Sans 5865

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SOUTH AFRICAN STANDARD
STANDARD METHOD
SABS method 865:1994

First revision
Concrete tests - The drilling, preparation, and testing for compressive

strength of cores taken from hardened concrete
Acknowledgement
The SABS wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance derived from publications of the following
organizations:
The American Society for Testing and Materials
The British Standards Institution
The Concrete Society of the United Kingdom
Notice
This standard was approved by the President of the South African Bureau of Standards on
31 October 1994.
NOTES
1 In terms of the Standards Act, 1993 (Act 29 of 1993), no person shall daim or declare that he or any other person
complied with an SABS standard unless
a) such claim or declaration is true and accurate in all material respects, and
b) the identity of the person on whose authority such claim or declaration is made, is clear
2 It is recommended that authorities who wish to incorporate any part of this standard into any legislation in the manner
intended by section 31 of the Act consult the SABS regarding the implications.
This standard will be revised when necessary in order to keep abreast of progress. Comment will be
welcome and will be considered when the standard is revised.
Foreword
This first revision cancels and replaces SABS method 8653982.
While the procedures in this standard give good results with cores taken from normal concrete, special
considerations are necessary if the core includes reinforcing bar material or excessive voids, or is of
non-standard shape.
Annex A forms an integral part of this standard. Annex B is for information only.
1 (of 1Ip.)
Gr 6
SABS. This standard may only be used and printed by subscribers to the SABS Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to subscribers to the SABS Complete Collection
1 Scope
This standard describes a method of taking cores from hardened concrete, preparing them for testing
and determining their compressive strengths.
NOTE - Before drilling of cores for testing in compression is started, agreement should be reached by all parties on the
necessity of the test, and its aims. Reference should be made to SABS 0100-2 and to specialist literature').
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions
of this standard. All standards are subject to revision and, since any reference to a standard is deemed
to be a reference to the latest edition of that standard, parties to agreements based on this standard
are encouraged to take steps to ensure the use of the most recent editions of the standards indicated
below. Information on currently valid national and international standards may be obtained from the
South African Bureau of Standards.
BS 915, High alumina cement.
SABS method 863, Concrete tests - Compressive strengfh of hardened concrete.
SABS 0100-2.structural use of concrete - Part 2: Materials and execution of work.
3 Materials
3.1 High alumlna cement, that complies with the requirements of BS 915.
3.2 Sand, clean, fine and siliceous, that passes through a sieve of nominal aperture size 300 pm and
that is retained on a sieve of nominal aperture size 150 pm.
3.3 Sulfur, commercial grade.
3.4 Carbon black.
4 Apparatus
4.1 Concrete core drill, that is diamond-tipped, of the required diameter and capable of taking a core
from hardened concrete.
4.2 Concrete saw, that is diamond-tipped, and capable of cutting the ends of a core square to the
axis of the core to within 1".
4.3 Grinder, that is capable of grinding the ends of a core plane to within 0,5 mm/m and square to
the axis to within 05".
4.4 Capping plates and collars, if the core ends are to be capped. The appropriate of the following
will be required:
1) BS 6089,Guide to assessment of concrete strength in existing structures.
Concrete Society, Concrete core testing for strength. Technical Report No. 11.
2 (of 1Ip.)
SABS method 8631994

4.4.1 For capplng with high alumina cement mortar, a sufficiently rigid metal baseplate, and a
glass capping plate of thickness at least 6 mm, each with a surface that is plane to within 0 3 mm/m,
and a steel collar with a machined edge of diameter appropriate to the cores to be tested.
4.4.2 For capping with sulfur mortar, a sufficiently rigid metal plate of diameter slightly larger than
the core diameter, with a surface that is plane to within 0,5 mm/m, and with a slightly bevelled rim of
vertical height not exceeding 3 mm, to form a fiat-bottomed dish.
NOTE - Other equipment may be used, provided that a cap of uniform thickness and of the specified planeness is
obtained.
4.5 Melting pot, electrically heated, that is capable of heating the sulfur mortar to approximately
250 "C and preferably fitted with an automatic temperature control device.
4.6 All-metal thermometer, with a usable range of 220 OC to 260 OC,to determine the temperature
of the sulfur mortar.
4.7 Compression testlng machlne, as described in SABS method 863.
5 Drilling of concrete cores

5.1 Core size and drilling position
Take cores in accordance with SABS 0100-2.
5.2 Orientation
The orientation of the cores will, to a large extent, be dictated by the shape, size and position of the
member or section. Take the core perpendicular to the outer surface of the concrete and, where
practicable, with the longitudinal axis of the core horizontal. If possible, take the core without cutting
through reinforcement. (A cover meter may be used to determine the position of reinforcement, and
in some cases it might be advisable to expose the steel by chipping away the concrete cover.)
5.3 Size of
cores
The preferred core diameter is 100 mm, but cores of a smaller diameter may be used, provided that
the diameter is at least 65 mm and at least three times the maximum size of the aggregate.
NOTE - If necessary, non-standard core sizes may be considered, to avoid cutting reinforcing steel. However, the
diameter should be at least 65 mm or at least three times the maximum size of the aggregate.
5.4 Drilling
Ensure that the drilling machine is so firmly positioned that damage to the core by movement or
vibration is prevented. Drill to a sufficient depth to ensure that after the outer 20 o/o (with a maximum
of 50 mm) of the core length (i.e. the portion that contains the surface layer of the concrete member
or section) has been cut off, the remaining length of core is sufficient for testing (see 6.1.2).
5.5 Marking
After extracting the cores, mark each core to indicate its position in the concrete member or section
and note any unusual features such as honeycombing, segregation, reinforcement, signs of lateral
stresses exerted during the drilling operation, etc.
3 (of 11p.)
6 Preparation of cores
6.1 Dimensions
6.1.1 Take as the diameter d, of each core the average of six measurements, to the nearest 1 mm,
taken in pairs at right angles to each other near the middle and near the quarterpoints of the core
length. The tolerance on the generatrix (i.e. the longitudinal surface plane parallel to the longitudinal
axis) of each core should be within 2 o/o of the diameter dc.
6.1.2 Measure the maximum and minimum length of each core to the nearest 1 mm and discard any
cores that do not have a trimmed length/diameter ratio of at least 0,85or a ground IengtNdiameter
ratio of at least 0.9.
6.2 Trimming
Using the concrete saw (see 4.2) cut off both ends perpendicular to the axis of the core, to obtain a
trimmed core that
a) does not contain any concrete from the top 20
section, or any surface laitance;
Oh
(with a maximum of 50 mm) of the member or
b) has, in the case of cores to be capped, a lengtwdiameter ratio of 0,85to 1,05, and, in the case of
Measure, to the nearest 1 mm, the length
cores to be ground, a lengthldiameter ratio of 0,9to 1,l.
I, of the trimmed core and the distance s from the nearer end of the core to the axis of any
reinforcement included in the core.
6.3 Preparation of
core ends
Use any of the following three methods to prepare the core ends.
6.3.1 Grlnding
Before grinding, ensure that the core is saturated with water. Grind both ends of the core plane to
within 0,5 mm/m and square to the axis of the core, to within O S O ,such that a ground IengtNdiarneter
ratio of 0,9to 1,l is obtained. Before testing, immerse the core for 48 h in water at 22 "C to 25 "C.
6.3.2 Capping with high alumina cement

6.3.2.1 Mix three parts by mass of high alumina cement and one part by mass of sand with enough
water to obtain a mortar with the consistence of putty.
6.3.2.2 Before capping, ensure that the core is saturated with water. Place the core on a horizontal
capping plate. So attach a well-fitting metal collar (that has a machined upper end) to the end of the
specimen to be capped that the upper edge is horizontal relative to the plate and that the collar
extends approximately 2 mm to 4 mm above the surface of the core end.
6.3.2.3 So fill the collar with the capping material that it forms a convex surface above the edge of
the collar.
6.3.2.4 Coat the glass capping plate with a thin film of oil and press the capping plate down onto the
capping material with a rotary motion until the capping plate makes complete contact with the edge
of the collar. Take care not to occlude any air in the mortar. Allow the cap to harden, ensuring that it
is kept damp, before removing the capping plate and collar. Cap the other end of the core in the same
way. Cap both ends of the core plane to within 0,5mm/m and square to the axis of the core to within
03".
4 (of 1lp.)

6.3.2.5 Before testing, immerse the core for 48 h in water at 22 "C to 25 "C.
6.3.3 Capplng wlth sulfur mortar
6.3.3.1 Before capping, dry the core at a temperature of approximately 50 "C for approximately 2 h.
6.3.3.2 Mix equal parts by mass of sulfur and sand and add 2 'loto 3 o/' of carbon black. Carefully
heat the sulfur mortar to 230 "C to 250 "C while stirring well.
NOTE - Alternatively, a mixture of sulfur and fly ash can be used in suitable proportions to provide a higher strength than
that of the concrete.
6.3.3.3 Heat the flat-bottomed dish until it can just be comfortably handled with the bare hands, thinly
coat the surface with paraffin or a suitable oil and pour a quantity of sulfur mortar into the dish.
Immediately press one end of the dried core into the sulfur mortar and, by using a suitable guide
arrangement, ensure that the surface of the cap is perpendicular to the axis of the core and that the
cap thickness does not exceed 5 mm. Cut off the excess mortar after a few seconds and immediately
cap the other end of the core in the same way. Cap both ends of the core plane to within 0,5mm/m
and square to the axis of the core to within 0,5O.
After cooling, immerse the core for 48 h in water at 22 "C to 25 "C before testing.
NOTES
1 The ends of the core must be dry, since any moisture will immediately form steam and damage the cap.
2 If, after prolonged capping, the sulfur mortar has overheated the dish, allow the dish to cool until it can just be
comfortably handled with the bare hands before carrying out further capping.
3 The sulfur mortar must be heated carefully to ensure even melting of the sulfur, especially when reheating mortar that
has cooled down and formed a crust on top. The sulfur fumes emitted could generate enough pressure to explode the
mass and it is therefore recommendedthat a thick steel rod, touching the bottom of the pot, be left in the cooling mortar.
Upon reheating, the rod will conduct the heat to melt a hole through the crust and thus prevent an explosion.
4 The thermometer (see 4.6) should be used continuously to check the temperature of the sulfur mortar.
5 Heating over an open flame is dangerous because sulfur has a flash point of approximately 230 "C. Heating must be
done in a fume cupboard.
6 Discard the sulfur mortar after reheating it five times.
7 Test procedure
7.1 Test each core immediately after it has been removed from the water and whilst it is still wet. Do
not test cores with cracked or loose caps. Remove surface water, grit and projecting fins, and, for each
core under test, determine, to the nearest 1 mm, the length (I2) of the ground core or of the capped
core.
7.2 Wipe clean the closing-in surfaces of the platens of the compression testing machine and so
position the core in the machine that the axis of the core is aligned with the centre of thrust of the
spherically seated platen. Do not use any packing other than auxiliary steel platens. As the platen is
brought to bear on the core, adjust the platen gently by hand to achieve uniform contact.
7.3
Apply the compression load without shock and increase it continuously at a uniform rate of
0,3 MPa/s k 0,l MPa/s until the specimen fails, i.e. until no greater load can be sustained by the
specimen. Record the load at failure P, in newtons. Report any unusual feature in the type of failure.
5 (of l l p . )

7.4 Test the other cores in the same way.
7.5 If the core contains reinforcement, remove the steel after testing the core and determine the
nominal diameter dr, in millimetres.
NOTE - Cores should be retained for at least four weeks after testing.
8 Expressing and recording of results

8.1 Core cross-sectional area (bearing surface)
Calculate the area A of the cross-sectional surface, using the formula
A = - nd , 2
4
where d, is the diameter of the core, in millimetres (see 6.1.1).
8.2 Measured core compressive strength

Calculate, in megapascals, the measured compressive strength of each core F, using the formula
F = _P
A
where
P
is the load at failure, in newtons (see 7.3); and
is the area of bearing surface of the core, in square millimetres (see 8.1).
Record the measured core compressive strength to the nearest 0,5MPa.
9 Test report
Refer to this test method in the report and include the following information,where applicable:
a) the site, the size of the member or section, and the location and marking of the cores;
b) the orientation of the cores:
c) the length of the drilled core:
d) the nominal core diameters;
e) the length of the trimmed core and the location in relation to the length drilled:
f) the length of capped or ground cores;
g) the method of end preparation:

h) the estimated excess voids;
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i) the date of the test and the reputed age of the concrete;
j) the load at failure of each core:
k) the measured core compressive strength;
I) any unusual features of the cores, including the size and position of reinforcement, segregation,
unusual fractures, etc.
NOTE - Photographs of the cores as drilled and after testing could be included in the report
7 (of 1lp.)
Annex A
(normative)
Adjustment of measured core compressive strength

for included transverse reinforcement
A.l Calculate the correction factor fr for included transverse reinforcement, using the applicable
formula:
fr
l,o
185 ( d r x S)
dc
(for one bar only)
'2
or
fr =
l,o
1,5 C ( d r x S)
dc
(for multiple bars)
2'
where
dr is the diameter of the reinforcement, in millimetres (see 7.5);

s is the distance from the axis of the bar to the nearer end of the core, in millimetres
(see 6.2(b));
aCis the diameter of the core, in millimetres (see 7.1); and

/2 is the length of the capped or ground core, in millimetres (see 7.1).
NOTE - A bar that passes through, or parallel to and in close proximity to, the axis of a core could increase the
compressive strength of the core, provided that a bond exists between the steel and the concrete.
A.2
Calculate, in megapascals, the core compressive strength, adjusted for included transverse
reinforcement f,,using the formula

fr= F X fr
where
f is the measured core compressive strength, in megapascals (see 8.3);and
fr is the correction factor for reinforcing.
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Annex B
(informative)
B.l Adjustment of measured compressive strength for cores that fall

outside the prescribed lengthldiameter ratio
NOTE - In certain cases it may be impossible to drill cores that fall within the prescribed length/diarneter ratio (see 7.1).
e.g. slabs, partitions, etc., thinner than 65 rnrn. In these cases, the following formula may be used, but the test should
be regarded as non-standard.
If the IengtNdiameter ratio dll is less than 0,9or more than 1,l calculate, in megapascals, the core
compressive strength adjusted for non-standard cores Fa,using the formula
Fa = F X
2,s
1,5 + dil
where
F is the measured core compressive strength, in megapascals (see 8.2);
d is the diameter of the non-standard core, in millimetres; and
I
is the length of the non-standardcore, in millimetres.
8.2 Adjustment of measured compressive strength for cores with excess

voids
8.2.1 From the value of the excess voids estimated from the formula given in 8.1, select the
appropriate correction factor fv from table B.l.
Table B.l
- Correction factor for excess voids

1
Excess voids
Factor fv
%
1.oo
1,04
1,08
1,13
1,18
1.23
1,28
1,s
1,39
1,45
1.51
9 (of 1lp.)
8.2.2 Calculate, in megapscals, the core compressive strength adjusted for excess voids F,, using
the formula:
F, = F x f"
where
F is the measured core compressive strength, in megapascals (see 8.2); and
f, is the correction factor for excess voids.
10 (of 11p.)

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SOUTH AFRICAN STANDARD

SABS method 865:1994

Concrete tests - The drilling, preparation, and testing for compressive

SABS method 865:1994

1) BS 6089,Guide to assessment of concrete strength in existing structures.

SABS method 8631994

5 Drilling of concrete cores

SABS method 865:1994

(with a maximum of 50 mm) of the member or

6.3.2 Capping with high alumina cement

SABS method 865:1994

SABS method 865:1994

8 Expressing and recording of results

where d, is the diameter of the core, in millimetres (see 6.1.1).

8.2 Measured core compressive strength

is the load at failure, in newtons (see 7.3); and

Record the measured core compressive strength to the nearest 0,5MPa.

g) the method of end preparation:

SABS method 865:1994

k) the measured core compressive strength;

SABS method 865:1994

Adjustment of measured core compressive strength

(for one bar only)

(for multiple bars)

dr is the diameter of the reinforcement, in millimetres (see 7.5);

aCis the diameter of the core, in millimetres (see 7.1); and

reinforcement f,,using the formula

fr is the correction factor for reinforcing.

SABS method 865:1994

B.l Adjustment of measured compressive strength for cores that fall

is the length of the non-standardcore, in millimetres.

8.2 Adjustment of measured compressive strength for cores with excess

- Correction factor for excess voids

SABS method 865:1994

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