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c,*
a
Civil Engineering Department, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
Department of Continuous Medium Mechanics and Theory of Structures, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain
b
Abstract
This paper presents a comparative study of dierent integration methods of stresses (both analytical and numerical) for concrete sections subjected to axial loads and biaxial bending. Such methods are applied to circular and rectangular sections. The constitutive equation used is a parabola-rectangle from the Eurocode-2. The comparison was performed with regard to the accuracy and the
computational speed of each method. The objective of the paper is to determine which of the integration methods compared is more
ecient in computing the interaction surfaces for rectangular and circular sections. The analytical method proposed by Barros et al. [Barros MHFM, Barros A, Ferreira C. Closed form solution of optimal design of rectangular reinforced concrete sections. Eng Comput
2004;21(7):76176] for rectangular sections is compared with the numerical method termed modied thick layer integration proposed
by Bonet et al. [Bonet JL, Romero ML, Miguel PF, Fernandez MA. A fast stress integration algorithm for reinforced concrete sections
with axial loads and biaxial bending. Comput Struct 2004;82(23):21325] and with the well-known ber method. Furthermore, two new
methods are proposed for circular sections: one analytical and one numerical based on the GaussLegendre quadrature. The results of
both methods are compared with the classical layer decomposition method.
2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Stress integration; Reinforced concrete; Cross-section analysis; Short columns; Biaxial bending; Ultimate design
1. Introduction
Computer programs for designing reinforced concrete
structures need to compute the internal forces through
the integration of stresses over the concrete cross-section
in order to obtain the interaction surface (Nu, Muy, Muz).
This action is performed many times, and thus its optimisation represents an important reduction in computing
time. Romero et al. [3] demonstrated that the runtime to
obtain the internal forces of the section is mainly consumed
during the evaluation of the internal equilibrium forces of
concrete sections (Nc, Mcy, Mcz) and not in the steel bars.
Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 96 387 7007; fax: +34 963 879 679.
E-mail address: mromero@mes.upv.es (M.L. Romero).
0045-7949/$ - see front matter 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2006.08.065
2185
X
d
c
fcd
c
c2
a) For 0 c c 2
c = f cd 1 1
b) For c 2 c cu 2
c = f cd
c
c2
cu2
Fig. 1. Parabolarectangle diagram.
2186
c
B
3
h
7
Ac
d h
(y0, z0)
fcd
c2
-0.010
Fig. 2. Failure of the rectangular section: (a) Pivot diagram. Ultimate deformation of the section when the neutral axis has a depth X and (b) stress
distribution.
c = cu 2
Ac
X
h d
c
3
h
7
(y0, z0)
fcd
s
A
-0.010
c2
Fig. 3. Failure of the circular section: (a) Pivot diagram. Ultimate deformation of the section when the neutral axis has a depth X and (b) stress
distribution.
2187
I
b
IIa
IIb
III
IV
hd
(y0, z0)
(y0, z0)
II
2188
z
z
Layer-2
Layer-1
L3
dy dz
(y0, z0)
L2
2
y
c2
dz
(z-z0)
(y0, z0)
L
6 6
(y/2-y0)
L4
5
L1
L5
c
fcd
Fig. 6. Numerical integration method. Polygonal section: (a) decomposition into thick layers, (b) Decomposition into nL quadrilaterals and
transformation into a path integral and (c) concrete stress distribution.
N c N cI Heaviside2R X HeavisideX
N cII HeavisideX 2R
M cy M cyI Heaviside2R X HeavisideX
M cyII HeavisideX 2R
Nc
ntl
X
M cy
N ci ;
ntl
X
i1
M cz
M cyi ;
i1
ntl
X
M czi
i1
where ntl is the number of thick layers (one or two depending of the ber with strain higher).
10
M 0cz
ntl I
X
i1
i
0
rc z y =2
y 00 dz0
11
i
Nc
Z Z
rc z dA
y Lj
y' = y'j +
dz
( y 'j + 1 y 'j )
( z 'j + 1 z 'j )
(z z' j )
M cy
(z-z0)
bz rc z dz
rc z z z0 dA
(yj,zj)
zg R
h1 z dz
zg RX
zg R
bz z z0 rc z dz
zg RX
Ac
(y/2-y0)
Z Z
zg R
zg RX
Ac
(yj+1,zj+1)
2189
zg R
h2 z dz
zg RX
(y0, z0)
M cz
Z Z
rc z y g y 0 dA
bz y g y 0 rc z dz
zg RX
Ac
zg R
zg R
h3 z dz
zg RX
14
nL
X
hz0 dz0
S Lj z0
12
j1
ngp
z0j1 z0j X
xk hnk
2
k1
13
Layer-2
Layer-1
z
zi+1
X
(z-z0)
R
(yg-y0)
zi
b(z)
c2
dz
(yg, zg)
c
(y0, z0)
y
fcd
15
Fig. 8. Numerical integration method. Circular Section: (a) decomposition into thick layers and transformation into a path integral and (b)
concrete stress distribution.
q
R z zg R z zg
zi1 zi
n 1 zi
2
dz
zi1 zi
dn
2
16
2190
"
#
ngp
ntl
X
zi1 zi X
Nc
h1 zdz
xk h1 nk
2
zi
i
k1
i1
i1
"
#i
X
ngp
ntl Z zi1
ntl
X
X
zi1 zi
M cy
h2 zdz
xk h2 nk
2
zi
i
k1
i1
i1
"
#i
X
ngp
ntl Z zi1
ntl
X
zi1 zi X
M cz
h3 zdz
xk h3 nk
2
zi
i
k1
i1
i1
ntl Z
X
zi1
17
where nk is the value of the curvilinear coordinate of the
Gauss point k; ntl is the number of thick layers; xk is
the weight associated to such a Gauss point and ngp is
the number of Gauss points considered in the integral.
5. Comparative study
6. Results
The methods described in the previous sections were
applied to both rectangular and circular sections. The same
cases were also solved by using the well-known ber
method. For the rectangular section bers have been used
and for the circular section layers parallel to the neutral
axis with xed height have been used.
More specically, the rectangular section analysed measured 0.50 0.50 m and the circular section had a diameter
of 0.50 m. For both cases the mechanical cover of the reinforced bars was 0.05 m and the strength of the concrete was
25 MPa.
As was stated in Section 2, the constitutive equation in
this study was a parabola-rectangle (Fig. 1).
To perform the integration by the Gauss quadrature,
dierent numbers of Gauss points (2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,
15, 20, 32 and 48) were used for each of the sides of the
perimeter of each thick layer that constituted the rectangular section. The same number of Gauss points was used to
Table 1
Cases analysed in the comparative study
Section type
Inclination of the
neutral axis (b)
Rectangular
Circular
Table 2
Rectangular section: Results obtained with the numerical integration
a
0.01
0.10
0.40
0.80
1.40
2.00
10
15
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
1.212
1.141
1.623
1.782
1.752
1.673
0.005
0.587
0.685
0.102
7.198
7.198
1.282
1.282
1.862
2.103
2.113
2.073
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.004
1.462
1.503
2.203
2.444
2.413
2.443
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.892
1.822
2.824
3.175
3.185
3.114
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
2.553
2.574
4.025
4.577
4.617
4.537
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
3.516
3.405
5.538
6.370
6.349
6.299
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
2191
Table 3
Circular section: Results obtained with the numerical integration
a
0.01
0.10
0.40
0.80
1.40
2.00
10
15
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
0.409
0.403
0.515
0.505
0.513
0.507
3.160
2.828
0.689
2.348
10.51
3.445
0.453
0.453
0.593
0.599
0.597
0.597
1.011
0.950
0.253
0.611
1.371
2.907
0.487
0.489
0.685
0.683
0.685
0.683
0.453
0.429
0.116
0.273
0.479
1.382
0.583
0.583
0.855
0.849
0.851
0.861
0.145
0.138
0.038
0.088
0.131
0.450
0.753
0.751
1.198
1.196
1.202
1.192
0.034
0.032
0.009
0.020
0.028
0.105
0.997
0.981
1.618
1.624
1.622
1.622
0.010
0.010
0.003
0.006
0.008
0.033
Table 4
Rectangular section: Results obtained with the ber method
a
Mesh of bers
10 10
0.01
0.10
0.40
0.80
1.40
2.00
20 20
40 40
100 100
200 200
400 400
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
26.04
25.53
26.24
27.94
28.55
28.34
100
19.52
36.40
10.52
1.675
1.675
71.7
72.8
75.01
79.22
81.51
81.52
100
16.28
9.610
9.846
0.421
0.421
274.4
276.9
286.8
306.7
313.2
313.2
100.
16.50
9.441
2.229
0.105
0.105
1723
1753
1783
1853
1952
1963
19.33
0.623
0.089
0.037
0.189
0.017
6779
6780
7040
7531
7751
7801
18.02
0.631
0.131
0.111
0.004
0.004
27179
27189
28220
30284
30914
30854
7.108
0.633
0.133
0.108
0.001
0.003
Table 5
Circular Section: Results obtained with the layer method
a
Number of layers
10
0.01
0.10
0.40
0.80
1.40
2.00
20
40
100
200
400
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
t (sg)
E (%)
0.183
0.230
0.348
0.463
0.578
0.591
100
43.09
1.900
2.191
4.234
4.234
0.230
0.308
0.503
0.784
1.019
1.019
100
11.23
1.204
1.005
1.659
1.659
0.338
0.488
0.889
1.475
1.898
1.893
100
1.893
0.336
0.295
0.614
0.614
0.676
1.021
2.047
3.480
4.551
4.567
38.40
0.984
0.107
0.075
0.160
0.160
1.216
1.853
3.946
6.750
8.953
8.967
11.02
0.331
0.037
0.027
0.057
0.057
2.328
3.550
7.796
13.405
17.761
17.736
2.024
0.113
0.013
0.010
0.020
0.020
2192
depths of the neutral axis (a): 0.01; 0.10; 0.20 and 0.80.
The average computing integration time corresponding to
the cases performed with the analytical method is also represented with a continuous vertical line (1.76 sg).
As is shown in Fig. 9, if the integration is performed
using the layer method, the time increases as the relative
depth increases because there is a higher number of layers
in the compressed area. Moreover, if the proposed numerical method is compared with the layer method, the former
is found to be more ecient.
Finally, it can be inferred that for a level of errors that
could be considered to be admissible in a non-linear program (between 0.01% and 0.001%) the computing time of
the numerical method is similar to that of the analytical
method.
Table 6
Rectangular section: Results from the analytical integration method
a
Time (t (sg))
b = 15
0.01
0.10
0.40
0.80
1.40
2.00
b = 45
Unique
equations
Separated
components
Unique
equations
Separated
components
14.32
14.22
15.12
14.72
14.92
14.53
1.723
1.703
3.666
3.695
9.083
9.153
15.12
14.92
14.72
15.02
14.32
15.12
1.723
1.753
1.673
5.628
9.133
9.103
Table 7
Circular section: Results from the analytical integration method
a
Time (t (sg))
0.01
0.10
0.40
0.80
1.40
2.00
1.841
1.833
1.744
1.747
1.760
1.785
7. Conclusions
=0.01 MTLI
10
=0.10 MTLI
=0.20 MTLI
Error (%)
=0.80 MTLI
=0.01 Layers
0.1
=0.10 Layers
=0.20 Layers
0.01
=0.80 Layers
0.001
0.0001
0
Analytical
10
100
Time (sg)
Fig. 9. Circular section: comparative study of the eciency.
2193
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