Theorems in Plane Geometry

1.

1.
2.

Points and Straight Lines

Parallel Lines

3.
4.
5.

Triangles and Polygons

Congruence and Similarity
Quadrilaterals

6.
7.

Pythagoras Theorem
Mid-point theorem, Intercept theorem

8.
9.

and Equal ratios theorem

Special lines in triangles
Circles and Tangents

Points and Straight Lines

C
O

If AOB and COD are st. lines,

B A

If AOB is a st. line, then

If

then

,
then AOB is a st. line

(
* No one use this nowadays.

2. Parallel Lines
i. Angles related to parallel lines

If AB//CD, then

If AB//CD, then

If AB // CD, then

ii. Test for parallel lines

If

, then AB // CD

If

, then AB // CD

If

, then AB // CD

)*

3. Triangles and Polygons

i. Sum of angles in a triangle/ polygon
A

Interior angle sum =

Exterior angle sum =

ii. Isosceles Triangles

A

Definition:
An isosceles triangle
is a triangle with 2
sides equal.

If

If

then

then

If

, then the

followings are equivalent:

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

iii. Equilateral Triangles

Some terminologies:
1.

sides equal.

is

. In this case

2.

then
C

and

Complementary angles
2 angles

and

are complement to each

. In this case

are called complementary angles.

are supplement to each

are called supplementary angles.

other if

A
If

and

other if

is a triangle with all 3

Supplementary angles
2 angles

Definition:
An equilateral triangle

bisects

and

4. Congruence and Similarity

i. Test for congruent triangles

ii. Tests for similar triangles

B

A
Y

X
Z

iii. When we are given a pair of congruent / similar triangles, what we can know are:
Congruent
B

Similar

5. Quadrilaterals
Definition: Parallelograms are quadrilaterals with two pairs of opposite sides parallel.
i.

Properties of parallelograms
A

O
C

is a

then

If

and

is a

If

then

is a

then AC and BD bisect each other

and

ii.

If

and

Tests for a parallelogram

A

O
B

If

and

then

is a

,
.

If

then

is a

If
.

then

and

is a

If

and

then

is a

iii. Other types of parallelogram

1.

Rhombus

2.

Rectangle

3.

Square

Rhombus is a parallelogram

Rectangle is a parallelogram

Square is a rectangle with 2

with two adjacent sides

with one angle equal to a right

adjacent sides equal.

equal.

angle.

Properties:

Properties:

Properties:

(i)

its 4 sides are equal

(i)

(i)

(ii)

the 2 diagonals are

perpendicular to each

its 4 angles are equal.

(4 right angles)

(ii)

its diagonals are equal

other.

it has all properties of

rhombus and rectangles.

(ii)

its diagonals make angles

of

with the sides

6. Pythagoras Theorem

If

If

then

then

7. Mid-point Theorem, Intercept theorem and Equal ratios theorem

A

B
If

and

then
and

B
H

If

C
If

and

and

then

1
2

then

K
A
H

H
A

H
B

C
H

C
K

8. Special lines in triangles

Circumcenter

The intersection of 3 perpendicular

bisectors

P
G

AG=BG=CG

Position of G:
Acute

inside the triangle.

Right-angled

C
Q

Obtuse

Perpendicular bisector

on the hypotenuse .

outside the triangle.

Circumcenter
Incenter

Intersection of 3 angle bisectors.

Position of G:
Always inside the triangle.

G
B
P

Angle bisector

*Coordinate of G

In-center
Centroid

A
F
G

Intersection of 3 medians.

AG BG CG 2

GD GE GF 1

Area of the six small triangles are the

same.

Median

*Coordinate of G

Centroid
A

Orthocenter

Intersection of 3 altitudes.

Position of G:
Acute

Right-angled

Obtuse

vertices

and

on the right angle.

outside the triangle.

Altitude
*It is assumed that the coordinate of the vertices

inside the triangle.

Orthocenter
,

and

are

and

respectively.

respectively, and that

and

are the sides opposing to the

9. Circles and Tangents

a. Chords of a Circle
Some terminologies:
1.

Circle:
A circle is a collection of point such that

the distance between each of the points

and a particular point O is a constant.

2.

The point O is called the center.

Center, radius and Diameter:

Radius is any line segment
connecting the center O and a point at the

If

If

then

circumference.

Diameter is any line segment with

then

ends at the circumference and passing

through the center O.
3.

Chord:
A chord is a line segment AB, where A and

B are on the circumference.

4.

Arc
(i)

If

then

(ii)

Minor arc
Minor arc is an arc that subtends an

at the

center.

If

angle greater than

O
C

Major arc is an arc that subtends an

Major arc

angle less than

5.

at the center.

Segment
A segment is a region inside circle such

then

that it is bounded by a chord AB and a

corresponding arc AB. The arc can be a
minor arc AB or a major arc AB.
6.

Sector
A segment is a region inside circle such
that it is bounded by an arc CD and two

Major arc

radius OC and OD. The arc can be a minor

Center

arc CD or a major arc CD.

7.

Tangent is any line such that it cuts the

circle at only one point.

A
Diameter

8.

Secant
Secant is any line such that it cuts the

Minor arc

Radius

Circle

Tangent

circle at two distinct points.

Arc
Segment

B
A

A
chord AB
C

D
Sector OCD

Chord

Sector and Segment

Tangent

Secant

Tangent and secant

b. Angles in a Circle

In above cases,

If AB is a diameter, then

If AB is a chord, then

c. Angles, Arcs and Chords

D
A

b
CD
AB

b
CD
AB

d. Cyclic Quadrilateral
i. Properties of a Cyclic Quadrilateral
A

A
D

If ABCD is a cyclic quad.,

If ABCD is a cyclic quad.,

then

ii.

then

Tests for Concyclic Points

A

If

then A,B,C,D concyclic

If

then A,B,C,D concyclic

If

then A,B,C,D concyclic

Some terminologies:
1.

Collinear
3 points are collinear if there is a line passing through all 3 points.

2.

Concurrent
3 lines are concurrent if they all pass through a common point.

3.

Concyclic
4 points are concyclic if there is a circle passing through all 4 points.

collinear

10

concurrent

concyclic

e. Tangent
P

If

is the tangent at

If

then

then

If

is the tangent at

and
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

C
B

If

is the tangent at A, then

If
then

is the tangent at

11

are tangents, then: