Norman Rockwell

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Norman Perceval Rockwell (February 3, 1894
November 8, 1978) was a 20th-century American author, painter and illustrator. His works enjoy a broad
popular appeal in the United States for their reection of
American culture. Rockwell is most famous for the cover
illustrations of everyday life he created for The Saturday
Evening Post magazine over nearly ve decades.[1] Among
the best-known of Rockwells works are the Willie Gillis
series, Rosie the Riveter, The Problem We All Live With,
Saying Grace, and the Four Freedoms series. He also is
noted for his 64-year relationship with the Boy Scouts
of America (BSA), during which he produced covers for
their publication Boys Life, calendars, and other illustrations. These works include popular images that reect
the Scout Oath and Scout Law such as The Scoutmaster, A
Scout is Reverent [2] and A Guiding Hand,[3] among many
others.

Scout at Ships Wheel, 1913

Life and works

and other youth publications. As a student, Rockwell was

given small jobs of minor importance. His rst major
breakthrough came at age eighteen with his rst book ilNorman Rockwell was born on February 3, 1894, in New lustration for Carl H. Claudy's Tell Me Why: Stories about
York City, to Jarvis Waring Rockwell and Anne Mary Mother Nature.
Nancy Rockwell, ne Hill.[4][5][6] His earliest American ancestor was John Rockwell (15881662), from After that, Rockwell was hired as a sta artist for Boys
Somerset, England, who emigrated to colonial North Life magazine. In this role, he received 50 dollars comAmerica, probably in 1635, aboard the ship Hopewell and pensation each month for one completed cover and a set
It is said to have been his rst paybecame one of the rst settlers of Windsor, Connecticut. of story illustrations.
[11]
ing
job
as
an
artist.
At 19, he became the art editor for
He had one brother, Jarvis Waring Rockwell, Jr., older
Boys
Life,
published
by
the Boy Scouts of America. He
[7][8]
Jarvis Waring, Sr., was the manby a year and a half.
[12]
held
the
job
for
three
years,
during which he painted
ager of the New York oce of a Philadelphia textile rm,
several
covers,
beginning
with
his
rst published magaGeorge Wood, Sons & Company, where he spent his enzine
cover,
Scout
at
Ships
Wheel,
which
appeared on the
[7][9][10]
tire career.
Boys Life September edition.
Rockwell transferred from high school to the Chase
Art School at the age of 14. He then went on to the
National Academy of Design and nally to the Art Stu- 1.2 Painting years
dents League. There, he was taught by Thomas Fogarty, George Bridgman, and Frank Vincent DuMond; his Rockwells family moved to New Rochelle, New York,
early works were produced for St. Nicholas Magazine, when Norman was 21 years old. They shared a studio
the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) publication Boys Life, with the cartoonist Clyde Forsythe, who worked for The

1.1

Early life

1 LIFE AND WORKS

the city of Irving near Dallas, Texas.
During World War I, he tried to enlist into the U.S. Navy
but was refused entry because, at 140 pounds (64 kg), he
was eight pounds underweight for someone 6 feet (1.8 m)
tall. To compensate, he spent one night gorging himself
on bananas, liquids and doughnuts, and weighed enough
to enlist the next day. He was given the role of a military
artist, however, and did not see any action during his tour
of duty.[14]

1.3 World War II

Rockwells rst Scouting calendar, 1925

Saturday Evening Post. With Forsythes help, Rockwell

submitted his rst successful cover painting to the Post
in 1916, Mothers Day O (published on May 20). He
followed that success with Circus Barker and Strongman
(published on June 3), Gramps at the Plate (August 5),
Redhead Loves Hatty Perkins (September 16), People in
a Theatre Balcony (October 14), and Man Playing Santa
(December 9). Rockwell was published eight times on
the Post cover within the rst year. Ultimately, Rockwell
published 323 original covers for The Saturday Evening
Post over 47 years. His Sharp Harmony appeared on the
cover of the issue dated September 26, 1936; it depicts
a barber and three clients, enjoying an a cappella song.
The image was adopted by SPEBSQSA in its promotion
of the art.
Rockwells success on the cover of the Post led to covers
for other magazines of the day, most notably the Literary
Digest, the Country Gentleman, Leslies Weekly, Judge,
Peoples Popular Monthly and Life magazine.

Freedom of Speech, 1943

In 1943, during World War II, Rockwell painted the Four

Freedoms series, which was completed in seven months
and resulted in his losing fteen pounds. The series was
inspired by a speech by Franklin D. Roosevelt, wherein
he described four principles for universal rights: Freedom
from Want, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship[15]
and Freedom from Fear. The paintings were published in
1943 by The Saturday Evening Post. Rockwell used the
Pennell shipbuilding family from Brunswick, Maine as
models for two of the paintings, Freedom from Want
and A Thankful Mother, and would combine models
from photographs and his own vision to create his idealistic paintings. The United States Department of the
Treasury later promoted war bonds by exhibiting the originals in sixteen cities. Rockwell considered Freedom of
Speech to be the best of the four.

When Rockwells tenure began with The Saturday

Evening Post in 1916, Rockwell left his salaried position
at Boys Life, but continued to include scouts in Post cover
images and the monthly magazine of the American Red
Cross. He resumed work with the Boy Scouts of America
in 1926 with production of his rst of fty-one original illustrations for the ocial Boy Scouts of America annual That same year, a re in his studio destroyed numerous
calendar, which still may be seen in the Norman Rock- original paintings, costumes, and props.[16] Because the
well Art Gallery at the National Scouting Museum[13] in period costumes and props were irreplaceable, the re

1.4

Later career and death

Norman Rockwells studio

Freedom from Want, 1943

split his career into two phases, the second phase depicting modern characters and situations. Rockwell was contacted by writer Elliott Caplin, brother of cartoonist Al
Capp, with the suggestion that the three of them should
make a daily comic strip together, with Caplin and his
brother writing and Rockwell drawing. King Features
Syndicate is reported to have promised a $1,000 per week
deal, knowing that a Capp-Rockwell collaboration would
gain strong public interest. The project was ultimately
aborted, however, as it turned out that Rockwell, known
for his perfectionism as an artist, could not deliver material so quickly as would be required of him for a daily
comic strip.[16]

had included 321 cover paintings. He spent the next

ten years painting for Look magazine, where his work
depicted his interests in civil rights, poverty, and space
exploration. In 1968, Rockwell was commissioned to
do an album cover portrait of Mike Bloomeld and Al
Kooper for their record, The Live Adventures of Mike
Bloomeld and Al Kooper.[18] During his long career, he
was commissioned to paint the portraits for Presidents
Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon, as well as
those of foreign gures, including Gamal Abdel Nasser
and Jawaharlal Nehru. His portrait subjects included
Judy Garland. One of his last portraits was of Colonel
Sanders in 1973.

A custodianship of his original paintings and drawings

was established with Rockwells help near his home in
Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and the Norman Rockwell
Museum still is open today year round. The museums
collection includes more than seven hundred original
Rockwell paintings, drawings, and studies. The Rockwell
Center for American Visual Studies at the Norman RockDuring the late 1940s, Norman Rockwell spent the win- well Museum is a national research institute dedicated to
ter months as artist-in-residence at Otis College of Art American illustration art.
and Design. Students occasionally were models for his
His last commission for the Boy Scouts of America was
Saturday Evening Post covers. In 1949, Rockwell donated
a calendar illustration entitled The Spirit of '76, which
an original Post cover, April Fool, to be raed o in a
was completed when Rockwell was eighty-two, concludlibrary fund raiser.
ing a partnership which generated four hundred and
In 1959, after his wife Mary died suddenly from a heart seventy-one images for periodicals, guidebooks, calenattack,[17] Rockwell took time o from his work to grieve. dars, and promotional materials. His connection to the
It was during that break that he and his son Thomas pro- BSA spanned sixty-four years, marking the longest produced Rockwells autobiography, My Adventures as an Il- fessional association of his career. His legacy and style
lustrator, which was published in 1960. The Post printed for the BSA has been carried on by Joseph Csatari.
excerpts from this book in eight consecutive issues, the
For vivid and aectionate portraits of our country,
rst containing Rockwells famous Triple Self-Portrait.
Rockwell received the Presidential Medal of Freedom,
the United States of Americas highest civilian honor, in
1977.

1.4

Later career and death

Rockwell died November 8, 1978, of emphysema at age

Rockwells last painting for the Post was published in 84 in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. First Lady Rosalynn
1963, marking the end of a publishing relationship that Carter attended his funeral.

1.5

2 BODY OF WORK

Personal life

Milton Academy English teacher, Mary Leete Mollie

Punderson, on October 25, 1961.[22] His Stockbridge studio was located on the second oor of a row of buildings;
directly underneath Rockwells studio was, for a time in
1966, the Back Room Rest, better known as the famous
"Alices Restaurant.[23] During his time in Stockbridge,
chief of police William Obanhein was a frequent model
for Rockwells paintings.[23]
From 1961 until his death, Rockwell was a member of
the Monday Evening Club, a mens literary group based
in Pittseld, Massachusetts. At his funeral, ve members of the club served as pallbearers, along with Jarvis
Rockwell.[24]

2 Body of work

Norman Rockwell

Rockwell married his rst wife, Irene O'Connor, in 1916.

Irene was Rockwells model in Mother Tucking Children
into Bed, published on the cover of The Literary Digest
on January 19, 1921. The couple divorced in 1930, however. Depressed, he moved briey to Alhambra, California as a guest of his old friend Clyde Forsythe. There
he painted some of his best-known paintings including
The Doctor and the Doll. While there he met and married schoolteacher Mary Barstow.[19] The couple returned
to New York shortly after their marriage. They had
three children: Jarvis Waring, Thomas Rhodes, and Peter Barstow. The family lived at 24 Lord Kitchener Road
in the Bonnie Crest neighborhood of New Rochelle, New
York. For multiple reasons Rockwell and his wife were
not regular church attendees although they were members
of St. Johns Wilmot Church, an Episcopal church near
their home, where they had their sons baptized. Rockwell
moved to Arlington, Vermont, in 1939 where his work
began to reect small-town life.[19]

The Problem We All Live With in 2011, this painting was

displayed in the White House when President Barack Obama met
the subject, Ruby Bridges, at age 56 (video)

Norman Rockwell was a prolic artist, producing more

than four thousand original works in his lifetime. Most
of his works are either in public collections, or have been
destroyed in re or other misfortunes. Rockwell also
was commissioned to illustrate more than forty books,
including Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. His annual contributions for the Boy Scouts calendars between
1925 and 1976 (Rockwell was a 1939 recipient of the
Silver Bualo Award, the highest adult award given by
the Boy Scouts of America[25] ), were only slightly overshadowed by his most popular of calendar works: the
Four Seasons illustrations for Brown & Bigelow that
were published for seventeen years beginning in 1947 and
reproduced in various styles and sizes since 1964. He
painted six images for Coca-Cola advertising.[26] Illustrations for booklets, catalogs, posters (particularly movie
promotions), sheet music, stamps, playing cards, and murals (including Yankee Doodle Dandy and God Bless
the Hills, which was completed in 1936 for the Nassau
Inn in Princeton, New Jersey) rounded out Rockwells
uvre as an illustrator.

In 1953, the Rockwell family moved to Stockbridge,

Massachusetts, so that his wife could be treated at the
Austen Riggs Center, a psychiatric hospital at 25 Main
Street, close to where Rockwell set up his studio.[20]
Rockwell also received psychiatric treatment, seeing the
analyst Erik Erikson, who was on sta at Riggs. Erikson
is said to have told the artist that he painted his happiness, In 1969, as a tribute to Rockwells seventy-fth anniverbut did not live it.[21] In 1959, Mary died unexpectedly of sary of his birth, ocials of Brown & Bigelow and the
a heart attack. Rockwell married his third wife, retired Boy Scouts of America asked Rockwell to pose in Be-

2.1

Inuence

yond the Easel, the calendar illustration that year.[27]

5
of Massachusetts.[36] The 2013 sale of Saying Grace for
$46 million (including buyers premium) established a
new record price for Rockwell.[37] Rockwells work was
exhibited at the Reading Public Museum and the Church
History Museum in 20132014.

2.1 Inuence

Beyond the Easel, 1969 calendar

Rockwells work was dismissed by serious art critics in

his lifetime.[28] Many of his works appear overly sweet in
the opinion of modern critics,[29] especially the Saturday
Evening Post covers, which tend toward idealistic or sentimentalized portrayals of American life. This has led to
the often-deprecatory adjective, Rockwellesque. Consequently, Rockwell is not considered a serious painter
by some contemporary artists, who regard his work as
bourgeois and kitsch. Writer Vladimir Nabokov sneered Cover of October 1920 issue of Popular Science magazine
that Rockwells brilliant technique was put to banal use,
and wrote in his book Pnin: That Dal is really Norman
In the lm Empire of the Sun, a young boy (played
Rockwells twin brother kidnapped by Gypsies in babyby Christian Bale) is put to bed by his loving parents
hood. He is called an illustrator instead of an artist by
in a scene also inspired by a Rockwell painting
some critics, a designation he did not mind, as that was
a reproduction of which is later kept by the young
what he called himself.[30]
boy during his captivity in a prison camp (Freedom
In his later years, however, Rockwell began receiving
from Fear, 1943).[38]
more attention as a painter when he chose more serious subjects such as the series on racism for Look
The 1994 lm Forrest Gump includes a shot in a
magazine.[31] One example of this more serious work
school that re-creates Rockwells Girl with Black
is The Problem We All Live With, which dealt with
Eye with young Forrest in place of the girl. Much
the issue of school racial integration. The painting deof the lm drew heavy visual inspiration from Rockpicts a young black girl, Ruby Bridges, anked by white
wells art.[39]
federal marshals, walking to school past a wall defaced
Film director George Lucas owns Rockwells origiby racist grati.[32] This painting was displayed in the
nal of The Peach Crop, and his colleague Steven
White House when Bridges met with President Obama
[33]
owns a sketch of Rockwells Triple SelfSpielberg
in 2011.
Portrait. Each of the artworks hangs in the respecRockwells work was exhibited at the Solomon R.
tive lmmakers work space.[28] Rockwell is a major
Guggenheim Museum in 2001.[34][35] Rockwells Breakcharacter in an episode of Lucas Young Indiana
ing Home Ties sold for $15.4 million at a 2006
Jones Chronicles, Passion for Life.
Sothebys auction.[28] A twelve-city U.S. tour of Rock In 2005, Target Co. sold Marshall Fields to
wells works took place in 2008.[12] In 2008, Rockwell
was named the ocial state artist of the Commonwealth
Federated Department Stores. After the sale, Fed-

3
erated discovered that Rockwells The Clock Mender
displayed in the store was a reproduction.[40][41]
Rockwell had donated the painting, which depicts a
repairman setting the time on one of the Marshall
Field and Company Building clocks, and was depicted on the cover of the November 3, 1945 Saturday Evening Post, to the store in 1948.[40] Target
has since donated the original to the Chicago History
Museum.[42]

MAJOR WORKS

Santa and Scouts in Snow (1913)

Boy and Baby Carriage (1916; rst Saturday
Evening Post cover)
Circus Barker and Strongman (1916)
Gramps at the Plate (1916)
Redhead Loves Hatty Perkins (1916)

On an anniversary of Norman Rockwells birth,

on February 3, 2010, Google featured Rockwells
iconic image of young love Boy and Girl Gazing at
the Moon, which also is known as Puppy Love,
on its home page. The response was so great that day
that the Norman Rockwell museums servers went
down under the onslaught.

People in a Theatre Balcony (1916)

Dreamland, a track from Canadian alternative

rock band Our Lady Peace's 2009 album Burn Burn,
was inspired by Rockwells paintings.[43]

Mother Tucking Children into Bed (1921; rst wife

Irene is the model)

The cover for the Oingo Boingo album Only a Lad is

a parody of the Boy Scouts of America 1960 ocial
handbook cover illustrated by Rockwell.

Santa with Elves (1922)

Tain't You (1917; rst Life magazine cover)

Cousin Reginald Goes to the Country (1917; rst
Country Gentleman cover)
Santa and Expense Book (1920)

No Swimming (1921)

Doctor and Doll (1929)

Deadline (1938)

Major works

The Four Freedoms (1943)

Freedom of Speech (1943)
Freedom of Worship (1943)
Freedom from Want (1943)
Freedom from Fear (1943)
Rosie the Riveter (1943)[44]
We, Too, Have a Job to Do (1944)
Going and Coming (1947)
Bottom of the Sixth (or The Three Umpires; 1949)
The New Television Set (1949)
Saying Grace (1951)
Waiting for the Vet (1952)
The Young Lady with a Shiner (1953)
Walking to Church (1953)
Girl at Mirror (1954)
Breaking Home Ties (1954)[45]
The Marriage License (1955)

The Rookie, one of many Saturday Evening Post covers

Scout at Ships Wheel (rst published magazine cover

illustration, Boys Life, September 1913)

The Scoutmaster (1956)[46]

The Rookie (1957)
The Runaway (1958)

7
A Family Tree (1959)
Triple Self-Portrait (1960)
Golden Rule (1961)
The Connoisseur (1962)
The Problem We All Live With (1964)
Southern Justice (Murder in Mississippi) (1965)[47]
New Kids in the Neighborhood (1967)
Russian Schoolroom (1967)
Spirit of 76 (1976) (stolen in 1978 but recovered in
2001 by the FBIs Robert King Wittman)

[3] A Guiding Hand. National Scouting Museum. Boy

Scouts of America. 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
[4] Boughton, James (1903). Genealogy of the families of
John Rockwell, of Stamford, Connecticut 1641, and Ralph
Keeler, of Hartford, Connecticut 1939. WF Jones. p. 441.
[5] Roberts, Gary Boyd; Dearborn, David Curtis (1998). Notable Kin: An Anthology of Columns First Published in the
NEHGS Nexus, 19861995. Boston, MA: Carl Boyer in
cooperation with the New England Historic Genealogical
Society. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-936124-20-9.
[6] Claridge 2001, pp. 20, 29.
[7] Rockwell, Margaret (1998). Norman Rockwells Growing
Up in America. Metro Books. pp. 1011. ISBN 978-156799-598-5.
[8] SSDI. SS#: 177-01-3581.

Displays
Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts
Norman Rockwell Exhibit in Arlington, Vermont[48]
Norman Rockwell Museum of Vermont in
Rutland[49]

[9] Claridge 2001, pp. 30, 47, 150.

[10] Rockwell, Norman; Rockwell, Thomas (1988). Norman
Rockwell, My Adventures as an Illustrator. Abrams. p. 27.
ISBN 978-0-8109-1563-3.
[11] Norman Rockwell. National Scouting Museum. Boy
Scouts of America. 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
[12] Rockwell and Csatari: A tour de force. Scouting (magazine): 6. MarchApril 2008.

Norman Rockwell World War II posters, hosted by

the University of North Texas Libraries Digital Col- [13] Norman Rockwell. National Scouting Museum. Boy
Scouts of America. 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
lections
Rockwell Collection at the National Museum of
American Illustration
Norman Rockwell and the Art of Scouting at the
National Scouting Museum, Irving, Texas[50]

[14] Hills, Waring (June 9, 2010). Norman Rockwell at The

Charleston Navy Yard. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
[15] Terms of Use. Collections. NRM. Retrieved April 28,
2012.
[16] Caplin, Elliott (1994), Al Capp Remembered.

See also

[17] Gherman 2000.

[18] Kamp, David. Erratum: Norman Rockwell Actually Did
Rock Well. Vanity Fair. Retrieved February 24, 2011.

J. C. Leyendecker, Rockwells predecessor and

[19] A personal recollection. City of Alhambra. Retrieved
stylistic inspiration
James K. Van Brunt, a frequent model for Rockwell
William Obanhein, another one of Rockwells models who would later become famous elsewhere
Norman Rockwells World... An American Dream, a
1972 short documentary lm

References

April 28, 2012.

[20] Kamp, David (November 2009). Norman Rockwells
American Dream. Vanity fair. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
[21] A portrait of Norman Rockwell. Berkshire Eagle (online
ed.). July 3, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
[22] Claridge 2001, p. 581.
[23] William J. Obanhein; 'Alices Restaurant' Lawman, 69.
The New York Times (September 14, 1994). Retrieved
October 29, 2015.

[1] About Norman Rockwell. Norman Rockwell Museum.

Norman Rockwell Museum. 2014. Retrieved July 18,
2014.

[24] The Clubs historic membership roster, part VII: members joining 1942-1961, Monday Evening Club. Retrieved May 1, 2014.

[2] A Scout is Reverent. National Scouting Museum. Boy

Scouts of America. 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2014.

[25] Ocial List of Silver Bualo award Recipients, Awards,

Scouting, retrieved July 17, 2007.

EXTERNAL LINKS

[26] Fresca Brand Collection Page. My Coke Rewards.

[49] http://www.normanrockwellvt.com/

[27] Hillcourt, William (1977). Norman Rockwells World of

Scouting. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-81091582-0.

[50] Norman Rockwell and the Art of Scouting (exhibition).

Irving, Texas, USA: National Scouting Museum. Retrieved 16 August 2012.

[28] Windolf, Jim (February 2008). Keys to the Kingdom.

Vanity fair. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
[29] Solomon, Deborah, In Praise of Bad Art". New York
Times. January 24, 1999. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
[30] Art of Illustration. Norman Rockwell Museum. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
[31] Norman Rockwell Wins Medal of Freedom. Mass moments. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
[32] Miller, Michelle (November 12, 2010). Ruby Bridges,
Rockwell Muse, Goes Back to School. CBS Evening
News with Katie Couric. CBS Interactive. Retrieved
November 13, 2010.

7 Sources
Claridge, Laura P (2001). Norman Rockwell: A
Life. New York, NY: Random House. pp. 20; 29.
ISBN 978-0-375-50453-2.
Gherman, Beverly (2000). Norman Rockwell: Storyteller with a Brush. ISBN 0-689-82001-1.

8 Further reading

[33] Ruby Bridges visits with the President and her portrait. July
15, 2011 via YouTube.

Buechner, Thomas S (1992). The Norman Rockwell

Treasury. Galahad. ISBN 0-88365-411-3.

[34] Guggenheim Museum - Past Exhibitions - Norman

Rockwell: Pictures for the American People. October
30, 2001.

Finch, Christopher (1990). Norman Rockwell: 332

Magazine Covers. Abbeville. ISBN 0-89660-000-9.

[35] James B Stewart (May 24, 2014). Norman Rockwells

art, once snied at, is becoming prized.

Christopher, Finch (1985). Norman Rockwells

America. Harry N Abram. ISBN 0-8109-8071-1.

[36] About Norman Rockwell, NRM.

Hennessey, Maureen Hart; Larson, Judy L. (1999).

Norman Rockwell: Pictures for the American People.
Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-6392-2.

[37] Norman Rockwells 'Saying Grace' Sells For $46 Million

At Auction. National Public Radio. Retrieved December
5, 2013.
[38] Gates, Anita (November 24, 1999). Looking Beyond
the Myth-Making Easel of Mr. Thanksgiving. The New
York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
[39] Corliss, Richard (June 24, 2001). The World According
to Gump. Time. Archived from the original on January
14, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
[40] Aronovich, Hannah (April 20, 2006). Fields, Federated
and More Feuds. Gothamist. Retrieved April 4, 2008.

Rockwell, Tom (2005). Best of Norman Rockwell.

Courage Books. ISBN 0-7624-2415-X.
Schick, Ron (2009). Norman Rockwell: Behind the
Camera. Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 978-0-31600693-4.

9 External links

[41] Norman Rockwell of Fields Store Goes Missing.

NBC5. April 21, 2006. Retrieved April 4, 2008.

Claridge, Laura (December 2, 2001), Norman

Rockwell: A Life (interview), Booknotes.

[42] Time heals rift over a Rockwell.

[43] Dreamland. Song facts. Retrieved May 5, 2010.

Gallery of classic graphic design featuring the illustrations of Norman Rockwell.

[44] Rosie the Riveter. Rosie the Riveter. Archived from the
original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.

Art Directors Club biography, portrait and images

of work

[45] NRM, p. 109

Works by Norman Rockwell at Project Gutenberg

[46] The Norman Rockwell collection. Me. Retrieved April

28, 2012.

Works by or about Norman Rockwell at Internet

Archive

[47] Norman Rockwell: Southern Justice (Murder in Mississippi)". Artchive. Retrieved April 28, 2012.

Footage of Norman Rockwell sketching a couple

[48] Ocial site. Norman Rockwell Exhibit. Retrieved 13

January 2015.

America, Illustrated, The New York Times, 201007-04

9
Dossena, Tiziano Thomas (April 2011), Norman
Rockwell: Once upon a time there Was the American
Dream, USA: Bridge Puglia
Norman Rockwell at Find a Grave

10

10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Norman Rockwell Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Rockwell?oldid=749569773 Contributors: RjLesch, Jimbo Wales,

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Genius, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Funnybunny1, Coee and TV, Abmac, Master Bob, Mini-Geek, EricSpokane, Das Baz, DMacks,
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Rigadoun, Orocker, IronGargoyle, Ben Moore, Nobunaga24, TFNorman, Shangrilaista, Booksworm, PRRfan, NThurston, DennisJOBrien@yahoo.com, Amitch, KJS77, ThuranX, Nehrams2020, Shoeofdeath, Hawkestone, Ludo716, Twas Now, DavidOaks, Blehfu, Stereorock, Courcelles, MarylandArtLover, Chetvorno, IronChris, MrKennedy, The Haunted Angel, Fma12, Anthony22, Betaeleven, Drinibot,
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KConWiki, Illspirit, PIrish, JMyrleFuller, JaGa, Purslane, Jackodrago27, Orpheus82, MartinBot, CliC, Vicpeters, Erikthe2nd, Rettetast, InnocuousPseudonym, Mschel, Bus stop, CommonsDelinker, JSweit8573, AlexiusHoratius, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards,
BillWSmithJr, Dbiel, Gamenac, Plasticup, Alecperkins, NewEnglandYankee, Dariushaskell, EconGeek, 83d40m, KylieTastic, Angus,
RJASE1, Xnuala, Igor Lukin~enwiki, McNoddy~enwiki, CWii, JGHowes, Wiki815, Littletwig~enwiki, Bovineboy2008, WarddrBOT,
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rolls, Al3xil, Tylerpn, SasiSasi, ZX81, TheSuave, Yobot, Bunnyhop11, Webafa, Kartano, Best O Fortuna, Kennea, Canderous~enwiki,
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Awerite, ProfReader, Cannolis, Cavalier973, ImageTagBot, Parsnipanny, RedBot, December21st2012Freak, Cnwilliams, Trappist the
monk, Vrenator, Chris.ridgeway, Sideways713, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Guerillero, Bento00, DASHBot, Steve03Mills, Paavo273, Heracles31, Chief educator, Peaceray, SturgisBelken, Tommy2010, Wikipelli, Ornithikos, DheckNRM, ArtnHistory, H3llBot, Unreal7, Debbieellenlewis, Wayne Slam, Tolly4bolly, GeorgeBarnick, Coasterlover1994, L Kensington, Jbergste, Jasperrees, TYelliot, Petrb, ClueBot NG, Dylantv, Vacation9, LUCIOBLUES, Elwyn123, BU&TT3207, Adwiii, CaroleHenson, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, Carolann89,
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Bboy107, GreenC bot, Im butter your toast and Anonymous: 660

10.2

Images

File:"Freedom_From_Want"_-_NARA_-_513539.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/%22Freedom_

From_Want%22_-_NARA_-_513539.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Original artist: Norman Rockwell
File:"Freedom_of_Speech"_-_NARA_-_513536.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/%22Freedom_
of_Speech%22_-_NARA_-_513536.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Original artist: Norman Rockwell
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29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Fokker Dr. I Original artist: Jerzy Kociatkiewicz from Colchester, United Kingdom

10.3

Content license

11

File:Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Heinkel_

He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This is photograph MH6547 from the collections of the Imperial War Museums (collection no. 4700-05) Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
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Beyond_the_Easel.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
From 1969 Boy Scouts of America calendar published by Brown & Bigelow, originally uploaded by JGHowes Original artist: ?
File:Norman_Rockwell-_Scout_at_Ships_Wheel.jpg Source:
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Rockwell-_Scout_at_Ships_Wheel.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Reprinted in Norman Rockwells World of Scouting, 1977,
ISBN 0-8109-1582-0. September 1913 cover of Boys Life Original artist: Norman Rockwell
File:Norman_Rockwell_-_The_Rookie.jpg Source:
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/57/Norman_Rockwell_-_The_

File:Norman_Rockwell_1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Norman_Rockwell_1.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Library of Congress Original artist: Bain News Service, publisher
File:Norman_Rockwell_Red_Cross_Magazine_1918.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Norman_
Rockwell_Red_Cross_Magazine_1918.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Reprinted in Norman Rockwells World of Scouting, 1977,
ISBN 0-8109-1582-0. Original artist: Norman Rockwell for The Red Cross Magazine
File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_
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Motion_by_Norman_Rockwell.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Downloaded 2009-06-29 from <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
class='external
text'
href='http://books.google.com/books?id=pykDAAAAMBAJ,<span>,&,</span>,printsec=frontcover'>Popular
Science magazine, Vol.97, No.4 (October 1920), Bonnier Corp. New York, ISSN 0161-7370, front cover</a> on Google Books Original
artist: Norman Rockwell
File:Rockwell_studio_rear.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Rockwell_studio_rear.jpg License: CC
BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Rmrfstar
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Source:
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original uploader User:Jengod Original artist: ?

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ed/

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Original artist: Created by User:Kintetsubuffalo. A eur-de-lis positioned on a trefoil, in the original Scouting colors chosen by Lord
Baden-Powell. To be used as a non-trademark Scouting logo where questions of legality are involved. Latest edits: Lokal_Prol
File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
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Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur
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Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
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Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

10.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0