ALLOWABLE STRESS

The maximum safe stress that a material can carry is termed as the allowable
stress. The allowable stress should be limited to values not exceeding the
proportional limit. However, since proportional limit is difficult to determine
accurately, the allowable tress is taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength
divided by a factor of safety.
BREAKING STRENGTH
The stress at which the material tested ruptures.
BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
The bulk modulus of elasticity K is a measure of a resistance of a material to change
in volume without change in shape or form
CREEP
The tendency of a solid material to slowly move or deform permanently under the
influence of stresses. It always increases with temperature. Creep deformation does
not occur suddenly upon the application of stress. It is time-dependent deformation.
DUCTILITY
The ability of a material to undergo large permanent deformations in tension i.e.,
property which enables a material to be beaten or rolled into thin sheets.
ELASTICITY
The ability of a material to deform and return to its original shape after removal of
the load. The amount of deformation is called Strain.
ELASTIC LIMIT
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its
original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may be
developed such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is
entirely removed.
FACTOR OF SAFETY
The ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to allowable strength is called
the factor of safety.
HARDNESS
The ability of a material to resist very small indentation abrasion and plastic
deformation. In other words, high resistance of a material to various kinds of shape
change when force is applied.
HOOKE'S LAW
It states that for the materials loaded within elastic limits the stress is proportional
to strain.
MALLEABILITY
The ability of a material to undergo large permanent deformation in compression or
property which enables a material to be beaten or rolled into thin sheets.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
The constant that expresses the ratio of unit stress to unit deformation for all values
unit stress not exceeding the proportional limit of material. It is also called as
Modulus of Rigidity.
NORMAL STRESS
It is on a section. It is the stress which acts in a direction perpendicular to section
considered.
RESILIENCE
The resilience of the material is its ability to absorb energy without creating a
permanent distortion.
SIMPLE STRAIN
Also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by
the applied force, to the original length.
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS
When the reactive forces or the internal resisting forces over a cross section exceed
the number of independent equations of equilibrium, the structure is called
statically indeterminate. These cases require the use of additional relations that
depend on the elastic deformations in the members.
STIFFNESS
Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting
displacement. It has the unit of N/mm.
TOUGHNESS
The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy without causing it to
break.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
The highest unit stress it can sustain before rupturing.
ULTIMATE STRESS
The ratio of the maximum load which a specimen sustains to its original area of the
cross-section.
WORKING STRESS
Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a given loading.
YIELD POINT
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or
yielding without any increase in load.