER
ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS.
Randall B. Smith, P. (2012). Introduction
to Interpreting Digital RADAR
Images. MicroImages, Inc.
Rosen, P. A. (2014). Principles and
Theory of Radar Interferometry.
UNAVCO.
Ying, L.. PHASE UNWRAPPING.
Milwaukee: University of
Wisconsin Milwaukee.