FRIENDLY DESIGN HOUSE DEVELOPMENT MODEL

OF EARTHQUAKE IN THE VILLAGE OF JAYAPURA,

CIGALONTANG DISTRICT, TASIKMALAYA REGION
WEST JAVA PROVINCE, BASED ON INSPIRATION OF SUNDANESE
TRADITIONAL OF ARCHITECTURE
Nuryanto ); Rr. Tjahyani Busono ); ) Suhandy Siswoyo
) Department of Architectural Education Engineering
) Department of Architectural Education Engineering
) Department of Architectural Education Engineering
Faculty of Technology and Vocational Education
Indonesia University of Education (UPI), Bandung City-West Java Province-Indonesia
) E-mail: nuryanto_adhi@upi.edu; Website: http://nuryanto.staf.upi.edu/
) E-mail: nienurf@yahoo.com
) E-mail: suhandysiswoyo@gmail.com

Abstract
Jayapura village located in the district Cigalontang, Tasikmalaya in West Java Province is one of the
villages that frequently hit by earthquakes, especially the largest seismic event in 2009 with a strength of 6.8 SR
magnitude tsunami potential. As a result of these events, cause a lot of damage to buildings, especially houses
were destroyed, such as the walls and roof. The seismic event into doing background and problem of research on
the development of earthquake friendly home design models, which are located in Jayapura village, district
Cigalontang, Tasikmalaya on based of Sundanese Traditional of Architecture. The research method used is
descriptive qualitative. Local architecture into a comparative study at Naga village, Dukuh, and Kuta. The focus
of this research is not in the power structure, but the architectural form of the house is a stage that can be
developed into a model home friendly earthquake. The results showed that the shape of the stage with a system
under which consist of umpak, booths, and roofed it makes the zoom very light and elastic. In addition, the
unique shape of the roof like a julang ngapak, badak heuay, jolopong, capit gunting, and tagog anjing add shape
and the house more beautiful.
Keywords: Model design , friendly house earthquake, Sundanese Traditional of Architecture.

Abstrak
Desa Jayapura yang berada di Kecamatan Cigalontang Kabupaten Tasikmalaya Provinsi Jawa Barat
merupakan salah satu desa yang sering diguncang gempa, terutama peristiwa gempa terbesar tahun 2009
dengan kekuatan 6.8 SR berpotensi Tsunami. Akibat peristiwa tersebut, banyak menimbulkan kerusakan
bangunan, terutama rumah penduduk yang hancur, seperti pada dinding dan atapnya. Peristiwa gempa tersebut
menjadi latar belakang dan masalah dilakukannya penelitian tentang pengembangan model desain rumah
ramah gempa yang lokasinya di Desa Jayapura Kec. Cigalontang Kab. Tasikmalaya berbasiskan Lokalitas
Arsitektur Tradisional Sunda. Metode penelitian yang dipakai adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Arsitektur lokal yang
menjadi studi banding yaitu Kampung Naga, Dukuh, dan Kuta. Fokus penelitian ini bukan pada kekuatan
struktur, tetapi pada arsitektur yaitu bentuk rumah panggung yang dapat dikembangkan menjadi model rumah
ramah gempa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bentuk rumah panggung dengan sistem kolong yang terdiri
dari umpak, bilik, dan ijuk ternyata secara arsitektural dapat dikembangkan sebagai alternatif model desain
rumah ramah gempa, karena tampilannya ringan dan elastis. Disamping itu, bentuk atap yang unik seperti
julang ngapak, badak heuay, jolopong, capit gunting, dan tagog anjing menambah bentuk rumah tersebut
semakin indah.
Kata kunci: Model desain, rumah ramah gempa, Arsitektur Tradisional Sunda.

1.

Introduction

The earthquake that occurred in several areas in West Java Province has generated a lot of damage to
houses, among others: (1) In 2006 an earthquake in the district. Tasikmalaya and Ciamis with the power of 5.7
SR; (2) In 2009 in the district. Tasikmalaya earthquake occurred again the greatest magnitude 6.8 SR potentially
Tsunami; (3) In 2010 an earthquake in the district. Sukabumi, Cianjur, as well as some areas in Garut and
Tasikmalaya with the power of 5.4 SR; and (4) In 2011 in the district. Bandung, Cianjur and Garut an earthquake
with a strength of 3.7 SR. (Source: Mind, 2010). In the District. Tasikmalaya, one of the districts most severely
affected by the earthquake of 2009 is Cigalontang especially Jayapura village, because it is closest to the quake
epicentrum. The series of seismic events in the district. Tasikmalaya make people become traumatized, because
they are a lot of loss of property, including homes that were destroyed.
Based on the seismic events of that, the problem arises how to create a friendly home design model
developed from the earthquake that houses on stilts in traditional Sundanese architecture that is safe for the
occupants. This research generally aims to bridge the central government through the Ministry of Public Works
and the National Disaster Management Agency with the district government. Tasikmalaya earthquake disaster
mitigation through the modeling of earthquakes friendly home.

2.

Method

This research method is descriptive qualitative, by describing the return in writing of the results of a field
survey on the home stage. Methods of information gathering techniques are divided into two parts, namely: (1)
Method of literature, and (2) Method of the field. Literature is a search method theories through books sources
and information gathering techniques related to the earthquake and Sundanese traditional architecture. Method
that searches in the location field research through observation, interviewing informants and making sketches
and taking photographs. Field data are collected, analyzed and discussed the latest theories and inferences,
suggestions and reporting process research.

3.
a.

Result and Discussion

Result of Research

Jayapura village is the Capital District Cigalontang in Tasikmalaya district of West Java province which
has an area of 376.79 hectares with an altitude above sea level 700 (m.dpal) and an average temperature of 2527C. Jayapura village bounded by the villages around him, namely: the North is limited by Sirnaraja village,
south of the village Pusparaja, the West is limited by Cigalontang Village and the East Village are limited by
Lengkongjaya. The total population of the village of Jayapura is 4033 to 1267 the number of households;
comparison to women 1,986 inhabitants, while for men 2,047 inhabitants. Map of the earthquake area in the
district. Cigalontang can be seen (picture 1) below:

Kecamatan
Cigalontang

Kabupaten
Tasikmalaya

Picture 1: Map of the Earthquake-prone region in Tasikmalaya Region

Source: Documentation, 2013
Rural settlements conditions in Jayapura before the largest seismic event in 2009 was generally similar to
other villages in the district Cigalontang. Depok shaped house the majority population, which is home to the
ground floor is attached directly to the brick material, brick, concrete, tile, etc. (picture 1) The foundation stone

split home use planted in the ground with sloof and columns of concrete, the walls are made of brick or adobe,
and roofing of tiles, partly there is also the use of asbestos or corrugated iron. Among depok home, there are also
people who still have houses on stilts, the house floor above ground level (berkolong), because the use of
foundation pedestals (umpak). The wall is made from woven bamboo with braids system in combination with
boards, pedestals made of stone, rock or wood beams, while the roof covering using tiles. Modern technology
such as the use of concrete and steel used for the majority of public buildings, such as the multipurpose building,
district office, wedding halls, mosques, schools, offices UPTD, and so forth.

Settlements

Health Center

Settlements

Islamic School

Picture 2: Existing buildings before an earthquake

Source: Documentation, 2013
Based on the interview with the secretary of the village, an earthquake with a strength of 6.7 SR magnitude
have occurred in 1979 in Tasikmalaya district and felt the vibrations in the village of Jayapura to cause
considerable damage to the building occurred in 1982. The eruption of Mount Galunggung accompanied by an
earthquake, but the little strength so do not cause damage. Thirty years later the events since 1979 there was a
great earthquake on 02 September 2009 with power of 7.8 SR magnitude and District Cigalontang, especially
Jayapura village severely damaged (picture 3). In the village of Jayapura building was severely damaged by the
earthquake as many as 119 pieces, and damaged as many as 240 pieces, lightly damaged as many as 77 pieces.
The earthquake is called the cycle of 30 years, since 1949 in fact been an earthquake in Tasikmalaya district with
power of 5.9 SR magnitude strength but not too much damage.

Houses were destroyed

health centers destroyed

Houses were destroyed

Houses were destroyed

Islamic school destroyed

School destroyed

Picture 3: Buildings that was destroyed after the earthquake

Source: Documentation, 2013

1.

Imah Panggung house in Kampung Naga

Administratively, Kampung Naga included in Legok Dage village area Neglasari, Salawu, Tasikmalaya.
Kampung Naga stand the 1500s the number of houses 60 units. In architecture Kampung Naga, house-shaped
stage (panggung) is required, ie the house whose floor above ground level as high as 35-50 cm (photo 4).
Panggung in people's minds the concept of Kampung Naga related to cosmology about the level of the three
worlds; (1) Under World (ambu handap/buana larang) symbolized by the foundation or umpak; (2) World
middle (ambu tengah/buana panca tengah) symbolized by the wall; and (3) World top (ambu luhur/buana

nyungcung) symbolized by the roof. The layout of the panggung house is in the middle, among the world's top
and bottom. Kampung Naga society believe, that the panggung house is the center that has a neutral force
between the two worlds (picture 4).

Settlements

Tajug or small Mosque

Imah panggung

Imah panggung

Picture 4: Settlement conditions in Kampung Naga

Source: Documentation, 2013
According to Kampung Naga society, at the time of the earthquake of 2009 houses collapsed and no one
was destroyed, they even remain in the house with the family. Based on interviews, it is because the system is a
panggung on home soil could offset movement. In addition, because the process of development based on the
traditional rituals as a bridge to the ancestors with the purpose of applying the safety of the house and its
occupants.

2.

Imah Panggung house in Kampung Dukuh

Kampung Dukuh is located in the district of Cikelet-Garut in West Java Province. This village stands
around the 1700s, consists of 40 houses on stilts that are simple, have a sacred springs, shrine, cover areas,
prohibition, reserve, filmed and deposited. The village is led by a kuncen (indigenous leaders) to regulate
indigenous affairs. As in Kampung Naga, houses on stilts in Kampung Dukuh also prepared based on an
understanding of cosmology level three worlds, namely: ambu handap, ambu tengah, and ambu luhur.

Settlements

Tajug or small Mosque

Imah panggung

Imah panggung

Picture 5: Settlement conditions in Kampung Dukuh

Source: Documentation, 2013
The houses include other buildings in the village of Hamlet has the form of a stage in accordance with the
rules of ancestral custom (picture 5). In general, the panggung in Hamlet Village has similarities to Kampung
Naga, the difference is the shape of the roof. In Kampung Dukuh, jolopong shaped roofs, namely saddle without
fault on both sides, while at Kampung Naga gable roof that julang ngapak which has fault on both sides. In this
case there are no restrictions or prohibitions customary, depending on the agreement the community. In the event
of an earthquake in Garut regency in 2010 and 2011, the houses in Kampung Dukuh nothing collapsed, and
occupants remain in the house. According to Hamlet Village community, it is because their house is light and
simple, not made of brick and concrete but of bamboo, wood, and ijuk (tree sap/palm). In addition, the most
important is the house founded by the ancestral custom rules based on the beliefs and rituals to ask for salvation.

3.

Imah Panggung house in Kampung Kuta

Kampung Kuta is one of the traditional settlement Sundanese community located in the village
Karangpaningal, District Tambaksari, Ciamis District directly adjacent to the Central Java. The buildings in the
village of Kuta has the same characteristics as other villages in West Java, namely is imah panggung (photo 6).
The similarity of these characteristics is based on the understanding of cosmology community about the level of
the three worlds, namely: buana larang (under world), buana panca tengah (middle world), and buana

nyungcung (top world). Understanding of cosmology is then translated into the form of architecture in the form
of a panggung which consists of three parts; handap (foundation), tengah (walls and floors), luhur (roof).

Imah panggung

Imah panggung

Imah panggung

Imah panggung

Picture 6: Settlement conditions in Kampung Kuta

Source: Documentation, 2013
Based on ancestral indigenous people in Kampung Kuta, house roofing material prohibited use of tile or all
of that comes from a kind of clay, as it is tantamount to bury themselves alive. In cosmology Kampung Kuta
community, the land has a symbol of death, so the taboo (abstinence) using tile and prohibited stick on the
ground floor of the house and should be given a separator in the form of umpak (foundation). The material used
in the foundation, walls and roof entirely derived from nature, namely: stone, bamboo, wood, fibers and thatch
so it looks simple and light (picture 6). Seismic events that occurred in 2006 and 2009 in the district of Ciamis
no effect on homes and other buildings. The entire building collapsed and no inhabitants remain in the home.
According to Kampung Kuta community, their homes safe against earthquakes, because physically built using
natural materials are lightweight and environmentally friendly, such as bamboo, wood, and fibers. In the nonphysical, houses built on the strength of his ancestors, because they set up home with custom rules based, such as
the implementation of the various ceremonies to build the house, among others: natahan (ceremonial cutting
trees), nyekar (ritual pilgrimage to the tomb of ancestors), etc. ,

b.
1.

Discussion of Research: Sundanese Traditional of Architecture as inspiration

friendly house earthquake
Inspiration models of plan, facade, and types of roof house earthquake

This study did not examine the strength of the structure and construction of houses on stilts, because the
necessary structural strength test in the laboratory to determine the strength of the structure and construction.
This study only examined the architecture of houses on stilts that can be developed into a model home friendly
against earthquakes is based on Sundanese Traditional of Architecture. Based on comparative studies have been
conducted in Kampung Naga, Kampung Dukuh, and Kampung Kuta, architecturally panggung house has some
very distinctive characteristics for consideration in the development of models of earthquake-friendly home
design, among other things: (1) The panggung house has a mild form, although looks simple but remained
robust, powerful, and compact; (2) Position the umpak foundation were placed on the soil surface, although only
sticks to the ground but remain stable and steady as the basis of the strength of the building, so as to compensate
for the movement of the ground during the earthquake; (3) Building materials derived from natural and
environment friendly, although not modern but still strong and not be left behind; (4) Wisdom build that is based
on non-scientific calculations but using the approach and cultural traditions, such as: how to put a stone (umpak),
how to make dadasar imah (location), as well as the execution of traditional ceremonies of ngadegkeun imah
(building a house) in an attempt to maintain harmony between man and the supernatural power of the ancestors,
and his Lord.
The results of comparative studies have been conducted in Kampung Naga, Kampung Dukuh, and
Kampung Kuta provide inspiration in the development of a model home design that is friendly to the danger of
earthquakes remain rooted in their local wisdom. The design models include: floor plans, elevations, roof shapes,
and materials used. Plan relating to perletakkan dots foundation extolled by grid or module size of the space.
Appear to be associated with the performance, so that the house looks more attractive. Roof forms associated
with models used roof, as in a imah panggung in Kampung Naga, Kampung Dukuh, and Kampung Kuta.
House plans of imah panggung (picture 9) at the Sundanese Traditional of Architecture has an
organizational structure consisting of three spatial arrangement, namely: (1) Tepas imah, is the front area (yard);
(2) Tengah imah is a central part consisting of a living room (patemon/patamuan), family room (masamoan),
and a bedroom (pangkeng); (3) Pawon the rearmost part of the house that serves as a cooking area (kitchen) and
the activities of bathing, washing, toilet (MCK) or latrines and other spaces related to customs, as goah
(warehouse), and padaringan or pabeasan (a place to store rice). A sketch does not have to box, but it can be

developed into a number of alternatives, according to public taste. While the plan module can use a size of 2
meters, 3 meters or 4 meters, making it easier to lay the stone of umpak (pedestals).

DAPUR
(PAWON)
WC/KM

R. KELUARGA

R. TIDUR

(MASAMOAN)

(PANGKENG)

R. TIDUR
(PANGKENG)

R. TIDUR
R. TAMU

(PANGKENG)

Right side fiew

Left side fiew

(PATEMON)

Design model of facade house earthquake

Source: Documentation, 2013
Design model of plan house earthquake
Source: Documentation, 2013

Roof of jolopong

Roof of julang ngapak

Roof of tagog anjing

Roof of capit gunting

Picture 9: Design model of plans and facade house earthquake

Source: Documentation, 2013
Development of a model home design of imah panggung can be seen in the design looks with different
models typical of traditional roofs (picture 10). Materials may be of a tile roof coverings, fibers or any
combination in between. Fibers are lighter than the tile, so that the vertical load is not too heavy. Many types of
models in traditional architectural roof Sunda, among others: badak heuay that roof that resembles a rhino is
being evaporated, sulah nyanda means gable with additional tritisan towards the front, julang ngapak is roof that
resembles a bird flapping its wings were looming, jangga wirangga is mansarg roof or shield stump, tagog
anjing means a roof that looks like a dog sitting, and jolopong is gable (picture 10).

Roof of badak heuay

Roof of sulah nyanda

Roof of julang ngapak

Roof of jangga wirangga

Roof of tagog anjing

Roof of jolopong

Picture 10: Types of roof on the Sundanese Traditional of Architecture

Source: Documentation, 2013

2.

Inspiration models of structure-construction of foundation house earthquake

Imah panggung based on three main components, namely: (1) Umpak or foundation extolled as the basic
force; (2) Pangadeg or walls as protection from the weather, and (3) Suhunan or roof as top cover and weather
protector. At the foundation, people use the rock as a pedestal (umpak from stone) as well as the base for the
pillars of the house. The stones placed on the ground with the recommended installation techniques from tukang
bas (local of architect). Umpak stone above ground level set by the module (grid) and the axis line according to
the number and size of the room based on the results of the count of tukang bas (picture 11).

Structure-construction of foundation

Umpak lisung

Umpak buleud

Umpak pasagi

Picture 11: Structure-construction of foundation and types of umpak at house earthquake

Source: Nuryanto, 2006
Forms the umpak foundation known Sundanese people there are three kinds, namely pasagi (square/box),
buleud (rounded), and lisung (travesium). They are free to use the kinds of umpak, depending on individual tast.
The model is believed to be the umpak foundation Sundanese community in Kampung Naga, Kampung Dukuh,
and Kampung Kuta highly resistant to shocks and shifts in the soil and is suitable to be developed into an
alternative model of the design of earthquake-friendly house foundation. Structurally, on top of umpak are
installed tihang adeg main pillars of the building as a frame. Poles are only placed on umpak without special
techniques. Among poles installed building balok pananggeuy as a liaison between the beams so that its position
be stiff (picture 11). After umpak foundation and frame construction completed set, the walls and the roof can be
fitted to completion.

Umpak pasagi

Umpak buleud

Umpak lisung

Umpak pasagi

Picture 12: Type of umpak foundation used in imah panggung

Source: Nuryanto, 2006

3.

Development of a model-based design houses earthquake friendly base on

inspiration of Sundanese Traditional of Architecture

The architecture of Imah panggun can be developed into an alternative model of home design that is
friendly to the danger of earthquakes. With simple shapes, are relatively easier in workmanship and cheap
enough financing, then the people who are in disaster-prone areas, such as the Jayapura village in Cigalontang
district of Tasikmalaya regency was able to build it. In addition, the use of materials derived from natural and
environmentally friendly, and forms a unique roof adds to the attraction for the wearer. Further technological

developments allow to do collaboration between local materials to fabrication with specific technical rules.
Home design model in picture 9 can be developed into alternative models other people liking the Sundanese
culture still based on locality, so as not to lose our identity. As for the development of a model frame of imah
panggung can also be modified in accordance with the design seems (picture 13 and 14).

Picture 13: Development models of facade house earthquake

Source: Documentation Ardiansyah, 2013

Picture 14: Development models of structure-construction frame house earthquake

Source: Documentation Ardiansyah, 2013
4.
a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

Conclusion
Locality of Sundanese Traditional of Architecture based on several criteria, namely: (a) Architecture is very
unique village with based culture and ancestral traditions; (b) Architecture beautiful home with the use of
traditional forms of roof; and (c) Diversity ancestral rites that be hold society;
The concept of a friendly approach to home-based seismic locality Sundanese Traditional of Architecture
based on several concepts, namely: (a) Exploring the potential of natural resources and local knowledge
Jayapura village communities; (b) Determine the availability of building materials that are around the
neighborhood; (3) Exploring and developing the wealth of traditional Sundanese architecture in the village;
Model earthquake friendly home design can be done with consideration of: (a) The form used is umpak
foundation pedestals placed on the surface of the ground; (b) Kolong under the floor of the house can be
used as a good air circulation during the day and night, so that its temperature is maintained; (c) The roof of
the house using the roof shape of julang ngapak, jolopong, badak heuay, tagog anjing, sulah nyanda, and
others according to individual taste; (d) The material used comes from nature, such as bamboo, wood,
fibers, and rock. Another alternative can to collaboration with fabrication but not overly burdensome
structural, such as the use of asbestos or corrugated iron;
Development of architectural models at home friendly premises earthquake can be done by digging a local
architecture Sundanese people in Kampung Naga, Kampung Dukuh, and Kampung Kuta, such as: the shape
of imah panggung, shape of the roof (julang ngapak and jolopong), and the pattern of the building by
sengkedan (trap) position system. In addition, other local wisdom such as the implementation of various
ceremonies build a house can be taken into consideration on how to maintain the harmonization of the
Sundanese people;
Form the foundation (umpak) of imah panggung were placed on the surface of scientific. Scientifically,
form the foundation has a flexible character, meaning able to follow the rhythm of the ground motion
(shaking), because it is not planted in the ground, so it can move elastically (bending). Cosmological,
umpak into the separator between the under world (ambu handap) top world (ambu luhur), so that the floor
of the house should not be attached to the ground;
The basic form of imah panggung is rectanguler have characteristics stiff, sturdy, stable, and compact,
because it consists of the four corners of mutual support. In view of the Sundanese people cosmology,

rectangles is a symbol of the four cardinal directions (kaler=north; kidul=south; kulon=west; wetan=east), it
shows the four forces of the invisible about the ancestors who always protects, for example, the direction
kidul (south) is believed to be the abode of Sang Hyang Sri Pohaci (Goddess of Rice).
5.

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Ancknowledgement
The research team would like to thanks to Indonesia University of Education who have financed this
research. In addition, to all those who have helped this research, in particular to: (1) Rector of Indonesia
University of Education; (2) Head of Institute of Research and Community Services (LPPM), Indonesia
University of Education; (3) Dean of Faculty of Technology and Vocational Education (FPTK), Indonesia
University of Education; (4) Head of Department of Architectural Education Engineering; (5) Lecturer of
Department of Architectural Education Engineering; (6) Bupati of Regent of Tasikmalaya, Garut, and
Ciamis, West Java Province; (7) Camat Cigalontang, district, Kuwu or head of Jayapura village, sesepuh or
leader and all Sundanese people in Kampung Naga, Dukuh, and Kuta; (8) My student, special for Mr. Tri
Ramadhan (photographer) and Mr. Mario Setyahadi Syabandinar (photographer).