Chapter 1

1.10 Introduction to the Project Mehewara Piyasa

The Project Mehewara Piyasa is one of another ongoing large scale construction
project of the government. The key purpose of the project is to bring into one roof all
the social protection services for providing efficient productive services. This building
will be the tallest government owned building after finishing. With 7.891 billion rupee
huge budget, the building has 35 stories including Ground Floor and two Basements.
Five levels were reserved for parking.( Two basements & 1 to 3 Levels.) Level 4 to
Level 27 is typical, mainly custom portioned Office Areas. Level 28 to 30 for
Auditorium.

1.11 Site Location

The construction site of the proposed building Mehewara Piyasa is located at

Narahenpita Junction very next to the building of the Ministry of Labour and Trade
Union Relations.

1.12 Project Profile

Project: Proposed Multi : Storied Office Building for Commissioner General
of Labour(MOL) Mehewara Piyasa
Client:- Department of Labour(DOL)
Contractor: - SP-Sierra Joint Venture (Pvt.) Ltd.
Contract type:- Measure & Pay
Consultant:- Design Consortium Ltd.
Project Management:- Department of Building
Project Commencement:- 2013/10/22
Project Completion:- 2016/10/22(Extended)
Project Value:- Rs. 7,891,000,000.00(Without Vat)
Total Site Area:- 0.447Ha

Fig. 1.10 3D Image of the Building

1.13 Site Management Plan

1.14 Setting Out & preparation of Foundation at site

The purpose of foundation is to spread the loads from a structure evenly on to the
ground in such a way that the ground is able to support the loads applied. There are
number of different types of foundation. Loading and ground condition should be
considered to select the foundation type.

Strip foundation

Pad foundation

Raft foundation

Pile foundation

In visiting site, building consist 32 floors. But, the subsoil does not have that much
bearing capacity. Geological soil report recommended pile foundation, therefore Pile
foundation was selected.
The setting out of the building has been done by establishing three permanent
Control Points. Total Station was used for the work. Initial setting out was done for
the pilling works. It was the initial stage of the foundation works.
Sub Contractor for Pilling Works: Walkers Piling (Pvt) Ltd
Commencement: Late 2009
NO. of finished piles: 104
Pile Type: 1500mm & 1800mm diameter end bearing piles drilled not
exceeding than 1m into the bedrock.

1.14.1 Offset Points on Slab

After concreting the slab after day morning they starting the setting out part survey
hole used to get a point on to the slab .Plumb bob, theodolite, threads. they used to
this procedure.
And they sometimes used to set out off set points on slab by using the Total Station
Instrument. The following steps were taken to achieve this task:

Obtained coordinates of 1000mm offset points from column centers by using

the auto cad drawing.

Setup the Total Station above the known control point(see the below level
slab in the small void on slab).

Entered the coordinates of two control points and oriented the instrument by
targeting the telescope to the prism.

Entered the required coordinates and marked the points on slab by directing
the prism along the slab.

Drawn the off lines by connecting the points on the slab by a marking chord.

Chapter 2
2.10 Formworks
A rigid structure or mould fixed temporarily which is retained size, shape and the
position of Structural elements (Column, Walls, Beam, and Slab) unfit set up fresh
concrete. Formwork is the single largest cost component in the concrete building. In
some situation cost of formwork is higher than steel and concrete. Selection of
suitable formwork mainly depends on project quality, time and cost of erecting and
removing, safety of formwork and direct and indirect costs. Formwork should be
easily fabricate, easily erect and remove and more times reusable. There are two
types of formwork solution, which are:

Conventional Formwork

Basic formwork solution which can design carpenters also. Normally used Plywood,
Lumbers (2x2, 2x4), GI pipes, thread bar, Form tics, P-Cone, Props and Chains.

SystemFormwork

Differentiate with conventional formwork which are prefabricated outside of the job.
It's made of steel or timber specific shapes and sizes. In the world there different
Brands of system formwork which PERI, Doka, MEVA etc.
In the Mehewara Piyasa Project, PERI Formwork solution is being used and
combined with Conventional system also. PERI is a professional Formwork solution
service provider in Germany. PERI Formwork product included self-climbing, panel
and many of different types of products. Mainly in site used MULTIPLEX Girder slab
formwork, LIWA panels and VARIO GT 24 Column and Wall formwork.

2.10.1 LIWA Panel Formwork for Columns

PERI LIWA, the extremely lightweight panel formwork was specially developed for
construction sites where crane capacities are very limited or forming must take place
completely by hand. The lightweight panels also allow problem-free use as side
formwork for columns. In the process, the small numbers of different-sized panels ensure
fast material planning as well as easy storage in the stockyard and on the construction
site. LIWA has been designed for a fresh concrete pressure of 50 kN/m.

2.10.1.1 Components & Uses

Fig.2.10 Wedge Clamp LIWA

For standard element connections.

Fig.2.11 Wedge Clamp Compensation

LIWA
For compensations up to 5cm thickness.

Fig. 2.12 Corner Connector LIWA

Fig. 2.13 Brace Connector Liwa

For external corner & columns

kicker.

For connecting push pull props &

braces to LIWA elements.

Fig. 2.14 Wing Nut

Fig. 2.15 Tie Rod

For anchoring Tie rods

Resist tension produced by lateral

pressure of the concrete and used
to lock wall forms

Fig.2.16 Panel LIWA

Column formwork is a vertical form or panel in different sizes and shapes, which
have designed to resist initial hydrostatic pressure of wet concrete. All column
formwork done in LIWA and VARIO panels, which are easy to handle, less
carpenters requirement and less time taken to finish the job. LIWA panels no need
tower crane to shuttering the columns. Lightweight characteristic of LIWA panels
which help to shutter two carpenters only to shutter the column. When shuttering
LIWA panel it is good practice to remember panel should have at least 200mm outer
from the edge of the element to connect Corner Connector orthogonal to other side
of panel. It's important to supervise wedge clamps are fixed in three positions of the
two panels align them. When casting element is large Tie rods have to install where
two LIWA panel touching with Wing Nut. These Tie rods are cut more than (column
size + 250mm). Two side of form are propped from one long adjustable prop and
short prop. Top long prop used to adjust the formwork verticality. And short kicker
prop used to positioning formwork in correct location. Check top formwork
dimension accuracy, plumb of formwork, close leakages are some of good trait
to practice before inspection start.

Fig. 2.17 Connected LIWA panels of a

column

Fig. 2.18 Aligned column

2.10.2 VARIO Panel Formwork for Columns

VARIO Panels are fabricated into different shapes. There are two L-shape panels lift
by Tower crane into correct location and shutter the column. VAIRO panels are
fabricated in the site according to drawing given by PERI Company. Design concrete
pressure considered 50 KN/ m2 (double of fresh concrete pressure) and allowable
maximum Girders spacing is 0.3m. Two Steel Waler are supported to Girders in 3m
high panel. Two L-shaped VARIO panels are joining and tightening by Tie rods.

2.10.2.1 Components & Uses

Fig. 2.19 Wedge Headpiece

Fig. 2.20 Wedge

For connecting push pull props

For coupling compression plate,

and kicker braces to steel waler

wedge headpiece and waler

Fig. 2.22 Anchor Bolt

Fig. 2.21 Base Plate

For assembly of push-pull props

Re-usable bolt for mounting push-pull

props

Fig. 2.23 VARIO VT20 Girder

Used in slab soffit forming (MULTFLEX) as primary and secondary support and
VARIO panel design.
Available sizes are 3.9m, 3.6m, 2.9m, 2.65m, 2.45m, 2.15m, 1.45m.
Weight about 5.9 kg/m.
Permissible bearing force 11KN.

Fig. 2.24 VARIO Coupling

For continuously variable tight(Tension and
compression) connection of steel walers or for
filler plates.

Fig. 2.25 Steel Walers

Fig. 2.27 Push Pull Props

Fig. 2.26 Side view of a VARIO

Panel

One end connect to waler and other end to

base plate. Used for aligning PERI formwork
systems

2.10.3 VARIO Panel Formwork for Shear Walls

Wall formwork also vertical form arrangement resist lateral pressure exert from fresh
concrete. Typically design of shear walls formwork, engineer should understand to
design shear wall without fail until gain sufficient strength. Shear walls have large
amount concrete volume, therefore exert pressure is high.
Due to time wasting in conventional wall formwork VARIO Panels are designed to
required shapes and used at site. MOL Project has 10 shear walls and from them
8walls are anchored with column. Following figure shows corner shear wall in MOL
Project J/H-2.

Fig. 2.28 Plan View of

the shear wall

Shear wall consist of one long panel (outer panel), 04 L-shaped panels and one
straight panel. Initially outer long panel lift from crane and slowly cover the
reinforcement to correct position and lock temporary. Before shuttering the panel
marking is done to position of outer panel edges on the kicker for convenience.
Because outer panel heavier difficult to adjust after shuttering and panel ( Cross
section about 400mm at corners) inserting space insufficient due to 400mm from
external scaffolding to concrete finish. Thoroughly have to ensure that below external
scaffolding are anchored from wall supports. Other interior panels are shuttered
according to PERI drawings to correct position. Filler (a gap between panel) should
be uniform gap because outer L-shaped panel hasnt any support and that panel
plumb depends on filler adjustment. After closing all panels angle distance of
4300mm should have to check at the top and all other dimensions also checked.
Plumbing are done same as others and ensure that tie rods are tightened and gaps
are closed.

Fig.2.29 VARIO GT 24 Girder Wall

Fig.2.30 External Panel Connected

Formwork Panel

wall

Fig. 2.31 Connected

LIWA Panels with
VARIO VT20 Girders

2.10.4 Beam Formwork

Beam formwork is a three side box including two sides and soffit which sides retain initial
static wet concrete load and soffit form bear initial load (imposed load and reinforcement
load) and wet concrete load.
Beam formwork done in conventional method first carpenters prepared beam soffit form,
which is done simply according to GA (General Arrangement) calculated the span
length and width of the beam. Carpenters used Power Saw to saw the plywood and
2X2" wooden runner. And attached long GI pipes along the soffit and nailed 2X2"
runner across it. Tower crane used to lift and lowered in correct place. And adjustable steel
props are propped along beam soffit 500 mm intervals doubly. Provide adequate
supports to bear any type of load significant without deform or failure. Before placing the
beam soffit, we need to fix the soffit kicker at column top. It is important to check and re
check

the

kicker

height

from

the TBM where marked on column. Height can be calculated as follow,

Measuring Height = Upper structural beam level TBM Beam depth Plywood
Tk.
Next step is setup the side board of beam formwork. These side boards are sawed
height of sides of beam plus 60mm to nailed soffit formwork runner. Side board height
also can be determined as follow,
Sideboard Height = Beam depth Slab thickness Plywood thickness
If there is Drop where; slab to beam Drop amount should be added and beam to slab
drop amount should be subtracted.
Carpenters measure that height from steel tape and nailed 2"nails half on the board. And
two of the side board 2.X2" runners are fixed to support top slab form. When carpenter
work on that supervisor instruct to wear safety harness. After fixed one side of form,
hammer drill used to make holes at the bottom of side form in 500 or 600mm spacing.
For inserting separates (thread bar with p-cones) make sure resist lateral pressure of wet
concrete. For higher depth beams two separates are inserted where top and bottom of
side form. These thread bar cut 15mm less than beam width. Beam side forms are
locked after lowered beam reinforcement. Two workers need for lock used 6000mm GI

pipes along Side form and two 2X2" runners are placed and locked with form ties
vertically across the GI pipes.

2.10.4.1 Components & Uses

Fig. 2.32 P Cone with Tread

Bars

Fig. 2.33 Form Tie

Clamping device on each end, are

Maintain constant distance

installed through the forms to

between two side boards

resist the bursting pressure

exerted by the concrete

Fig. 2.34 GI Pipes

Resists the pressure occurred by
fresh concrete

Fig. 2.35 Props with hook turn

buckle
Bear the weight including
reinforcement and concrete. By
adjusting the height of the acrow
jack the slab is leveled.

Fig. 2.36 Beam soffit supported by

Fig. 2.37 Beam soffit Kicker

acrow jacks

2.10.5 MULTIFLEX Girder Slab Formwork

Fig. 2.38 3D view of a MULTIFLEX Girder slab formwork system

The main components of the MULTIFLEX are the VT 20K or GT 24 Formwork
Girders. As the main and cross beams, their position and spacing as well as the form
lining can be freely selected, MULTIFLEX provides maximum flexibility for a wide
range of requirements. If the high load-bearing GT24 Formwork Girders are used,
large spans for the main and cross beams can be realized. MULTIFLEX is therefore
the

ideal

solution

for

complicated

ground

plans,

slabs

with

offsets

or integrated down stand beams, as well as forming operations in confined spaces.

Girder slab formwork consisting of main and cross beams for the form lining of
choice.

Project-specific selection of the formwork girders and their spacing.

For slab thicknesses of up to 100 cm with GT 24 Formwork Girders, for slab

thicknesses up to 50 cm with VT 20K Formwork Girders.

Adapting the individual component weights in accordance with the boundary

conditions.

Free choice of shoring.

No infill areas due to project-specific planning.

Tilt-resistant support of the cross beams on the main beams through the use
of Flex clips.

Fig. 2.39 & Fig. 2.40 Slab soffit supported with

MULTIFLEX Girders

2.10.6 Duration for removal of formwork (De Shuttering)

Structural Element

Time

Beams, Slabs, Walls and Columns (Unloaded)

24 hours

Slab soffit forms (Props left under)

5 days

Props to Slab

11 days

Props to Beam

16 days

Beam soffit forms

8 days

Special cases shown on the drawings

or as indicated by the consultant

28 days

Table 2.10 Formwork removals time periods

2.20 Reinforcement
A concrete member is reinforced with the prime intension of increasing its tensile
capacity though in certain instances the reinforcing is done to increase the
compression capacity. The main concrete reinforcing material being used in the
industry at present is steel. As civil engineers we are expected to carry out our work
at the minimum cost yet ensuring the safety aspects of building. Therefore, in the
process of reinforcing a structural element we should use the optimum quantity at
the correct places while ensuring the safety aspects expected. Hence the practical
exposure gained in this area would definitely be useful in the future.
The standard that governs the reinforcement work are BS 4466 and BS 8110. Bars
should be cut and bent correctly and accurately on an approved type of cutting and
bending apparatus, to the size and shape shown on the details Drawings or the
consultant approval.

Bar Type

Characteristic

Length of a

Strength (N/mm2)

bar (m)

Available sizes

I0mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm,

Twisted Tor
steel bars

Ribbed Tor
steel bars

460

6m

40mm(diameter)

10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm

380

9m

Plain Mild
steel bars
BRC

25mm. 32mm,

(diameter)

Bundles of
250

I 900kg

250

6mm, 10mm (diameter)

Panels of size 12x8 m

Fabric
Table 2.11 r/f bar details

2.20.1 Types of Bars Used in the Site for reinforcements:

Plain Mild steel bars

Twisted Tor steel bars

Ribbed Tor steel bars

BRC Fabric

Mild Steel
The strength of this steel is 250 N/mm2. This is a soft carbon steel and easy to work
with it. These bars are used in reinforced concrete slabs, beams, columns,
foundations etc. these are plain round bars and diameter varies from 6mm-32mm.

Tor Steel

The strength of this steel is 460 N/mm2. Diameter varies from l0mm-40mm. These
bars have helical ribs running along the surface of the bar.
The designs have been done taking the characteristic strength of the Tor steels bars
as 460N/mm2 and the value for Chinese bar is less than that. Therefore a safety
factor of 1.5 is applied and hence more bars are used accordingly.

2.20.2 Bar Notation

This is really useful to give details of steel bars in detailed drawings. This notation
includes the type of material, diameter, the number of bars, location of the bars and
bar spacing.
6 T 1208150 T1

Fig. 2.41 Bar Notation

T1 means the top most bar and T2 is below it. Likewise B1 is the bottom bar
closer to the bottom surface and B2 is above it.
SGD means Staggered. This was seen in the septic tank slab designs and in the
beams depth is more than 750mm. That way cracks can be controlled.

Fig. 2.42 Bar placing details for a slab panel

2.20.3 Lapping and Cranking of bars

Steel bars have usually a 12m length or half cut length of 6m. If length of a bar is not
enough to include as a single reinforcement, we did lap steel bars together.
Normally, lapping position is at where near the minimum shear force is acting. So
smaller diameter of the two bars was taken as D. The length of the lap was 50 times
of diameter of the bar as mentioned in drawings or we referred General Notes to get
a measurement.
D
52x D
Fig. 2.43 Lap length for vertical structural elements
D
45 x D
Fig. 2.44 Lap length for horizontal structural elements

2.20.3.1 MOMENT BARBREAK COUPLER Method

In the Mehewara Piyasa site a new method used to lap the vertical column bars
(each are 40mm diameter) that method is called MOMENT BARBREAK COUPLER.
Moment Barbreak Coupler, the universally approved product, is designed to cater for
almost every conceivable application for joining of reinforcing bars. The taper thread

system provides easy alignment for engagement of the incoming rotating bar and
develop full strength when hand tightened.
Moment Barbreak Coupler consists of a High Tensile Carbon Steel Sleeve with
identical threads at opposing ends tapering towards the middle.
Bar ends shall be square cut and taper threaded accordingly for connection. Both
couplers and threaded bars are supplied with protective plastic caps.
Moment Barbreak Couplers are usually located in RC Structures such as long
columns, inclined columns, long beams, cantilevered structures where tensile
loadings are greater than for normal situation, etc where bars are free to turn.

Fig. 2.45 Moment Barbreak Coupler Method

2.20.3.2 Cranking
Cranking is also critical in fabrication of reinforcement. Most of the time, bars are
crank for the columns and beams. Cranking is needed to correct the align error
occurring after lapping two bars. Normal proportion of crank is 1:10 but the cranking
length is always given in the drawing. Cranking length should be included in the bar
schedule for bar bender to make it. Cranking reduces the strength of the bar about
40%of its actual strength.

2.20.4 Storage of Reinforcement

The strength and performance of reinforce concrete depend on having good quality
bond between the steel and concrete. To obtain that quality the steel must be in
good condition. When the concrete is placed, all reinforcement need to be kept free

from grease, oil, mud, mound oil or excessive rust. If not bond between
reinforcement and concrete will fail. Also corrosion of reinforcement is affected to the
bond between them. Because of that reinforcements should be stored properly.
The bars must be laid so that the correct type, size and length can be located
easily.
The bars should be stored in a raised platform to avoid dampness.
The bars must not get connected with materials like mud, oil and grease.
Long storage periods especially in high humidity conditions should be
avoided.
Steel reinforcements must be properly sheltered in a store room away from
rain and moisture.
If we could guide these lines, a better use of reinforcement can be expected in a site.

2.30 Concrete
Concrete consists of a mix of cement, sand, metal and pure water, and to be of the
right quality, the mix must be properly designed and the right amount of each
material correctly batched.

The cement, sand and coarse aggregate should be

preferably batched by weight: this reduces the differences between one batch of
concrete and the next.
The concrete should possess the strength, durability, impermeability and resistance
to abrasion required for the proposed structure. It should be free of such defects as
cracking, honeycombing, palling of the surface, undue shrinkage etc. The concrete
should be of good quality and should be produced with careful control over the
batching of materials, water cement ratio etc. Necessary care and attention should
be given to the design and preparation of formwork.
In its fresh state, concrete should

Be composed of accurately batched proportion

Have the required WC ratio

Be well mixed

Not segregate during transportation and placing

Be fully compacted

Be provided with specified finish.

2.30.1 Quality of concrete depends on,

Quality of cement

Type of aggregate

The grading of aggregate

Water cement ratio

Mixing method and mixing time of concrete

Mixing proportion of materials.

Method of transportation

Method of placing the concrete and type of compaction

Curing the Concrete

2.30.2 Used Concrete Grades

In the Mehewara Piyasa site mainly three grades of concrete is used. No hand
mixing or Concrete Mixer mixed concrete is used in the site. Mainly concrete is
ordered from the Sierra Concrete Batching Plant.
Grade 65 Concrete for columns up to level 10.
Grade 40 Concrete for columns after level 10.
Grade 30 Concrete for slabs & beams.

In this site designed concrete mixes have been designed as High Performance
Concrete (HPC). In grade 65 cement content is slightly reduced by adding Micro
Silica and Fly Ash. In grade 30 only Micro Silica is used with the cement. Industrial
byproducts such as Silica Fume (SF) and Fly Ash (FA) can be utilized to enhance
the

strength

and

water

permeability

characteristics of

High

Performance

Concrete (HPC) also improves compressive strength and flexural strength of the
concrete. The utilization of these industrial by products is becoming popular
throughout the world because of the minimization of their potential hazardous
effects on environment.

2.30.3 Concreting Method

In this site a Stationary Pump is used to pump the concrete for higher levels with the
use of a pipe line without a placing boom.
Stationary concrete pumps are designed to receive freshly-mixed concrete
from special-purpose concrete trucks and to convey concrete through a
concrete pipe to the point of placement both horizontally and vertically.
They are used for construction of mass concrete and reinforced concrete
buildings and facilities.
There are usually electrically-driven or diesel-powered stationary concrete
pumps with a capacity of 20 and 70 cbm/h.
Stationary concrete pumps are not vehicles; they are moved only within the
construction site.

Fig. 2.46 Stationary Concrete Pump pipes

2.30.4 Compaction of concrete

After concrete has been mixed, transported and placed, it contains entrapped
air. The objective of compaction is to get rid of this unwanted entrapped air
as much as possible. Voids reduce the strength of the concrete and increase
the permeability, which in turn reduces the durability. If the concrete is not
dense and impermeable, it will not be watertight. So due to moisture and air
movement reinforcement will be corroded.
Voids reduce the contact between the concrete and the reinforcement and
other embedded metals; the required bond will then not be achieved and the
reinforced member will not be as strong as it should be.
Poor compaction will produce honeycombs, which causes to the appearance
of the structure. Honeycombs directly open the reinforcement to the air and
water,

which

accelerate

the

corrosion

process and its effect to strength of

concrete.
Concrete with law slump contains more air voids therefore it should be
thoroughly compacted. For small-scale concrete hand tampering is enough but
for a large concrete vibrators are essential.

2.30.4.1 Compacting By Vibrator

Mechanical vibrators are used to compact the concrete and mainly there are 3 types
of vibrators,
such as:

Internal (Poker) Vibrators

External (Form) Vibrators

Surface Vibrators.

A Poker Vibrator is used in this site for compacting concrete.

The poker vibrators are consisting of a short, straight tube about 450mm and 5mm
and 35mm in diameters. This tube is attached to the flexible hose containing a shaft
which is driven by an electric mortar. Vibrator should be inserting vertically and
slowly withdrawn. The poker is left in the concrete, for 5 seconds to 15 seconds only.
In over vibration cases, segregation can be occurred. We can realize by food
observation of air bubbles whether concrete is compacted or not. Also by the
appearance of cement past adjacent to formwork or by the change in the sound of
vibrator machine we can deduce that. f the benefit of proper preparation is to be
achieved, it should be properly vibrated.

2.30.5 Concreting troubles

Two major problems have encountered for the concrete work.

Bleeding

Segregation -Honey combs

2.30.5.1 Bleeding
Bleeding is occurred when concrete contains more water than necessary. Due to this
aggregate particles settle down and the excess water comes up over the surface of
the compacted concrete. If there is a bleeding it can cause to make concrete porous
and hence leak and non-durable. Bleeding is preventing by controlling the water
content, using finely and cement and controlling compaction. So they just put the
porker vibrator and removed

2.30.5.2 Segregation
This is happening due to the separation of coarse aggregates from the mortar and
loosing uniformity and homogeneity of concrete. The differences in size of particles
an specific gravity are the reasons of segregation. To reduce the segregation,

concrete should be prepared by using well-graded particles. Then it holds the mortar
better. And also the incorrect handling during transportation and placing of concrete
and over compaction has affected the segregation. The final result should be the
honeycombs. This is a large issue for the structural elements. So if there are any
honeycombs that should be repaired or demolished and re-concreted.
Honeycombs occur for many reasons,
1 Inadequate poker vibrates.
2 Not concreting layer by layer.
3 Inadequate hammering.
4 Not providing proper formwork.
5 Not using adequate size poker.
6 Concrete grout leaking.
7 Not using skilled labors.
In mass concrete thermal expansions can be occur due to heat generated by the
Hydration reaction between cement and water. To avoid such situation in this site
chilled water/ crushed ice is used at the batching plant when mixing the concrete.

2.40 Temporary Works Scaffolding

In this project two types of scaffolding systems have been used. But mainly Cuplock
Scaffolding system is used for major works.
Frame Scaffolding System ( H Frame & A Frame)
Cuplock Scaffolding System.

2.40.1 Frame Scaffolding System

Fabricated frame scaffolds are the most common type of scaffold because they are
versatile, economical, and easy to use. They are frequently used in one or two tiers
by residential contractors, painters, etc., but their modular frames can also be
stacked several stories high for use on large-scale construction jobs.

2.40.1.1 Advantages
1. Easy to install/dismantle, no need to spend more time hammering all those nails,
therefore you will be reducing the labor cost.
2. It is environment friendly! No need to cut more coconut trees for lumber.
3. Still reusable for other projects if you buy or you can just rent.
4. Safe to use as long as you meet the specs of your project.

Fig. 2.47 & 2.48 Frame scaffolding fixed at outer wall of the building with fixed steel
ladders for providing access to the upper floors

2.40.2 Cuplock Scaffolding System

Cuplock / Cup lock is a unique node point connection allows up to four horizontal
members to be connected to a vertical members in one single action - without the
use of nuts and bolts or wedges. The locking device is formed by two cups. Single
node point action of unique locking make 'cuplock/Cuplock' a fast, versatile and
optimized system of scaffolding for scaffolding for construction, demolition and
maintenance projects throughout the globe.
Silent Features:

Cuplock system - Easy to STAND - say no to nuts and bolts or wedges

Just a simple locking cup at each node point on the standards enables
connection of the ends of up to four members in one locking action.

Cuplock

systems-

Versatile!

Best suitable for access or formwork support.

Cuplock systems- Timely tested and Proven design with safety accessories
Cuplock System has a proven performance history on an extensive number of
sites, meeting the requirements of the various statutory bodies.

Quick fastening of horizontals. Only 4 horizontals can be fastened at one time

with firm clamping action of top cup making the joint rigid.

Quick/Fast/Solid erection and dismantling results in time and labour saving.

Widely and Versatile use in construction, demolition or maintenance projects

for any type of structure i.e. straight or curved.

Lightweight but high loads carrying capacity.

Low maintenance.

Fig. 2.49 Cuplock Scaffolding joint. (No clamps used)

Fig. 2.50 Cuplock Scaffoldings provided at the outer wall of the building

Chapter 3
3.10 Quality Control/Assurance Procedure
In the Site, Quality of works is the very important. Therefore many activities carried
out to maintain the quality.
1. Consultant Inspection
2. Quality control
3. Quality Assurance

3.10.1 Consultant Inspection

Consultant inspect the all works of the project done contractor. Specially before
concreting he inspect Formwork, Rebar and fill the Check list. Consultant activities
are very important to maintain the quality of works.

3.10.2 Quality Control

Quality control is used to maintain the Quality of the site construction related works.
Qc Managers & QC Engineers are main responsible persons of the this process.
They involve all the process and inspect the all Qualities of works. Quality control is
the responsibility of the contractor, while quality assurance also includes acceptance.
Acceptance involves sampling, testing, and the assessment of test results to
determine whether or not the quality of construction is acceptable in terms of the
specifications.
Earth works Compaction Tests
Concreting Works- Cube test. Slump Test.
Reinforcement- Lap Length..Anchoring. etc.

3.10.3 Quality Assurance

Quality assurance in construction involves all those planned and systematic actions
necessary to provide confidence that the facility will perform satisfactorily in service.
Quality assurance in construction addresses the overall problem of obtaining the
quality of the facility to be built in the most efficient, economical, and satisfactory

manner possible. Within this broad context, quality assurance involves continued
evaluation of the activities of planning, design, development of plans and
specifications, advertising and awarding of contracts, construction, and maintenance,
and the interactions of these activities.

3.20 Safety
Occurrence of accidents is common in the construction industry and safety is a
critical issue compared to other industries. Economically it is important as it also lead
to delays in the construction process. The delays and total expenses following an
accident are usually much higher than the original cost of establishing and
maintaining safety standards. Therefore it is understood that the safety evaluation
and control save money. Site safety should be well maintained in good standards to
convince the industry without any risk on professional, institutional and social
perspective.
Accidents may happen in sites in many occasions such as

Falling objects from formwork, roof work or bricks form upper floors.

While on scaffolding and working platforms.

When using poker vibrator & tamping rammer.

Demolition work such as formwork & scaffolding removing.

Health hazards may create from dust, liquid, gasses, & fumes.

When using machinery.

These accidents may affect to the site in the manner such that,

Legal and other costs.

Reduction of the output when the injured person is replaced by another

person.

Work delays can be occurred

Problems Associated with the Improvement of Safety,

Financial problems within the organization.

Poor allocation for the personal protective equipment.

Lack of facilities to train the workers

Lack of consideration by the top management.

Ignorance by the site Engineer and other technical staff.

Difficulties in getting experienced workers because of low salaries

Lack of site co-ordination.

Lack of consideration by the client and Engineers

No proper safety policy available for the organization.

There are some instructions that are displayed on a board that anyone who
enters to the site should follow these instructions.

3.20.1 Safety equipment

Safety helmets Used against injuries from falling objects on to heads. Any
person who enters to the site should wear helmets. There were sufficient
helmets in the site.

Safety boots- Used for the protection of legs from injuries.

Safety belts

- Safety belt is necessity if the workman is working at a great

height. It should be sufficiently strong to take the full weight of the person.In
our site sometimes workers didnt care to wear safety belts although they
were thoroughly warned.

Safety goggles - Goggles were used specially in welding and when bar
cutting.

Safety nets

- Site was fully covered using safety nets to prevent accidents

that may happen to people and properties outside the building. It also
prevents movement of dust, outside the site.

Safety gloves - Safety gloves were provided when lifting or dealing with hard
materials.

(This topic (3.20) has been discussed with more details in the Assignment 2.)

3.30 Conclusion
In my Site visit I learned lot of site related activities and gained knowledge about lot
of specific Processes .The SP Sierra Joint Venture (Pvt) Ltd Is becoming one of
most prominent Construction Company in Sri lanka. They maintain their Quality very
well. In my visit I Observed some techniques used to done works easy and Quality
assuring way in Setting out process, Formworks, Reinforcement Arrangement, Super
structure works Etc.