Learning Outcome:

5.1 Work (1 hour)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define and apply work done by a constant force.

Chapter 5.0 :
Work, Energy and Power
(3 Hours)

W = F s

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1

5.1 Work, W

is defined as the product of the component of the force parallel
to the displacement times the displacement of a body.
body
OR
is defined as the scalar (dot) product between force and
displacement of a body.
body
:

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2

It is a scalar quantity.
(J)

The S.I. unit of work is kg m2 s2 or joule (J).

The joule (1 J) is defined as the work done by a
force of 1 N which results in a displacement of 1 m
in the direction of the force.
force

Work done by a constant force

Equation

Determine work done from a forcedisplacement graph.

W = F s

1 J = 1 N m = 1 kg m 2 s 2

W = (F cos )s = Fs cos
where

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s : displacement of the body

F : magnitude of force




: the angle between F and s

3

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4

Applications of works equation

Case 1 :

Work done by a horizontal force, F on an object (Figure 5.1).

F

W = Fs cos

W = Fs
s

Figure 5.1

and

= 0

Case 3 :
Work done by a horizontal forces, F1 and F2 on an object


(Figure 5.3).
W1 = F1 s cos 0
F1

F2


W = F s cos 0
s 2 2

Figure 5.3

W = W

+ W2 = (F1 s + F2 s )

Case 2 :

Work

W =(F

done by a vertical force, F on an object (Figure 5.2).

F

W = Fs cos

W =0J
s

Figure 5.2

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and

Work done by a force, F and frictional force, f on an object

F

f
Figure 5.4

Wnett = (Fnett )s

and

Wnett = (F cos f )s

nett

= (Fnett )s

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6

s

Fnett = F cos f = ma
OR

Wnett = mas
Figure 5.5

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Fnett = F1 + F2

Caution :
Work done on an object is zero when F = 0 (Figure 5.5) or
s = 0 (Figure 5.6) and = 90
90 (Figure 5.7).
5.7)

Case 4 :

(Figure 5.4).

and

W = W

= 90

5

+ F2 )s

7

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Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

8

Sign for work.

Example 5.1 :

W = Fs cos

You push your reference book 1.50 m along a horizontal table with
a horizontal force of 5.00 N. The frictional force is 1.60 N. Calculate
a. the work done by the 5.00 N force,
b. the work done by the frictional force,
c. the total work done on the book.
Solution :

If 0< <90 (acute

acute angle)
angle then cos > 0 (positive
value)therefore
W > 0 (positive) work done on the system ( by
the external force) where
energy is transferred to the system.

F = 5.00 N

f =1.60N
If 90< <180 (obtuse
obtuse angle
angle) then cos <0 (negative
value) therefore
W < 0 (negative) work done by the system
where energy is transferred
from the system.

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a.

s = 1.50 m

9

10

Solution :
b.

Example 5.2 :

c.

i.
the work done on the box by the force F,
ii.
the work done on the box by the gravitational force,
iii.
the work done on the box by the reaction force,
iv.
the work done on the box by the frictional force,
v.
the total work done on the box.
b. If the speed of the box is zero at the bottom of the plane,
calculate its speed when it is travelled 3.80 m.

A box of mass 20 kg moves up a rough plane which is inclined to

the horizontal at 25.0. It is pulled by a horizontal force F of
magnitude 250 N. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box
and the plane is 0.300.
a. If the box travels 3.80 m along the plane, determine

11

12

= 250 N; k = 0.300; s = 3.80 m

Solution : m = 20 kg; F

N

a
Fx
25

mg sin
25
x fk

25

Solution :
a. ii.

Fy

iii.

s

iv.

25

mg cos 25




W = mg

a. Consider the work done along inclined plane, thus

i.

13

14

Example 5.3 :

Solution :
a. v.

F (N)

5
0

s (m)

b.

Figure 5.8

A horizontal force F is applied to a 2.0 kg radio-controlled car as it

moves along a straight track. The force varies with the
displacement of the car as shown in Figure 5.8. Calculate the work
done by the force F when the car moves from 0 to 7 m.
Solution :

15

16

Exercise :

Exercise :
1.

A block of mass 2.50 kg is pushed 2.20 m along a frictionless

horizontal table by a constant 16.0 N force directed 25.0
below the horizontal. Determine the work done
on the block by
a. the applied force,
b. the normal force exerted by the table, and
c. the gravitational force.
d. Determine the total work on the block.

ANS. : 31.9 J; (b) & (c) U think; 31.9 J

2.

F3
35

F1

F2

50
Figure 5.8

Figure 5.8 shows an overhead view of three horizontal forces

acting on a cargo that was initially stationary but that now
moves across a frictionless floor. The force magnitudes are
F1 = 3.00 N, F2 = 4.00 N and F3 = 10.0 N. Determine the total
work done on the cargo by the three forces during the first
4.00 m of displacement.
ANS. : 15.3 J

17

Work done by a variable force

18

Figure 5.9 shows a force, F whose magnitude changes with the

displacement, s.

F/N
FN

For a small displacement, s1 the force remains almost constant

at F1 and work done therefore becomes W1=F1 s1 .
Figure 5.9
F4
F1

To find the total work done by a variable force, W when

the displacement changes from s=s1 to s=s2, we can divide
the displacement into N small successive displacements :

W1
0

s1

s1

s4

s
sN 2 s

s1 , s2 , s3 , , sN
Thus

W = F1 s1 + F2 s2 + ... + FN s N

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When N , s 0, therefore

s2

W = Fds
s1

19

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20

Example 5.4 :
s2

W = Fds

A force , F acting on a particle varies with the displacement

x as shown in figure below.
Calculate the work done by the force as the particle moves
from x=0 to x=6 m.

s1

F/N

F (N)

Solution :

Work = Area under the graph

0 s1

x (m)

s2 s/m

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21

Learning Outcome:

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22

5.2 Energy and Conservation of energy

5.2 Energy and Conservation of energy (1 hour)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Energy

Define and use potential energy:

i. gravitational potential energy,

is defined as the systems ability to do work.

work
The S.I. unit for energy is same to the unit of work
(joule,
joule, J).

U = mgh

ii. elastic potential energy for spring, U = 1 kx 2

1 2
Define and use kinetic energy, K = mv
2

is a scalar quantity.
quantity
Table 5.1 summarises some common types of
energy.

State and use the principle of conservation of energy.

State the workwork-energy theorem and use the related equations.

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23

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24

Forms of
Energy

Forms of
Energy
Nuclear

Description

Description
Energy released by the splitting of heavy nuclei.
Energy released when there is a loss of small amount
of mass in a nuclear process. The amount of energy
can be calculated from Einsteins mass-energy
equation, E = mc2

Chemical
Mass
Heat

Radiant Heat Energy associated with infra-red radiation.

Electrical

Sound
Mechanical
a. Kinetic
b. Gravitational
potential
c. Elastic
potential

Internal

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25

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Potential Energy

Work--gravitational potential energy theorem

Work

mg

h1

U = mgh

26

Table 5.1

The work done by the gravitational force (weight) is

Gravitational potential energy, U

is defined as the energy stored in a body or system because of
its position.
position
Equation :

Energy associated with the motion of a body.

Energy associated with the position of a body in a
gravitational field.
Energy stored in a compressed or stretched spring.

Consider a book with mass, m is dropped from height,

h1 to height, h2 as shown in the Figure 5.10.

is defined as the energy stored in a body or system

because of its position, shape and state.
state

Energy transmitted through the propagation of a series

of compression and rarefaction in solid, liquid or gas.

where

U : gravitational potential energy

m : mass of a body
g : acceleration due to gravity

h2

mg

Figure 5.10

Wg = mgs = mg (h1 h2 )
Wg = mgh1 mgh2 = U i U f
Wg = (U f U i ) = U
Therefore in general,

W = U

h : height of a body from the initial position

The gravitational potential energy depends only on the height

of the object above the surface of the Earth
Earth.

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27

states the change in gravitational potential energy as the

negative of the work done by the gravitational force.
force

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28

Negative

sign in the equation indicates that

Example 5.5 :

the body moves down,

down h decreases, the gravitational
force does positive work because U <0.

When

When the body moves up,

up h increases, the work done by
gravitational force is negative because U >0.
For

calculation, use

F

Figure 5.11

W = U = U f U i

In a smooth pulley system, a force F is required to bring

an object of mass 5.00 kg to the height of 20.0 m at a
constant speed of 3.00 m s1 as shown in Figure 5.11.
Determine
a. the force, F
b. the work done by the force, F.

where

U f : final gravitational potential energy

U i : initial gravitational potential energy
W : work done by a gravitational force

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20.0 m

29

Solution : m = 5.00 kg; s = h = 20.0 m; v = constant = 3.00 m s 1

a.

30

Elastic potential energy, Us

is defined as the energy stored in in elastic materials as the
result of their stretching or compressing.
compressing

Springs are a special instance of device which can store

elastic potential energy due to its compression or
stretching.
stretching

Hookes Law states the
the restoring force, Fs of spring is directly
proportional to the amount of stretch or compression
(extension or elongation),
elongation), x if the limit of proportionality is
not exceeded
exceeded

mg
Constant
speed

F

b.

s

mg

where

Fs x

Fs = kx

Fs : the restoring force of spring k : the spring constant or force constant

31

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x : the amount of stretch or compression ( x32f -xi )

Negative sign in the equation indicates that the direction of Fs is

always opposite to the direction of the amount of stretch or
compression (extension), x.

Case 2:

The spring is attached to an object and it is stretched and

compressed by a force, F as shown in Figure 5.13.

Case 1:
The spring is hung vertically and its is stretched by a
suspended object with mass, m as shown in Figure 5.12.

Fs

Fs is negative
x is positive

F
The spring is in
equilibrium, hence

The spring is in equilibrium

x=0

Figure 5.12

Fs

Initial position

Fs = F

Fs = 0
x=0
(Equilibrium position)

x =
0

F

Final position

Fs Fs is positive

x is negative

Fs = W = mg

thus

W = mg

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x

33

Figure 5.13

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The equation of elastic potential energy, Us for compressing

or stretching a spring is
1
1
U s = kx 2 = Fs x
2
2

Caution:

For calculation
calculation, use : Fs = kx = F where F : applied force
The unit of k is kg s2 or N m1

From the Hookes law (without

without
sign),
sign a restoring force, Fs
against extension of the spring, x graph is shown in Figure 5.14.

34

The work
work--elastic potential energy theorem
theorem,

W = U s
Fs

W = area under the Fs x graph

W=

0
Figure 5.14

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x1

1
Fx1
2

OR

W = U sf U si =

1 2 1 2
kx f kxi
2
2

Notes :
Work
Work--energy theorem states the work done by the nett force
on a body equals the change in the bodys total energy
energy

1
(kx1 )x1
2
1
W = kx12 = U s
2
W=

Wnett = E =

35

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E E
f

i

36

Example 5.6 :
Solution :

A force of magnitude 800 N caused an extension of 20 cm on a

spring. Determine the elastic potential energy of the spring
when
a. the extension of the spring is 30 cm.
b. a mass of 60 kg is suspended vertically from the spring.

b.

Fs

x
Solution :

W = mg

37

Work-kinetic energy theorem

Work
Consider a block with mass, m moving along the horizontal
surface (frictionless) under the action of a constant nett
force, Fnett undergoes a displacement, s in Figure 5.15.

Kinetic energy, K

is defined as the energy of a body due to its motion.
motion

Equation :

where

38

Fnett

1
K = mv 2
2

F = F

nett

m : mass of a body

= ma

By using an equation of linear motion:

v : speed of a body

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s

Figure 5.15

K : kinetic energy of a body

a=

39

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v2 u 2
2s

(1)

v 2 = u 2 + 2as
(2)

40

Example 5.7 :

By substituting equation (2) into (1), we arrive

Fnett

Fnett s =
Therefore

A stationary object of mass 3.0 kg is pulled upwards by a

constant force of magnitude 50 N. Determine the speed of
the object when it is travelled upwards through 4.0 m.
Solution :

v2 u2

= m
2
s

1 2 1
mv mu 2 = K f K i
2
2

F

Wnett = K

mg

states the
the work done by the nett force on a
body equals the change in the bodys kinetic
energy.
energy

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41

s F

mg

42

Example 5.8 :
A block of mass 2.00 kg slides 0.750 m down an inclined
plane that slopes downward at an angle of 36.9 below the
horizontal. If the block starts from rest, calculate its final
speed. You can ignore the friction.
m = 2.00 kg ; s = 0.750 m; u = 0

N

Solution :

a

mg sin 36.9 

mg cos 36.9 
36.9

mg

s
36.9

43

44

Example 5.9 :

Solution :

F (N)
10

10

s (m)

5
Figure 5.16

An object of mass 2.0 kg moves along the x-axis and is acted on

by a force F. Figure 5.16 shows how F varies with distance
travelled, s. The speed of the object at s = 0 is 10 m s1.
Determine
a. the speed of the object at s = 10 m,
b. the kinetic energy of the object at s = 6.0 m.

45

46

Exercise :
Solution :
1. A parcel is launched at an initial speed of 3.0 m s1 up a rough
plane inclined at an angle of 35 above the horizontal. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the parcel and the plane is
0.30. Determine
a. the maximum distance travelled by the parcel up the plane,
b. the speed of the parcel when it slides back to the starting
point.
ANS. : 0.560 m; 1.90 m s1

47

48

Example 5.10 :

Principle of conservation of energy

states in
in an isolated (closed) system, the total energy of that
system is constant.
constant

According to the principle of conservation of energy, we get

E =E
i

The initial of total energy = the final of total energy

Conservation

of mechanical energy

compression, x.
b. Calculate the speed of the sphere just
before strikes the spring.

In an isolated system, the mechanical energy of a system

is the sum of its potential energy, U and the kinetic
energy, K of the objects are constant.

E = K + U = constant

A 1.5 kg sphere is dropped from a height of

30 cm onto a spring of spring constant,
k = 2000 N m1 . After the block hits the
spring, the spring experiences maximum
compression, x as shown in Figure 5.17.
a. Describe the energy conversion
occurred after the sphere is
dropped onto the spring until the
spring experiences maximum

c. Determine the maximum compression, x.

30 cm

Before

After

Figure 5.17

Ki + U i = K f + U f

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49

Solution :
a.

50

Solution :

h = 30 cm
v

h0

x
h1
h2
(1)
The spring is not stretched
hence Us = 0. The sphere is
at height h0 above ground
therefore U = mgh0 and it is
stationary hence K = 0.

= mgh0

(3)
(2)
The spring is not stretched The sphere is at height h2
hence Us = 0. The sphere is above the ground after
compressing the spring by x.
at height h1 above ground
The speed of the sphere at
with speed, v just before
this moment is zero. Hence
strikes the spring. Therefore

= mgh1 +

1 2
mv
2

= mgh2 +

1 2
kx
2 51

52

Example 5.11 :

Solution :

m1 + m2

u1

m1

m2

Figure 5.18

A bullet of mass, m1=5.00 g is fired into a wooden block of mass,

m2=1.00 kg suspended from some light wires as shown in Figure
5.18. The block, initially at rest. The bullet embeds in the block, and
together swing through a height, h=5.50 cm. Calculate
a. the initial speed of the bullet.
b. the amount of energy lost to the surrounding.

53

Solution :

54

m1 = 5.00 10 3 kg; m2 = 1.00 kg; h = 5.50 10 2 m

Solution : m1 = 5.00 10 3 kg; m2 = 1.00 kg; h = 5.50 10 2 m

Applying the principle of conservation of linear momentum
involving the situation (1) and (2),

a
.

p =p

v12 = 0
u2 = 0
u1

m1

m1 + m2

u12

m2

(2)

K =U

u12 = 2 gh = 2(9.81) 5.50 10

(5.00 10 )u = (5.00 10
3

u12 = 1.04 m s

u1 = 209 m s

+ 1.00 (1.04)

b. The energy lost to the surrounding, Q is given by

(3)

Q=

1
(m1 + m2 )(u12 )2 = (m1 + m2 )gh
2
2

m1u1 = (m1 + m2 )u12

Applying the principle of conservation of energy involving the

situation (2) and (3),

E = E

m1 + m2

(1)

1

55

E E
1

1
1
2
Q = m1 u12 (m1 + m 2 )(u12 )
2
2
1
1
2
2
Q = 5.00 10 3 (209 ) 5.00 10 3 + 1.00 (1.04 )
2
2
Q = 109 J

56

Example 5.12 :
Solution :

mP = 2.0 kg; mQ = 4.0 kg; h = 2 m; u = 0

Smooth
pulley

Smooth
pulley

2m

2m
Initial

Figure 5.19

Smooth
pulley

2m Q

Final

Applying the principle of conservation of mechanical energy,

Objects P and Q of masses 2.0 kg and 4.0 kg respectively are

connected by a light string and suspended as shown in Figure
5.19. Object Q is released from rest. Calculate the speed of Q at
the instant just before it strikes the floor.

E = E
i

57

U Q = U P + KP + KQ
1
1
mQ gh = mP gh + mP v 2 + mQ v 2
2
2
1
(4.0)(9.81)(2) = (2.0)(9.81)(2) + (2.0)v 2 + 1 (4.0)v 2
2
2
v = 3.62 m s 1
58
f

Exercise :
1. If it takes 4.00 J of work to stretch a spring 10.0 cm from its
initial length, determine the extra work required to stretch it an
additional 10.0 cm.
ANS. : 12.0 J

4.

2. A book of mass 0.250 kg is placed on top of a light vertical

spring of force constant 5000 N m1 that is compressed by 10.0
cm. If the spring is released, calculate the height of the book rise
from its initial position.
ANS. : 10.2 m
3. A 60 kg bungee jumper jumps from a bridge. She is tied to a
bungee cord that is 12 m long when unstretched and falls a total
distance of 31 m. Calculate
a. the spring constant of the bungee cord.
b. the maximum acceleration experienced by the jumper.
ANS. : 100 N m1; 22 m s2

59

Figure 5.20

A 2.00 kg block is pushed against a light spring of the force

constant, k = 400 N m-1, compressing it x =0.220 m. When the
block is released, it moves along a frictionless horizontal surface
and then up a frictionless incline plane with slope =37.0 as
shown in Figure 5.20. Calculate
a. the speed of the block as it slides along the horizontal
surface after leaves the spring.
b. the distance travelled by the block up the incline plane before
it slides back down.
ANS. : 3.11 m s1; 0.81 m

60

5.

Learning Outcome:

5.3 Power and mechanical efficiency (1 hour)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
W
Define and use average power: Pav =
t



Define and use power:
P = F v

A
10 m

Figure 5.21

A ball of mass 0.50 kg is at point A with initial speed, u =4 m s1

at a height of 10 m as shown in Figure 5.21 (Ignore the frictional
force). Determine
a. the total energy at point A,
b. the speed of the ball at point B where the height is 3 m,
c. the speed of the ball at point D,
d. the maximum height of point C so that the ball can pass over
it.
ANS. : 53.1 J; 12.4 m s1; 14.6 m s1; 10.8 m

61

Define and use mechanical efficiency,

Poutput
Pinput

100%

and the consequences of heat dissipation.

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62

5.3 Power and mechanical efficiency

is a scalar quantity.

Average power, Pav

When a quantity of work W is done during a time
interval t, the average power Pav is defined as

Pav =

W
t

t 0

The S.I. unit of the power is kg m2 s3 or J s1 or watt (W)

(W).

Unit conversion of watt (W

W) and horsepower (hp).

1 hp = 746 W

The instantaneous power,

power P is defined as the instantaneous
rate of doing work
work, which can be write as

P = limit

W dW
=
t
dt

Consider an object that is moving at a constant velocity v

along a frictionless horizontal surface and is acted by a
constant force, F directed at angle above the horizontal as
shown in Figure 5.22. The object undergoes a displacement of
ds.


F

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63

4/7/2013

Figure 5.22

ds

64

Example 5.13 :
An elevator has a mass of 1.5 Mg and is carrying 15 passengers
through a height of 20 m from the ground. If the time taken to
lift the elevator to that height is 55 s. Calculate the average
power required by the motor if no energy is lost. (Use average
mass per passenger is 55 kg)

Therefore the instantaneous power, P is given by

P=

P=

dW
dt

dW = (F cos )ds

and

(F cos )ds

and v =

dt

P = Fv cos

ds
dt

Solution :

P = F v

OR

M = mass of the elevator + mass of the 15 passengers

M = 1500 + (5515) = 2325 kg
According to the definition of average power,

where

F : magnitude of force
v : magnitude of velocity




: the angle between F and v

h = 20 m; t = 55 s
Pav =

E
t

Pav =

Mgh
t

Pav =

(2325)(9.81)(20)
55

Pav = 8294 W

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65

66

Solution :

Example 5.14 :
An object of mass 2.0 kg moves at a constant speed of 5.0 m s1
up a plane inclined at 30 to the horizontal. The constant
frictional force acting on the object is 4.0 N. Determine
a. the rate of work done against the gravitational force,
b. the rate of work done against the frictional force,
c. the power supplied to the object.
Solution :

1
m = 2.0 kg;

s = constant; f = 4.0 N

v = 5.0 m

s

mg sin
30
x f
30

30

mg cos 30




W = mg

67

68

Solution :

Mechanical efficiency,

Efficiency is a measure of the performance of a machines,

engine and etc...
The efficiency of a machine is defined as the ratio of the useful
(output) work done to the energy input.
input
is a dimensionless quantity (no unit).

Equations:

Wout
100%
Ein

where

69

In

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OR

Pout
100%
Pin

Pout : power produced by the system

Pin : power supplied to a system

70

Solution :

Notes :
practice, Pout< Pin hence < 100%
100%.

The system loses energy to its surrounding because it may have

encountered resistances such as surface friction or air resistance.
The energy which is dissipated to the surroundings, may be
in the form of heat or sound
sound.
Example 5.15 :
A 1.0 kW motor is used to lift an object of mass 10 kg vertically
upwards at a constant speed. The efficiency of the motor is 75 %.
Determine
a. the rate of heat dissipated to the surrounding.
b. the vertical distance travelled by the object in 5.0 s.

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71

72

Exercise :
1. A person of mass 50 kg runs 200 m up a straight road
inclined at an angle of 20 in 50 s. Neglect friction and air
resistance. Determine
a. the work done,
b. the average power of the person.
ANS. : 3.36
3.36104 J; 672 W
2. Electrical power of 2.0 kW is delivered to a motor, which has
an efficiency of 85 %. The motor is used to lift a block of
mass 80 kg. Calculate
a. the power produced by the motor.
b. the constant speed at which the block being lifted vertically
upwards by the force produced by the motor.
(neglect air resistance)
ANS. : 1.7 kW; 2.17 m s1

73

THE END
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 6 :
Circular Motion

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75

10
Figure 5.23

3. A car of mass 1500 kg moves at a constant speed v up a

road with an inclination of 1 in 10 as shown in Figure
5.23. All resistances against the motion of the car can be
neglected. If the engine car supplies a power of 12.5 kW,
calculate the speed v.
ANS. : 8.50 m s1

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