NUMBER THEORY

BY
S.V.V.KRISHNA M.Sc

Numbers - The Basics

Natural Numbers
Natural numbers count the elements of a whole, cardinal number, or express the order which
occupies an element in a whole, ordinal number.
The set of the natural numbers is formed by:
N = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,...}

The sum and product of two natural numbers is another natural number.
The difference between two natural numbers is not always a natural number. This only occurs
when the minuend is greater than the subtrahend.
53
35
The division of two natural numbers is not always another natural number. This only occurs
when the division is exact.
6:2
2:6
We may use powers, since it is the abbreviated form of writing a product formed by several equal
factors.
The root of natural numbers is not always a natural number. This only occurs when the root is
exact.

Integers
Integers are of the type:
= {...5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ...}

With integers, we can express: money owed, the temperature below zero, the depths with regard
to the sea level, etc.
The addition, subtraction and multipication of two integers is another integer.
However, the division of two integers is not always another integer. This occurs only when the
division is exact.
6:2
2:6
We can operate with powers, but the exponent has to be a natural number.

The root of an integer is not always another integer. This only occurs when the root is exact, of
even index and positive radicand.

Rational Numbers
A rational number is the quotient of two integers with a nonzero denominator.

Non-recurrent decimal numbers are not rational numbers, but exact, repeating decimal numbers
are.
The sum, difference, product and quotient of two rational numbers is another rational number.
With rational numbers, we can operate with powers, but the exponent must be an integer.
The root of a rational number is not always another rational number. This only happens when the
root is exact, the index is even and the radicand is positive.

Irrational numbers
A number is irrational if there are infinite, non-recurrent decimal places, therefore, it cannot be
expressed in the form of fraction.
The best known irrational number is , which is defined as the relationship between the
perimeter of a circle and its diameter.
= 3.141592653589...
Other irrational numbers are:
The number, e, which appears in growth processes, in radioactive decay and in the formula for
catenary (a curve found cables or chains exposed to gravity).
e = 2.718281828459...
The golden ratio,
, a geometric proportion used by artists from all periods (Phidias, Leonardo
da Vinci, Alberto Drer, Dal,..)

Real Numbers
The set formed by rational and irrational numbers is the set of real numbers denoted by

All operations can be performed with real numbers with the exception of the root of an even
index and negative radicand, and division by zero.
The Real Line
For every real number there is a point on a straight line and for every point on the straight line, a
real number.

Imaginary Numbers
An imaginary number is denoted by bi, where:
b is a real number.
i is the imaginary unit
With imaginary numbers, roots with an even index and negative roots can be calculated:
x2 + 9 = 0

Complex Numbers
A complex number is a binomial a + bi.
a is the real part of the complex number.
b is the imaginary part of the complex number.
If b = 0, the complex number is reduced to a real number as a + 0i = a.
If a = 0, the complex number is reduced to bi, and it is said that it is a pure imaginary number.

The set of all complex numbers is denoted by

Integers - Any of the positive and negative whole numbers, ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, ... The positive integers,
1, 2, 3..., are called the natural numbers or counting numbers. The set of all integers is usually denoted by
Z or Z+
Digits - the 10 symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, used to create numbers in the base 10 decimal
number system.
Numerals - the symbols used to denote the natural numbers. The Arabic numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9 are those used in the Hindu-Arabic number system to define numbers.
Natural Numbers - the set of numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,....., that we
see and use every day. The natural numbers are often referred to as the counting numbers and the
positive integers.
Whole Numbers - the natural numbers plus the zero.

Rational Numbers - any number that is either an integer "a" or is expressible as the ratio of two integers,
a/b. The numerator, "a", may be any whole number, and the denominator, "b", may be any positive whole
number greater than zero. If the denominator happens to be unity, b = 1, the ratio is an integer. If "b" is
other than 1, a/b is a fraction.
Fractional Numbers - any number expressible by the quotient of two numbers as in a/b, "b" greater than
1, where "a" is called the numerator and "b" is called the denominator. If "a" is smaller than "b" it is a
proper fraction. If "a" is greater than "b" it is an improper fraction which can be broken up into an integer
and a proper fraction.
Irrational Numbers - any number that cannot be expressed by an integer or the ratio of two integers.
Irrational numbers are expressible only as decimal fractions where the digits continue forever with no

repeating pattern. Some examples of irrational numbers are

Transcendental Numbers - any number that cannot be the root of a polynomial equation with rational
coefficients. They are a subset of irrational numbers examples of which are Pi = 3.14159... and e =
2.7182818..., the base of the natural logarithms.
Real Numbers - the set of real numbers including all the rational and irrational numbers.

Irrational numbers are numbers such as

Rational numbers include the whole numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, ...), the integers (..., - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, ...), fractions,
and repeating and terminating decimals.
Draw a line.
Put on it all the whole numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7.....etc
then put 0
then put all the negatives of the whole numbers to the left of 0
........-10,-9,-8,-7,-6,-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0
Then put in all of the fractions .
Then put in all of the decimals [ some decimals aren't fractions ]
Now you have what is called the "real number line"
The way to get a number that is not "real" is to try to find the square root of - 1
can't be 1 because 1 squared is 1, not -1
can't be -1 because the square of -1 is 1, not -1

So there is no number on your number line to be

somewhere.

and new numbers would need to be put

The number types currently entered, and/or planned to be entered, are listed below and will be updated
as new entries are made in the future. When appropriate, and time permitting, some of the number
definitions/descriptions will be expanded further to provide additional information.
Abundant, Algebraic, Amicable, Arrangement, Automorphic, Binary, Cardinal, Catalan, Complex,
Composite, Congruent, Counting, Cubic, Decimal, Deficient, Even, Factor, Factorial, Fermat, Fibonacci,

Figurate, Fractional, Friendly, Generating, Gnomon, Golden, Gyrating, Happy, Hardy-Ramanujan,

Heronian, Imaginary, Infinite, Integers, Irrational, Mersenne, Monodigit, Narcissistic, Natural, Oblong,
Octahedral, Odd, Ordinal, Parasite, Pell, Pentatope, Perfect , Persistent, Polygonal, Pronic, Pyramidal ,
Pythagorean, Quasiperfect, Random, Rational, Real, Rectangular, Relatively Prime, Semi-perfect,
Sequence, Sociable, Square, Superabundant, Tag, Tetrahedral, Transcendental, Triangular, Unit Fraction,
Whole.
Several of the numbers form unique patterns that are often used in the solution of mathematical
problems. When distinct patterns are applicable, the first ten numbers of the patterns will be given along
with specific relationships, or equations, that will enable you to find any number in the pattern.
--End of Introduction--

ABUNDANT NUMBERS

A number n for which the sum of divisors (n)>2n, or, equivalently, the sum of proper divisors
(or aliquot sum) s(n)>n.
An abundant number is a number n for which the sum of divisors (n)>2n, or, equivalently, the
sum of proper divisors (or aliquot sum) s(n)>n.
Abundant numbers are part of the family of numbers that are either deficient, perfect, or abundant.
Abundant numbers are numbers where the sum, Sa(N), of its aliquot parts/divisors is more than the
number itself Sa(N) > N or S(N) > 2N. (In the language of the Greek mathematicians, the divisors of a
number N were defined as any whole number smaller than N that, when divided into N, produced whole
numbers. The factors/divisors of a number N, less the number itself, are referred to as the aliquot parts,
aliquot divisors, or proper divisors, of the number.) Equivalently, N is also abundant if the sum, S(N), of
"all" its divisors is greater than 2N.
From the following list
N-->.......1..2..3..4..5...6....7...8....9..10..11..12..13..14..15..16..17..18..19...20..21..22..23..24
Sa(N)-->1..1..1..3..1...6....1...7....4...8....1...16...1...10...9...15...1....21...1...22..11..12...1...36
S(N)--> 1..3..4..7..6..12...8..15..13.18..12..28..14..22..24..31..18...39..20..42..32..36..24..60
..........................................12,18,20, and 24 are abundant.
It can be readily seen that using the aliquot parts summation, sa(24) = 1+2+3+4+6+8+12 = 36 > N = 24
while s(24) = 1+2+3+4+6+8+12+24 = 60 > 2N = 48, making 24 abundant using either definition.
Only 21 of the numbers from 1 to 100 are abundant. The number 945 is the first odd abundant number.
Every even integer greater than 46 is expressible by the sum of two abundant numbers.
Every integer greater that 83,159 is expressible by the sum of two abundant numbers.
Any multiple of an abundant number is abundant.
A prime number or any power of a prime number is deficient. The divisors of a perfect or deficient number
is deficient.
The abundant numbers below 100 are 20, 24, 30, 36, 40, 42, 48, 54, 56, 60, 66, 70, 72, 78, 80, 84, 88, 90
and 96.
(See perfect, semi-perfect, multiply-perfect, quasi-perfect, deficient, least deficient, super abundant)

ALGEBRAIC NUMBERS
Algebraic numbers are the real or complex number solutions to polynomial equations of the form:

The coefficients a, b, c, d, ....p, q, are integers or fractions. All rational numbers are algebraic while some
irrational numbers are algebraic.
ALIQUOT PART
An aliquot part is any divisor of a number, not equal to the number itself. The divisors are often referred to
as proper divisors. The aliquot parts of the number 24 are 1, 2, 3,4, 6, 8 and 12..
ALMOST PERFECT NUMBER
An almost perfect number is typically applied to the powers of 2 since the sum of the aliquot parts is
, or just 1 short of being a perfect number. It follows that any power of 2 is a deficient number

ALPHAMETIC NUMBERS
Alphametic numbers form cryptarithms where a set of numbers are assigned to letters that usually spell
out some meaningful thought. The numbers can form an addition, subtraction, multiplication or division
problem. One of the first cryptarithms came into being in 1924 in the form of an addition problem the
words being intended to represent a student's letter from college to the parents. The puzzle read SEND +
MORE = MONEY. The answer was 9567 += 1085 = 10,652. Of course, you have to use logic to derive the
numbers represented by each letter..

AMICABLE NUMBERS
Amicable numbers are pairs of numbers, each of which is the sum of the others aliquot divisors. For
example, 220 and 284 are amicable numbers whereas all the aliquot divisors of 220, i.e., 110, 55, 44, 22,
10, 5, 4, 2, 1 add up to 284 and all the aliquot divisors of 284, i.e., 142, 71, 4, 2, 1 add up to 220. Also true
for any two amicable numbers, N1 and N2, is the fact that the sum of all the factors/divisors of both, Sf(N1
+ N2) = N1 + N2. Stated another way, Sf(220 + 284) = 220 + 284 = 504. Other amicable numbers are:

There are more than 1000 known amicable pairs. Amicable numbers are sometimes referred to as
friendly numbers.

Several methods exist for deriving amicable numbers, though not all, unfortunately. An Arabian
mathematician devised one method. For values of n greater than 1, amicable numbers take the form:

given that x, y, and z are prime numbers. n = 2 produces x = 11, y = 5 and z = 71 which are all prime and
therefore result in the amicable number pair of 220/284. n = 3 produces the x = 23, y = 11 and z = 287 but
287 is composite, being 7x41. n = 4 produces x = 47, y = 23 and z = 1151, all prime, and thereby resulting
in the amicable pair of 17,296 and 18,416. In reviewing the few amicable pairs shown earlier, it is obvious
that this method does not produce all amicable pairs.
If the number 1 is not used in the addition of the aliquot divisors of two numbers, and the remaining
aliquot divisors of each number still add up to the other number, the numbers are called semi-amicable.
For example, the sum of the aliquot divisors of 48, excluding the 1, is 75 while the sum of the aliquot
divisors of 75, excluding the 1, is 48.
As a matter of general information:
The sum of all the factors/divisors of a number N is given by
..................................Sf(N) = [p^(a+1) - 1] x [q^(b+1) - 1] x [r^(c+1) - 1]
.....................................................(p - 1).............(q - 1).............(r - 1)
which when applied to an example of 60 = 2^2x3x5 results in
..................................Sf(60) = (2^3 - 1) x (3^2 - 1) x (5^2 - 1) = 7 x 4 x 6 = 168.
......................................................1...............2..............4
Stated another way, the sum of the factors of a number N is given by
..................................Sf(N) = (1+p+p^2+....p^a)(1+q+q^2+....q^b)(1+r+r^2+....r^c)

which when applied to an example of

results in

.................................Sf(60) = (1+2+4)(1+3)(1+5) = 168.

As noted earlier, the sum of the aliquot factors/divisors is the sum of all the factors/divisors minus the
number itself.
APOCALYPSE NUMBER
The apocalypse number, 666, often referred to as the beast number, is referred to in the bible,
Revelations 13:18.
While the actual meaning or relevance of the number remain unclear, the number itself has some
surprisingly interesting characteristics.
The sum of the first 36 positive numbers is 666 which makes it the 36th triangular number.
The sum of the squares of the first seven prime numbers is 666.

Multiplying the sides of the primitive right triangle 12-35-37 by 18 yields non-primitive sides of 216-630666.
Even more surprising is the fact that these sides can be written in the Pythagorean Theorem form:

ARRANGEMENT NUMBERS
Arrangement numbers, more commonly called permutation numbers, or simply permutations, are the
number of ways that a number of things can be ordered or arranged. They typically evolve from the
question how many arrangements of "n" objects are possible using all "n" objects or "r" objects at a time.
We designate the permutations of "n" things taken "n" at a time as nPn and the permutations of "n" things
taken "r" at a time as nPr where P stands for permutations, "n" stands for the number of things involved,
and "r" is less than "n". To find the number of permutations of "n" dissimilar things taken "n" at a time, the
formula is nPn = n! which is "n" factorial which means:

Example: How many ways can you arrange the letters A & B. Clearly 2 which is 2 x 1 = 2, namely AB and
BA.
How many ways can you arrange the letters A, B & C in sets of three? Clearly 3P3 = 3 x 2 x 1 = 6, namely
ABC, CBA, BAC, CAB, ACB, and BCA.
How many ways can you arrange A, B, C & D in sets of four? Clearly 4P4 = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24.
To find the number of permutations of "n" dissimilar things taken "r" at a time, the formula is:

Example: How many ways can you arrange the letters A, B, C, and D using 2 at a time? We have 4P4 = 4
x (4-2+1) = 4 x 3 = 12 namely AB, BA, AC, CA, AD, DA, BC, CB, BD, DB, CD, and DC.
How many 3-place numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, with no repeating digit?
Then we have 6P3 = 6 x 5 x (6-3+1) = 6 x 5 x 4 = 120.
How many 3-letter arrangements can be made from the entire 26 letter alphabet with no repeating letters?
We now have 26P3 = 26 x 25 x (26-3+1) = 26 x 25 x 24 = 15,600.
Lastly, four persons enter a car in which there are six seats. In how many ways can they seat
themselves? 6P4 = 6 x 5 x 4 x (6-4+1) = 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 = 360.
Another permutation scenario is one where you wish to find the permutations of "n" things, taken all at a
time, when "p" things are of one kind, "q" things of another kind, "r' things of a third kind, and the rest are
all different. Without getting into the derivation,

Example, how many different permutations are possible from the letters of the word committee taken all
together? There are 9 letters of which 2 are m, 2 are t, 2 are e, and 1 c, 1 o, and 1 i. Therefore, the
number of possible permutations of these 9 letters is:

AUTOMORPHIC NUMBERS
Automorphic numbers are numbers of "n" digits whose squares end in the number itself. Such numbers
must end in 1, 5, or 6 as these are the only numbers whose products produce 1, 5, or 6 in the units place.
For instance, the square of 1 is 1; the square of 5 is 25; the square of 6 is 36.
What about 2 digit numbers ending in 1, 5, or 6? It is well known that all 2 digit numbers ending in 5 result
in a number ending in 25 making 25 a 2 digit automorphic number with a square of 625. No other 2 digit
numbers ending in 5 will produce an automorphic number.
Is there a 2 digit automorphic number ending in 1? We know that the product of 10A + 1 and 10A + 1 is
100A2 + 20A + 1. "A" must be a number such that 20A produces a number whose tens digit is equal to
"A". For "A" = 2, 2 x 20 = 40 and 4 is not 2. For "A" = 3, 3 x 20 = 60 and 6 is not 3. Continuing in this
fashion, we find no 2 digit automorphic number ending in 1.
Is there a 2 digit automorphic number ending in 6? Again, we know that the product of 10A + 6 and 10A +
6 is 100A2 + 120A + 36. "A" must be a number such that 120A produces a number whose tens digit added
to 3 equals "A". For "A" = 2, 2 x 120 = 240 and 4 + 3 = 7 which is not 2. For "A" = 3, 3 x 120 = 360 and 6 +
3 = 9 which is not 3. Continuing in this manner through A = 9, for "A" = 7, we obtain 7 x 120 = 840 and 4 +
3 = 7 = "A" making 76 the only other 2 digit automorphic number whose square is 5776.
By the same process, it can be shown that the squares of every number ending in 625 or 376 will end in
625 or 376.
The sequence of squares ending in 25 are 25, 225, 625, 1225, 2025, 3025, etc. The nth square number
ending in 25 can be derived directly from N(n)2 = 100n(n - 1) + 25. (This expression derives from the
Finite Difference Series of the squares.)
BEAST NUMBER
See apocalypse number
BINARY NUMBERS
Binary numbers are the natural numbers written in base 2 rather than base 10. While the base 10 system
uses 10 digits, the binary system uses only 2 digits, namely 0 and 1, to express the natural numbers in

binary notation. The binary digits 0 and 1 are the only numbers used in computers and calculators to
represent any base 10 number. This derives from the fact that the numbers of the familiar binary
sequence, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc., can be combined to represent every number. To illustrate, 1 =
1, 2 = 2, 3 = 1 + 2, 4 = 4, 5 = 1 + 4, 6 = 2 + 4, 7 = 1 + 2 + 4, 8 = 8, 9 = 1 + 8, 10 = 2 + 8, 11 = 1 + 2 + 8, 12
= 4 + 8, and so on.

CARDINAL NUMBERS
A cardinal number is a number that defines how many items there are in a group or collection of items.
Typically, an entire group of items is referred to as the "set" of items and the items within the set are
referred to as the "elements" of the set. For example, the number, group, or set, of players on a baseball
team is defined by the cardinal number 9. The set of 200 high school students in the graduating class is
defined by the cardinal number 200. (See ordinal numbers and tag numbers.)
CATALAN NUMBERS
Catalan numbers are one of many special sequences of numbers that derive from combinatorics
problems in recreational mathematics. Combinatorics deals with the selection of elements from a set of
elements typically encountered under the topics of probability, combinations, permutations, and sampling.
The specific Catalan numbers are 1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42, 132, 429, 1430, 4862, 16,796 and so on deriving from

This particular set of numbers derive from several combinatoric problems, one of which is the following.
Given "2n" people gathered at a round table. How many person to person, non-crossing, handshakes can
be made, i.e., no pairs of arms crossing one another across the table? A few quick sketches of circles with
even sets of dots and lines will lead you to the first three answers easily. Two people, one handshake.
Four people, two handshakes. Six people, 5 handshakes. With a little patience and perseverance, eight
people will lead you to 14 handshakes. Beyond that, it is probably best to rely on the given expression.
CHOICE NUMBERS
Choice numbers, more commonly called combination numbers, or simply combinations, are the number
of ways that a number of things can be selected, chosen, or grouped. Combinations concern only the
grouping of items and not the arrangement of those items. They typically evolve from the question how
many combinations of "n" objects are possible using all "n" objects or "r" objects at a time? To find the
number of combinations of "n" dissimilar things taken "r" at a time, the formula is:

which can be stated as "n" factorial divided by the product of "r" factorial times (n - r) factorial.

Example: How many different ways can you combine the letters A, B, C, and D in sets of three? Clearly,

namely ABC, ABD, ACD, and BCD. (Note that ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB and CBA are all the same
combination just arranged differently. In how many ways can a committee of three people be selected
from a group of 12 people? We have:

How many handshakes will take place between six people in a room when they each shakes hands with
all the other people in the room one time? Here,

Notice that no consideration is given to the order or arrangement of the items but simply the
combinations.
Another way of viewing combinations is as follows. Consider the number of combinations of 5 letters
taken 3 at a time. This produces:

Now assume you permute (arrange) the r = 3 letters in each of the 10 combinations in all possible ways.
Each group would produce r! permutations. Letting x = 5C3 for the moment, we would therefore have a
total of x(r!) different permutations. This total, however, represents all the possible permutations
(arrangements) of n things taken r at a time, which is shown under arrangement numbers and defined as
nPr. Therefore,

which results in

Using the committee of 3 out of 12 people example from above,

Consider the following: How many different ways can you enter a 4 door car? It is clear that there are 4
different ways of entering the car. Another way of expressing this is:

If we ignore the presence of the front seats for the purpose of this example, how many different ways can
you exit the car assuming that you do not exit through the door you entered? Clearly you have 3 choices.
This too can be expressed as:

Carrying this one step further, how many different ways can you enter the car by one door and exit
through another? Entering through door #1 leaves you with 3 other doors to exit through. The same result
exists if you enter through either of the other 3 doors. Therefore, the total number of ways of entering and
exiting under the specified conditions is:

Another example of this type of situation is how many ways can a committee of 4 girls and 3 boys be
selected from a class of 10 girls and 8 boys? This results in:

See ARRANGEMENT NUMBERS for determining the number of possible arrangements between items.
CIRCULAR PRIMES

A circular prime number is one that remains a prime number after repeatedly relocating the first digit of
the number to the end of the number. For example, 197, 971 and 719 are all prime numbers. Similarly,
1193, 1931, 9311 and 3119 are all prime numbers. Other numbers that satisfy the definition are 11, 13,
37, 79, 113, 199 and 337.
Primes of two or more digits can only contain the digits 1, 3, 7 because, If 0, 2, 4, 5,6, or 8 were part of
the number, in the units place, the number would be divisible by 2 or 5.
It is thought that there are an infinite number of circular primes but has not yet been proven.

COMPLEX NUMBERS
Complex numbers are formed by the addition of a real number and an imaginary number, the general
form of which is a + bi where i =
= the imaginary number and a and b are real numbers. The "a" is
said to be the real part of the complex number and b the imaginary part.
COMPOSITE NUMBERS
Probably the easiest number to define after prime numbers.
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic states that every positive integer greater than 1 is either a prime
number or a composite number. As we know, a prime number "p" is any positive number the only divisors
of which are 1 and p (or -1 and -p). Thus, by definition, any number that is not a prime number must be a
composite number.
A composite number is any number having 3 or more factors/divisors and is the result of multiplying prime
numbers together. Most of the positive integers are the product of smaller prime numbers.
Examples: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42,
44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, etc., are all composite numbers, each being divisible by lower prime numbers.
Every number divisible by 2, the only even prime, is composite.
Every composite number can be broken down to a single unique set of prime factors and their exponents.
Examples: 210 = 2 x 3 x 5 x 7; 495 = 32 x 51 x 111 or 4500 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5 x 5 x 5 = 22 x 32 x 53. This is
the one and only possible factorization of the number 210.

If a positive number N is evenly divisible by any prime number less than

composite.

, the number N is

Wilson's Theorem states that for every prime number "p", [(p + 1)! + 1] is evenly divisible by "p". The
converse was shown to also be true in that every integer "N" that evenly divides [(N + 1)! + 1] is prime.
Combining these leads to the famous general theorem that a necessary and sufficient condition that an
integer "N" be prime is that "N" evenly divide [(n + 1)! + 1]. Conversely, if "N" does not divide [(N + 1)! + 1],
"N" is composite.
Unfortunately, the practical use of this method is minimal due to the large numbers encountered with high
N's.
CONGRUENT NUMBERS
A number N is said to be congruent if there are two integers, x and y, that result in the expressions x 2 +
Ny2 and x2 - Ny2 being perfect squares. The smallest known congruent number is 5 which satisfies 41 2 +

5(122) = 492 and 412 - 5(122) = 312. The use of the square of a negative number results in another solution
of 22 + 5(12) = 32 and 22 - 5(12) = (-1)2. While there are many congruent numbers, finding them is an
arduous task. The expressions x2 + Ny2 and x2 - Ny2 are often useful in solving many problems in
recreational mathematics.
COUNTING NUMBERS
The counting numbers are the familiar set of whole numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,....., that we
see and use every day. (The 0 is sometimes included.) The set of counting numbers is often referred to
as the natural numbers.
CUBIC NUMBERS or CUBES
A cubic number is the third power of a number as in a x a x a = a 3. Those familiar with the evolution of the
squares from adding successive odd numbers might not be too surprised to discover how the cubes
evolve from summing odd numbers also. Clearly, the nth cube is simply n 3. Cubes can be derived in other
ways also:
The cube of any integer, "n", is the sum of the series of odd numbers beginning with (n 2 - n + 1) and
ending with (n2 + n - 1). Example: For n = 6, (n2 - n + 1) = 31 and 31 + 33 + 35 + 37 + 39 + 41 = 216 = 6 3.

n3 (n)3

n3

(n2 - n + 1)

(n2 + n - 1)

13

= 1

1(1)

23

= 8

3+5

2(1 + 2 + 1)

33

= 27

7 + 9 + 11

3(1 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 1)

43

= 64

13 + 15 + 17 + 19

4(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1)

53

= 125

21 + 23 + 25 + 27 + 29 =

5(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1)

Starting with
1....2....3....4....5....6....7....8....9....10....11....12....13....14....15....16....17....18....19....20....21
Cross out every third number giving us
1....2..........4....5.........7.....8..........10....11............13....14............16....17............19....20
Summing
1...3...........7...12.......19...27.........37....48............61....75...........91...108...........127..147
Cross out every second number giving us
1................7..............19................37....................61...................91....................127
Summing
1................8..............27................64..................125.................216....................343
The last line of numbers are the perfect cubes.
The first ten cubes are 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729 and 1000.
The sum of the first n cubes starting with 1, is 13 + 23 + 33 +........+ n3.

which, quite surprisingly, is the square of the nth triangular number, defined by Tn = n(n+1)/2.

The sum of the cubes of the first n odd numbers is 2n 4 - n2 = n2(2n2 - 1).
The sum of the cubes of the first n even numbers is 2n 4 + 4n3 + 2n2 = 2n2(n + 1)2.
The sum of the first n cubes, 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 +........+ n3 is equal to the square of the sum of the first n
integers. Thus, 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 +........+ n3 = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +........+ n)2.
The cube of any integer is the difference of the squares of two other integers.
Every cube is either a multiple of 9 or right next to one.
A perfect cube can end in any of the digits 0 through 9.
Three digit numbers that are the sum of the cubes of their digits: 153, 370, 371, 407.
The smallest number that is the sum of 2 cubes in two different ways. 1729 = 1 3 + 123 = 103 + 93.
What are the dimensions of two cubes with integral sides that have their combined volume equal to the
combined length of their edges. What are the dimensions of the cubes?
x = 2 and y = 4.
The sum of any two cubes can never be a cube.
The sum of a series of three or more cubes can equal a cube.
Examples:
33 + 4 3 + 5 3 = 6 3
113 + 123 + 133 + 143 = 203
11343 + 11353 + .........21333 = 16,8303
The cube root of a number N is the number "a" which, when multiplied by itself twice, results in the
number N or N = axaxa. There is no formula for extracting the cube root of a number. It can be obtained
by means of a long division method or a simple estimation method.
The sum of "n" terms of an arithmetic progression with the first term equal to the sum of the first "n"
natural numbers and a common difference of "n" is n3.
First, a method for approximating the cube root of a number to several decimal places which is usually
sufficient for everyday use.
Estimation Method
1--Make an estimate of the cube root of N = n lying between successive integers a and b.
2--Compute A = N - a3 and B = b3 - N
2--n = a + (bA)/[bA + aB]
Example: Find the cube root of 146
1--With 146 lying between 125 and 216, let a = 5 and b = 6.
2--A = 21 and B = 70
3--n = 5 + (6 x 21)/[6 x 21 + 5 x 70] = 5 + 126/476 = 5 + .264 = 5.2647
4--The cube root of 146 is 5.2656
A more exact method for determining integer cube roots.
Note that each cube of the numbers 1 through 10 ends in a different digit:

n3....1......2......3......4......5......6.......7......8.......9......10
n3....1......8....27....64...125...216...343...512...729...1000
Also note that the last digit is the cube root for all cases except 2, 3, 7 and 8. A quick review of these
exceptions leads to the fact that these four digits are the difference between 10 and the cube root, i.e., 8 =
10 - 2, 7 = 10 - 3, 3 = 10 - 7 and 2 = 10 - 8. How can this information be used to determine the cube root
of a number?
Given the cube of a number between 1 and 100, say 300,763.
The last digit tells us that the last digit of the cube root is 10 - 3 = 7.
Eliminating the last 3 digits of the cube leaves the number 300.
The number 300 lies between the cubes of 6 and 7 in our listing above.
The first digit of our cube root will be the lowest of these two numbers, in this case 6.
Therefore, the cube root of 30,763 becomes 67.
Given the cube 592,704.
The last digit of 4 is the last digit of the cube root.
The number 592 lies between 512 and 729, the cubes of 8 and 9.
Therefore, the cube root of 592,704 becomes 84.
Of course, this is only useful if you know ahead of time that the cube is a perfect cube, i.e., having an
integral cube root.
CYCLIC NUMBERS
A cyclic number is a number of "n" digits that when multiplied by 1, 2, 3,...n, results in the same digits but
in a different order. For example, the number 142,857 is a cyclic number since 142,857 x 2 = 285,714,
142,857 x 3 = 428,571, 142,857 x 4 = 571,428, and so on. It is not known just how many cyclic numbers
exist.
DECIMAL NUMBERS
Decimal numbers are numbers expressed through the decimal, or base 10, number system where each
digit represents a multiple of some power of 10. The term applies primarily to numbers that have fractional
parts so indicated by a decimal point. A number less than 1 is called a decimal fraction, e.g., .673. A
mixed decimal is one consisting of an integer and a decimal fraction, e.g., 37.937.
.
Rational numbers can be expressed in the form of a fraction, 1/2, or as a decimal, .50, 1/8, or as a
decimal, .125. From experience, we know that a fraction expressed in decimal form will either terminate
without a remainder such as 3/8 = 0.375 or 7/8 = 0.875, repeat the same digit endlessly such as 1/3 = .
3333333..... or 2/3 = .6666666....., repeat a series of different digits repeatedly such as 1/27 = .
037037037... or 1/7 = .142857142857...., or repeat a series of digits after some non repeating digits such
as 1/12 = .0833333.....
All prime denominators produce repeating decimals. Fractions with the same denominator often produce
decimals with the same period and period length but with the digits starting with a different number in the
period. For instance, 1/7 = .142857142857142857...., 2/7 = .285714285714285714...., 3/7 = .
428571428571428571...., 4/7 = .571428571428571428...., 5/7 = .714285714285714285...., and 6/7 = .
857142857142857142.... Other denominators produce two or more repeating periods in different orders.
Investigate those with prime denominators of 11, 13, 17, 19, etc. and then 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, etc.and see
what results. What do you notice?
Another interesting property of repeating decimals of even period length is illustrated by the following.
Take the decimal equivalent of 2/7 = .285714285714...... The repeating period is 285714. Split the period

into two groups of three digits and add them together. The result is 999. Do the same with any other
repeating decimal period and the result will always be a series of nines. Take 1/17 = .
0588235294117647........ Adding 05882352 and 94117647 gives you 99999999.
All repeating decimals, regardless of the period and length, are rational numbers. This simply means that
it can be expressed as the quotient of two integers. A question that frequently arises is how to convert a
repeating decimal, which we know to be rational, back to a fraction.
Rational decimal fractions may be converted to fractions as follows:
Given the decimal number N = 0.078078078...
Multiply N by 1000 or 1000N = 78.078078078...
Subtracting
N = .078078078...
.................................999N = 78 making N = 78/999 = 26/333.
Given the decimal number N = .076923076923...
Muliply N by 1,000,000 or 1,000,000N = 76,923.0769230769230...
Subtracting
N=
.0769231769230...
.........................................999,999N = 76,923 making N = 76,923/999,999 = 1/13
An easier way to derive the fraction is to simply place the repeating digits over the same number of 9's.
For example, the repeating decimal of .729729729729 converts to the fraction of 729/999 = 27/37.
Another trick where zeros are involved is to place the repeating digits over the same number of 9's with
as many zeros following the 9's as there are zeros in the repeating decimal. For example, .00757575
leads to 075/9900 = 1/132.
DEFICIENT NUMBERS
Deficient numbers are part of the family of numbers that are either deficient, perfect, or abundant.
Deficient numbers, dN, are numbers where the sum of its aliquot parts (proper divisors), sa(N), is less
than the number itself sa(N) < N. (In the language of the Greek mathematicians, the divisors of a number
N were defined as any whole numbers smaller than N that, when divided into N, produced whole
numbers. The factors/divisors of a number N, less the number itself, are referred to as the aliquot parts, or
aliquot divisors, of the number.) Equivalently, N is also deficient if the sum, s(N), of all its divisors is less
than 2N. It can be readily seen that using the aliquot parts summation, sa(16) = 1+2+4+8 = 14 < N = 16
while using all of the divisors, s(16) = 1+2+4+8+16 = 31 < 2N = 32, making the number 16 deficient under
either definition.
From the following list
N-->.......1..2..3..4..5...6....7...8....9..10..11..12..13..14..15..16..17..18..19...20..21..22..23..24
Sa(N)-->1..1..1..3..1...6....1...7....4...8....1...16...1...10...9...15...1....21...1...22..11..12...1...36
S(N)--> 1..3..4..7..6..12...8..15..13.18..12..28..14..22..24..31..18...39..20..42..32..36..24..60
1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15,16,17,19,21,22,23 are all deficient.
A prime number or any power of a prime number is deficient. The divisors of a pefect or deficient number
is deficient.
DIGITAL ROOT
The digital root of a number is the single digit that results from the continuous summation of the digits of
the number and the numbers resulting from each summation. For example, consider the number 7935.
The summation of its digits is 24. The summation of 2 and 4 is 6, the digital root of 7935. Digital roots are
used to check addition and multiplication by means of a method called casting out nines. For example,

check the summation of 378 and 942. The DR of 378 is 9, 3+7+8=18, 1+8=9.. The DR of 942 is 6,
9+4+2=15, 1+5=6. Adding 9 and 6 produces 15, The DR of 15 is 6, 1+5=6. The summation of 378 and
942 is 1320. The DR of 1320 is 6. With the two final DR's are equal, the addition is correct.
EGYPTIAN FRACTIONS
Egyptian fractions are the reciprocals of the positive integers where the numerator is always one. They
are often referred to as unit fractions. They were used exclusively by the Egyptians to represent all forms
of fractions. The two fractions that they used that did not have a unit fraction was 2/3 and 3/4. The only
other fractions that they seemed to have a strong interest in were those of the form 2/n where n was any
positive odd number. The Rhind papyrus contains a list of unit fractions representing a series of 2/n for
odd n's from 5 to 501. It is unclear as to why they found these 2/n fractions so important. These and other
2/n fractions may be derived from 2/n = 1/[n(n+1)/2] + 1/[n+1)/2].
In the year 1202, Leonardo Fibonacci proved that any ordinary fraction could be expressed as the sum of
a series of unit fractions in an infinite number of ways. He used the then named greedy method for
deriving basic unit fraction expansions. He described the greedy method in his Liber Abaci as simply
subtracting the largest unit fraction less than the given non unit fraction and repeating the process until
only unit fractions remained. It was later shown that the greedy method, when applied to any fraction m/n,
results in a series of no more than "m" unit fractions. An example will best illustrate the process.
Reduce the fraction 13/17 to a sum of unit fractions. Dividing the fraction yields .7647. Of the unit fractions
1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, etc., 1/2 is the largest that is smaller than 13/17 so we compute 13/17 - 1/2 = 9/34
making 13/17 = 1/2 + 9/34. Repeating with 9/34, we have 9/34 - 1/4 = 2/136 = 1/68 making 13/17 = 1/2 +
1/4 + 1/68. Alternatively, divide the numerator into the denominator and use the next highest integer as
the new denominator. 17/13 = 1.307 making 2 the denominator of the fraction to be subtracted from
13/17.
Reduce the fraction 23/37 to a sum of unit fractions. 23/37 - 1/2 = 9/74 - 1/16 = 70/1184 - 1/17 = 6/20,128
- 1/3355 = 1/33,764,720 making 23/37 = 1/2 + 1/16 + 1/17 + 1/3355 + 1/33,764,720.
There are many methods or algorithms that derive the unit fractions for any fraction m/n. Much more
information regarding unit fractions can be found at
Unit Fractions Search at http://mathpages.com/cgi-local/AT-mathpakbsearch.cgi
Egyptian Fractions at http://www1.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/numth/egypt/
Unit Fraction from Math World at http://mathworld.wolfram.com/UnitFraction.html
Algorithms for Egyptian Fractions at http://www1.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/numth/egypt/force.html
Creating Unit Fractions at http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath150.html
The unit fractions derived by means of the method shown, or any other method, can be further broken
down into other unit fractions by means of the identity 1/a = 1/(a+1) + 1/a(a+1), also known to Fibonacci.
For example, 1/2 = 1/(2+1) + 1/2(2+1) = 1/3 + 1/6. Further still, 1/3 = 1/(3+1) + 1/3(3+1) = 1/4 + 1/12 and
1/6 = 1/(6+1) + 1/6(6+1) = 1/7 + 1/42 yielding 1/2 = 1/4 + 1/7 + 1/12 + 1/42. While the number of unit
fractions derivable for any given fraction is therefore infinite, there is apparently no known procedure for
deriving a series with the least number of unit fractions or the smallest largest denominator. .
EQUABLE TRIANGLES
A shape is called equable if its area equals its perimeter. There are exactly five equable Heronian
triangles: the ones with side lengths (5,12,13), (6,8,10), (6,25,29), (7,15,20), and (9,10,17).

EQUIVALENT NUMBERS

Equivalent numbers are numbers where the aliquot parts (proper divisors other than the number itself) are
identical. For instance, 159, 559 and 703 are equivalent numbers since their aliquot parts sum to 57.
f(159) = 1, 3, 53 and 159 where 1 + 3 + 53 = 57.
f(559) = 1, 13, 43 and 559 where 1 + 13 + 43 = 57.
f(703) = 1, 19, 37 and 703 where 1 + 19 + 37 = 57.

EVEN NUMBERS
Probably the easiest number to define, an even number is any number that is evenly divisible by 2.
The nth even number is given by Ne = 2n.
The sum of the set of "n" consecutive even numbers beginning with 2 is given by Se = n(n + 1).
The sum of the set of m consecutive even numbers starting with n1 and ending with n2 is given by Se(n1n2) = n2^2 - n1^2 + (n1 + n2) or (n1 + n2)(1 + n1 - n2).
The sum of the squares of the even numbers starting with 2^2 is given by Se^2 = (4n^3 + 6n^2 + 2n)/3.
An even number multiplied by any number, or raised to any power, results in another even number.
The number 2 is the only even prime number.

The First 10,000 Primes

(the 10,000th is 104,729)

For more information on primes see http://primes.utm.edu/
2
31
73
127
179
233
283
353
419
467
547
607
661
739
811
877
947
1019
1087
1153
1229
1297
1381
1453
1523
1597

3
37
79
131
181
239
293
359
421
479
557
613
673
743
821
881
953
1021
1091
1163
1231
1301
1399
1459
1531
1601

5
41
83
137
191
241
307
367
431
487
563
617
677
751
823
883
967
1031
1093
1171
1237
1303
1409
1471
1543
1607

7
43
89
139
193
251
311
373
433
491
569
619
683
757
827
887
971
1033
1097
1181
1249
1307
1423
1481
1549
1609

11
47
97
149
197
257
313
379
439
499
571
631
691
761
829
907
977
1039
1103
1187
1259
1319
1427
1483
1553
1613

13
53
101
151
199
263
317
383
443
503
577
641
701
769
839
911
983
1049
1109
1193
1277
1321
1429
1487
1559
1619

17
59
103
157
211
269
331
389
449
509
587
643
709
773
853
919
991
1051
1117
1201
1279
1327
1433
1489
1567
1621

19
61
107
163
223
271
337
397
457
521
593
647
719
787
857
929
997
1061
1123
1213
1283
1361
1439
1493
1571
1627

23
67
109
167
227
277
347
401
461
523
599
653
727
797
859
937
1009
1063
1129
1217
1289
1367
1447
1499
1579
1637

29
71
113
173
229
281
349
409
463
541
601
659
733
809
863
941
1013
1069
1151
1223
1291
1373
1451
1511
1583
1657

1663
1741
1823
1901
1993
2063
2131
2221
2293
2371
2437
2539
2621
2689
2749
2833
2909
3001
3083
3187
3259
3343
3433
3517
3581
3659
3733
3823
3911
4001
4073
4153
4241
4327
4421
4507
4591
4663
4759
4861
4943
5009
5099
5189
5281
5393
5449
5527
5641
5701
5801
5861
5953
6067
6143
6229
6311

1667
1747
1831
1907
1997
2069
2137
2237
2297
2377
2441
2543
2633
2693
2753
2837
2917
3011
3089
3191
3271
3347
3449
3527
3583
3671
3739
3833
3917
4003
4079
4157
4243
4337
4423
4513
4597
4673
4783
4871
4951
5011
5101
5197
5297
5399
5471
5531
5647
5711
5807
5867
5981
6073
6151
6247
6317

1669
1753
1847
1913
1999
2081
2141
2239
2309
2381
2447
2549
2647
2699
2767
2843
2927
3019
3109
3203
3299
3359
3457
3529
3593
3673
3761
3847
3919
4007
4091
4159
4253
4339
4441
4517
4603
4679
4787
4877
4957
5021
5107
5209
5303
5407
5477
5557
5651
5717
5813
5869
5987
6079
6163
6257
6323

1693
1759
1861
1931
2003
2083
2143
2243
2311
2383
2459
2551
2657
2707
2777
2851
2939
3023
3119
3209
3301
3361
3461
3533
3607
3677
3767
3851
3923
4013
4093
4177
4259
4349
4447
4519
4621
4691
4789
4889
4967
5023
5113
5227
5309
5413
5479
5563
5653
5737
5821
5879
6007
6089
6173
6263
6329

1697
1777
1867
1933
2011
2087
2153
2251
2333
2389
2467
2557
2659
2711
2789
2857
2953
3037
3121
3217
3307
3371
3463
3539
3613
3691
3769
3853
3929
4019
4099
4201
4261
4357
4451
4523
4637
4703
4793
4903
4969
5039
5119
5231
5323
5417
5483
5569
5657
5741
5827
5881
6011
6091
6197
6269
6337

1699
1783
1871
1949
2017
2089
2161
2267
2339
2393
2473
2579
2663
2713
2791
2861
2957
3041
3137
3221
3313
3373
3467
3541
3617
3697
3779
3863
3931
4021
4111
4211
4271
4363
4457
4547
4639
4721
4799
4909
4973
5051
5147
5233
5333
5419
5501
5573
5659
5743
5839
5897
6029
6101
6199
6271
6343

1709
1787
1873
1951
2027
2099
2179
2269
2341
2399
2477
2591
2671
2719
2797
2879
2963
3049
3163
3229
3319
3389
3469
3547
3623
3701
3793
3877
3943
4027
4127
4217
4273
4373
4463
4549
4643
4723
4801
4919
4987
5059
5153
5237
5347
5431
5503
5581
5669
5749
5843
5903
6037
6113
6203
6277
6353

1721
1789
1877
1973
2029
2111
2203
2273
2347
2411
2503
2593
2677
2729
2801
2887
2969
3061
3167
3251
3323
3391
3491
3557
3631
3709
3797
3881
3947
4049
4129
4219
4283
4391
4481
4561
4649
4729
4813
4931
4993
5077
5167
5261
5351
5437
5507
5591
5683
5779
5849
5923
6043
6121
6211
6287
6359

1723
1801
1879
1979
2039
2113
2207
2281
2351
2417
2521
2609
2683
2731
2803
2897
2971
3067
3169
3253
3329
3407
3499
3559
3637
3719
3803
3889
3967
4051
4133
4229
4289
4397
4483
4567
4651
4733
4817
4933
4999
5081
5171
5273
5381
5441
5519
5623
5689
5783
5851
5927
6047
6131
6217
6299
6361

1733
1811
1889
1987
2053
2129
2213
2287
2357
2423
2531
2617
2687
2741
2819
2903
2999
3079
3181
3257
3331
3413
3511
3571
3643
3727
3821
3907
3989
4057
4139
4231
4297
4409
4493
4583
4657
4751
4831
4937
5003
5087
5179
5279
5387
5443
5521
5639
5693
5791
5857
5939
6053
6133
6221
6301
6367

6373
6481
6577
6679
6763
6841
6947
7001
7109
7211
7307
7417
7507
7573
7649
7727
7841
7927
8039
8117
8221
8293
8389
8513
8599
8681
8747
8837
8933
9013
9127
9203
9293
9391
9461
9539
9643
9739
9817
9901
10009
10103
10181
10273
10357
10463
10589
10663
10753
10861
10957
11069
11159
11257
11351
11447
11549

6379
6491
6581
6689
6779
6857
6949
7013
7121
7213
7309
7433
7517
7577
7669
7741
7853
7933
8053
8123
8231
8297
8419
8521
8609
8689
8753
8839
8941
9029
9133
9209
9311
9397
9463
9547
9649
9743
9829
9907
10037
10111
10193
10289
10369
10477
10597
10667
10771
10867
10973
11071
11161
11261
11353
11467
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6389
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7753
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10687
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10979
11083
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11273
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11471
11579

6397
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11587

6421
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11593

6427
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7477
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7603
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10903
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11113
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11299
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11491
11597

6449
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7607
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10909
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11311
11411
11497
11617

6451
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6733
6827
6907
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7187
7253
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7487
7549
7621
7703
7817
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10259
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10531
10639
10729
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10937
11047
11119
11239
11317
11423
11503
11621

6469
6569
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6829
6911
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7079
7193
7283
7393
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7559
7639
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7823
7907
8011
8101
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8467
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10267
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10559
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10733
10853
10939
11057
11131
11243
11321
11437
11519
11633

6473
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7297
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7643
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7829
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8219
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8501
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9011
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9811
9887
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10271
10343
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10567
10657
10739
10859
10949
11059
11149
11251
11329
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11527
11657

11677
11779
11839
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12409
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12569
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12743
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13009
13121
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15683
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15887
15973
16073
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16273
16411
16487
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16693
16823
16921
17011

11681
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12119
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16087
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16417
16493
16619
16699
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16927
17021

11689
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11867
11953
12043
12143
12241
12329
12421
12503
12583
12659
12763
12889
12959
13037
13147
13229
13331
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13537
13649
13721
13807
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14783
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14969
15091
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15271
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15541
15641
15731
15797
15901
16001
16091
16193
16319
16421
16519
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16703
16831
16931
17027

11699
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11887
11959
12049
12149
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12343
12433
12511
12589
12671
12781
12893
12967
13043
13151
13241
13337
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13669
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13907
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15551
15643
15733
15803
15907
16007
16097
16217
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16427
16529
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16729
16843
16937
17029

11701
11807
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11969
12071
12157
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12437
12517
12601
12689
12791
12899
12973
13049
13159
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13567
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15559
15647
15737
15809
15913
16033
16103
16223
16339
16433
16547
16649
16741
16871
16943
17033

11717
11813
11903
11971
12073
12161
12263
12373
12451
12527
12611
12697
12799
12907
12979
13063
13163
13259
13367
13463
13577
13681
13751
13841
13921
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14153
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14557
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14741
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14897
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15373
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15569
15649
15739
15817
15919
16057
16111
16229
16349
16447
16553
16651
16747
16879
16963
17041

11719
11821
11909
11981
12097
12163
12269
12377
12457
12539
12613
12703
12809
12911
12983
13093
13171
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13381
13469
13591
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15581
15661
15749
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15923
16061
16127
16231
16361
16451
16561
16657
16759
16883
16979
17047

11731
11827
11923
11987
12101
12197
12277
12379
12473
12541
12619
12713
12821
12917
13001
13099
13177
13291
13397
13477
13597
13691
13759
13873
13933
14057
14173
14303
14407
14489
14563
14669
14753
14831
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15053
15137
15233
15307
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15473
15583
15667
15761
15859
15937
16063
16139
16249
16363
16453
16567
16661
16763
16889
16981
17053

11743
11831
11927
12007
12107
12203
12281
12391
12479
12547
12637
12721
12823
12919
13003
13103
13183
13297
13399
13487
13613
13693
13763
13877
13963
14071
14177
14321
14411
14503
14591
14683
14759
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14939
15061
15139
15241
15313
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15601
15671
15767
15877
15959
16067
16141
16253
16369
16477
16573
16673
16787
16901
16987
17077

11777
11833
11933
12011
12109
12211
12289
12401
12487
12553
12641
12739
12829
12923
13007
13109
13187
13309
13411
13499
13619
13697
13781
13879
13967
14081
14197
14323
14419
14519
14593
14699
14767
14851
14947
15073
15149
15259
15319
15401
15497
15607
15679
15773
15881
15971
16069
16183
16267
16381
16481
16603
16691
16811
16903
16993
17093

17099
17203
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17393
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17579
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17977
18061
18149
18251
18329
18433
18521
18661
18757
18911
19013
19139
19231
19333
19427
19483
19577
19709
19801
19913
19993
20089
20161
20269
20359
20477
20563
20707
20773
20899
21001
21089
21179
21283
21391
21493
21569
21649
21757
21851
21961
22051
22129
22247
22343
22447
22549
22651

17107
17207
17327
17401
17489
17581
17683
17791
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17981
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18169
18253
18341
18439
18523
18671
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20287
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21187
21313
21397
21499
21577
21661
21767
21859
21977
22063
22133
22259
22349
22453
22567
22669

17117
17209
17333
17417
17491
17597
17707
17807
17911
17987
18089
18181
18257
18353
18443
18539
18679
18787
18917
19037
19157
19249
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19433
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19597
19727
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19927
20011
20107
20177
20297
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20483
20599
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20807
20921
21013
21107
21191
21317
21401
21503
21587
21673
21773
21863
21991
22067
22147
22271
22367
22469
22571
22679

17123
17231
17341
17419
17497
17599
17713
17827
17921
17989
18097
18191
18269
18367
18451
18541
18691
18793
18919
19051
19163
19259
19381
19441
19507
19603
19739
19841
19937
20021
20113
20183
20323
20393
20507
20611
20731
20809
20929
21017
21121
21193
21319
21407
21517
21589
21683
21787
21871
21997
22073
22153
22273
22369
22481
22573
22691

17137
17239
17351
17431
17509
17609
17729
17837
17923
18013
18119
18199
18287
18371
18457
18553
18701
18797
18947
19069
19181
19267
19387
19447
19531
19609
19751
19843
19949
20023
20117
20201
20327
20399
20509
20627
20743
20849
20939
21019
21139
21211
21323
21419
21521
21599
21701
21799
21881
22003
22079
22157
22277
22381
22483
22613
22697

17159
17257
17359
17443
17519
17623
17737
17839
17929
18041
18121
18211
18289
18379
18461
18583
18713
18803
18959
19073
19183
19273
19391
19457
19541
19661
19753
19853
19961
20029
20123
20219
20333
20407
20521
20639
20747
20857
20947
21023
21143
21221
21341
21433
21523
21601
21713
21803
21893
22013
22091
22159
22279
22391
22501
22619
22699

17167
17291
17377
17449
17539
17627
17747
17851
17939
18043
18127
18217
18301
18397
18481
18587
18719
18839
18973
19079
19207
19289
19403
19463
19543
19681
19759
19861
19963
20047
20129
20231
20341
20411
20533
20641
20749
20873
20959
21031
21149
21227
21347
21467
21529
21611
21727
21817
21911
22027
22093
22171
22283
22397
22511
22621
22709

17183
17293
17383
17467
17551
17657
17749
17863
17957
18047
18131
18223
18307
18401
18493
18593
18731
18859
18979
19081
19211
19301
19417
19469
19553
19687
19763
19867
19973
20051
20143
20233
20347
20431
20543
20663
20753
20879
20963
21059
21157
21247
21377
21481
21557
21613
21737
21821
21929
22031
22109
22189
22291
22409
22531
22637
22717

17189
17299
17387
17471
17569
17659
17761
17881
17959
18049
18133
18229
18311
18413
18503
18617
18743
18869
19001
19087
19213
19309
19421
19471
19559
19697
19777
19889
19979
20063
20147
20249
20353
20441
20549
20681
20759
20887
20981
21061
21163
21269
21379
21487
21559
21617
21739
21839
21937
22037
22111
22193
22303
22433
22541
22639
22721

17191
17317
17389
17477
17573
17669
17783
17891
17971
18059
18143
18233
18313
18427
18517
18637
18749
18899
19009
19121
19219
19319
19423
19477
19571
19699
19793
19891
19991
20071
20149
20261
20357
20443
20551
20693
20771
20897
20983
21067
21169
21277
21383
21491
21563
21647
21751
21841
21943
22039
22123
22229
22307
22441
22543
22643
22727

22739
22853
22961
23039
23117
23209
23327
23459
23563
23633
23747
23831
23911
24019
24097
24179
24317
24419
24527
24671
24781
24889
24979
25111
25189
25307
25409
25523
25609
25703
25801
25919
26003
26113
26209
26309
26407
26501
26641
26713
26813
26893
26993
27091
27239
27337
27457
27581
27697
27773
27847
27953
28057
28163
28289
28409
28513

22741
22859
22963
23041
23131
23227
23333
23473
23567
23663
23753
23833
23917
24023
24103
24181
24329
24421
24533
24677
24793
24907
24989
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25537
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25819
25931
26017
26119
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26317
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26821
26903
27011
27103
27241
27361
27479
27583
27701
27779
27851
27961
28069
28181
28297
28411
28517

22751
22861
22973
23053
23143
23251
23339
23497
23581
23669
23761
23857
23929
24029
24107
24197
24337
24439
24547
24683
24799
24917
25013
25121
25229
25321
25423
25541
25633
25733
25841
25933
26021
26141
26237
26321
26423
26539
26669
26723
26833
26921
27017
27107
27253
27367
27481
27611
27733
27791
27883
27967
28081
28183
28307
28429
28537

22769
22871
22993
23057
23159
23269
23357
23509
23593
23671
23767
23869
23957
24043
24109
24203
24359
24443
24551
24691
24809
24919
25031
25127
25237
25339
25439
25561
25639
25741
25847
25939
26029
26153
26249
26339
26431
26557
26681
26729
26839
26927
27031
27109
27259
27397
27487
27617
27737
27793
27893
27983
28087
28201
28309
28433
28541

22777
22877
23003
23059
23167
23279
23369
23531
23599
23677
23773
23873
23971
24049
24113
24223
24371
24469
24571
24697
24821
24923
25033
25147
25243
25343
25447
25577
25643
25747
25849
25943
26041
26161
26251
26347
26437
26561
26683
26731
26849
26947
27043
27127
27271
27407
27509
27631
27739
27799
27901
27997
28097
28211
28319
28439
28547

22783
22901
23011
23063
23173
23291
23371
23537
23603
23687
23789
23879
23977
24061
24121
24229
24373
24473
24593
24709
24841
24943
25037
25153
25247
25349
25453
25579
25657
25759
25867
25951
26053
26171
26261
26357
26449
26573
26687
26737
26861
26951
27059
27143
27277
27409
27527
27647
27743
27803
27917
28001
28099
28219
28349
28447
28549

22787
22907
23017
23071
23189
23293
23399
23539
23609
23689
23801
23887
23981
24071
24133
24239
24379
24481
24611
24733
24847
24953
25057
25163
25253
25357
25457
25583
25667
25763
25873
25969
26083
26177
26263
26371
26459
26591
26693
26759
26863
26953
27061
27179
27281
27427
27529
27653
27749
27809
27919
28019
28109
28229
28351
28463
28559

22807
22921
23021
23081
23197
23297
23417
23549
23623
23719
23813
23893
23993
24077
24137
24247
24391
24499
24623
24749
24851
24967
25073
25169
25261
25367
25463
25589
25673
25771
25889
25981
26099
26183
26267
26387
26479
26597
26699
26777
26879
26959
27067
27191
27283
27431
27539
27673
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22817
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28591
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28597
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28603
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28607
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28619
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33487
33581
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33757
33851
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34381

28621
28697
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30011
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28627
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34421

28631
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33773
33871
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34141
34253
34319
34429

28643
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30223
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33331
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34147
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34327
34439

28649
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30241
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33797
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34469
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34471
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34483
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34487
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34499
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34501
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34511
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40507

34513
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40519

34519
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40529

34537
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40169
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40433
40531

40543
40693
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41983
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40559
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46229
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46457
46567

40577
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41131
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42013
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45329
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46027
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46237
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46471
46573

40583
40709
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40903
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42017
42131
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46049
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46261
46351
46477
46589

40591
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41947
42019
42139
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44893
44987
45131
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45341
45481
45587
45691
45821
45943
46051
46153
46271
46381
46489
46591

40597
40751
40841
40933
41047
41149
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41341
41453
41549
41641
41759
41863
41953
42023
42157
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45007
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45589
45697
45823
45949
46061
46171
46273
46399
46499
46601

40609
40759
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41051
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41467
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41647
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41879
41957
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42169
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45599
45707
45827
45953
46073
46181
46279
46411
46507
46619

40627
40763
40849
40949
41057
41177
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41479
41593
41651
41771
41887
41959
42061
42179
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44927
45053
45161
45289
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45503
45613
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45959
46091
46183
46301
46439
46511
46633

40637
40771
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40961
41077
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41777
41893
41969
42071
42181
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45631
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46523
46639

40639
40787
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41981
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42187
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45533
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45979
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46199
46309
46447
46549
46643

46649
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46997
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51907
52021
52147
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52363
52511
52583
52711

46663
46757
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52369
52517
52609
52721

46679
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47563
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47743
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52163
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52379
52529
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52727

46681
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48109
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46687
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46691
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46703
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46723
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52783

46727
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51991
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52697
52807

46747
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52009
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52579
52709
52813

52817
52937
53047
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54277
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52837
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52859
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58907

52861
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52879
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58417
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52883
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53281
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58427
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58921

52889
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52901
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52903
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52919
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58967

58979
59063
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58991
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58997
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59009
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59011
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65323

59021
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65327

59023
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59999
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65353

59029
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65357

59051
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65053
65141
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65371

59053
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60029
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62303
62459
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62903
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63127
63281
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63559
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63809
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64849
64937
65063
65147
65267
65381

65393
65519
65587
65687
65777
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65993
66107
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66851
66947
67057
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70571
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71329
71399
71479
71597

65407
65521
65599
65699
65789
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66109
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66403
66523
66617
66739
66853
66949
67061
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70459
70573
70667
70841
70919
70997
71129
71237
71333
71411
71483
71633

65413
65537
65609
65701
65809
65921
66037
66137
66301
66413
66529
66629
66749
66863
66959
67073
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67271
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67489
67577
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68879
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70067
70163
70241
70373
70481
70583
70687
70843
70921
70999
71143
71249
71339
71413
71503
71647

65419
65539
65617
65707
65827
65927
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66161
66337
66431
66533
66643
66751
66877
66973
67079
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70249
70379
70487
70589
70709
70849
70937
71011
71147
71257
71341
71419
71527
71663

65423
65543
65629
65713
65831
65929
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66169
66343
66449
66541
66653
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66883
66977
67103
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70181
70271
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70489
70607
70717
70853
70949
71023
71153
71261
71347
71429
71537
71671

65437
65551
65633
65717
65837
65951
66067
66173
66347
66457
66553
66683
66791
66889
67003
67121
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69763
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70001
70111
70183
70289
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70501
70619
70729
70867
70951
71039
71161
71263
71353
71437
71549
71693

65447
65557
65647
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65839
65957
66071
66179
66359
66463
66569
66697
66797
66919
67021
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70003
70117
70199
70297
70423
70507
70621
70753
70877
70957
71059
71167
71287
71359
71443
71551
71699

65449
65563
65651
65729
65843
65963
66083
66191
66361
66467
66571
66701
66809
66923
67033
67139
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68477
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70121
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70529
70627
70769
70879
70969
71069
71171
71293
71363
71453
71563
71707

65479
65579
65657
65731
65851
65981
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66221
66373
66491
66587
66713
66821
66931
67043
67141
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70123
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70537
70639
70783
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71081
71191
71317
71387
71471
71569
71711

65497
65581
65677
65761
65867
65983
66103
66239
66377
66499
66593
66721
66841
66943
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78121
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84523
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91127
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92479
92623
92693
92789
92867
92993
93113
93239
93319
93463
93553
93701
93851
93941
94049
94153
94307
94399
94513
94597
94727
94837
94951
95083
95177
95261
95383
95471
95581
95713
95801
95917
96013
96167
96269
96401
96493
96643
96757
96847
96979
97103
97213
97373
97463

91151
91249
91373
91459
91583
91753
91841
91967
92107
92219
92317
92387
92489
92627
92699
92791
92893
93001
93131
93241
93323
93479
93557
93703
93871
93949
94057
94169
94309
94421
94529
94603
94747
94841
94961
95087
95189
95267
95393
95479
95597
95717
95803
95923
96017
96179
96281
96419
96497
96661
96763
96851
96989
97117
97231
97379
97499

91153
91253
91381
91463
91591
91757
91867
91969
92111
92221
92333
92399
92503
92639
92707
92801
92899
93047
93133
93251
93329
93481
93559
93719
93887
93967
94063
94201
94321
94427
94531
94613
94771
94847
94993
95089
95191
95273
95401
95483
95603
95723
95813
95929
96043
96181
96289
96431
96517
96667
96769
96857
96997
97127
97241
97381
97501

91159
91283
91387
91493
91621
91771
91873
91997
92119
92227
92347
92401
92507
92641
92717
92809
92921
93053
93139
93253
93337
93487
93563
93739
93889
93971
94079
94207
94327
94433
94541
94621
94777
94849
94999
95093
95203
95279
95413
95507
95617
95731
95819
95947
96053
96199
96293
96443
96527
96671
96779
96893
97001
97151
97259
97387
97511

91163
91291
91393
91499
91631
91781
91909
92003
92143
92233
92353
92413
92551
92647
92723
92821
92927
93059
93151
93257
93371
93491
93581
93761
93893
93979
94099
94219
94331
94439
94543
94649
94781
94873
95003
95101
95213
95287
95419
95527
95621
95737
95857
95957
96059
96211
96323
96451
96553
96697
96787
96907
97003
97157
97283
97397
97523

91183
91297
91397
91513
91639
91801
91921
92009
92153
92237
92357
92419
92557
92657
92737
92831
92941
93077
93169
93263
93377
93493
93601
93763
93901
93983
94109
94229
94343
94441
94547
94651
94789
94889
95009
95107
95219
95311
95429
95531
95629
95747
95869
95959
96079
96221
96329
96457
96557
96703
96797
96911
97007
97159
97301
97423
97547

91193
91303
91411
91529
91673
91807
91939
92033
92173
92243
92363
92431
92567
92669
92753
92849
92951
93083
93179
93281
93383
93497
93607
93787
93911
93997
94111
94253
94349
94447
94559
94687
94793
94903
95021
95111
95231
95317
95441
95539
95633
95773
95873
95971
96097
96223
96331
96461
96581
96731
96799
96931
97021
97169
97303
97429
97549

97553
97651
97829
97919
98017
98207
98321
98419
98519
98641
98773
98887
98953
99079
99149
99277
99401
99551
99661
99761
99859
99989
100129
100267
100363
100483
100559
100703
100829
100981
101107
101183
101287
101399
101503
101603
101723
101837
101939
102031
102121
102229
102329
102461
102559
102673
102829
102953
103087
103231
103391
103511
103613
103723
103889
103991
104087

97561
97673
97841
97927
98041
98213
98323
98429
98533
98663
98779
98893
98963
99083
99173
99289
99409
99559
99667
99767
99871
99991
100151
100271
100379
100493
100591
100733
100847
100987
101111
101197
101293
101411
101513
101611
101737
101839
101957
102043
102139
102233
102337
102481
102563
102677
102841
102967
103091
103237
103393
103529
103619
103769
103903
103993
104089

97571
97687
97843
97931
98047
98221
98327
98443
98543
98669
98801
98897
98981
99089
99181
99317
99431
99563
99679
99787
99877
100003
100153
100279
100391
100501
100609
100741
100853
100999
101113
101203
101323
101419
101527
101627
101741
101863
101963
102059
102149
102241
102359
102497
102587
102679
102859
102983
103093
103289
103399
103549
103643
103787
103913
103997
104107

97577
97711
97847
97943
98057
98227
98347
98453
98561
98689
98807
98899
98993
99103
99191
99347
99439
99571
99689
99793
99881
100019
100169
100291
100393
100511
100613
100747
100907
101009
101117
101207
101333
101429
101531
101641
101747
101869
101977
102061
102161
102251
102367
102499
102593
102701
102871
103001
103099
103291
103409
103553
103651
103801
103919
104003
104113

97579
97729
97849
97961
98081
98251
98369
98459
98563
98711
98809
98909
98999
99109
99223
99349
99469
99577
99707
99809
99901
100043
100183
100297
100403
100517
100621
100769
100913
101021
101119
101209
101341
101449
101533
101653
101749
101873
101987
102071
102181
102253
102397
102503
102607
102761
102877
103007
103123
103307
103421
103561
103657
103811
103951
104009
104119

97583
97771
97859
97967
98101
98257
98377
98467
98573
98713
98837
98911
99013
99119
99233
99367
99487
99581
99709
99817
99907
100049
100189
100313
100411
100519
100649
100787
100927
101027
101141
101221
101347
101467
101537
101663
101771
101879
101999
102077
102191
102259
102407
102523
102611
102763
102881
103043
103141
103319
103423
103567
103669
103813
103963
104021
104123

97607
97777
97861
97973
98123
98269
98387
98473
98597
98717
98849
98927
99017
99131
99241
99371
99497
99607
99713
99823
99923
100057
100193
100333
100417
100523
100669
100799
100931
101051
101149
101267
101359
101477
101561
101681
101789
101891
102001
102079
102197
102293
102409
102533
102643
102769
102911
103049
103171
103333
103451
103573
103681
103837
103967
104033
104147

97609
97787
97871
97987
98129
98297
98389
98479
98621
98729
98867
98929
99023
99133
99251
99377
99523
99611
99719
99829
99929
100069
100207
100343
100447
100537
100673
100801
100937
101063
101159
101273
101363
101483
101573
101693
101797
101917
102013
102101
102199
102299
102433
102539
102647
102793
102913
103067
103177
103349
103457
103577
103687
103841
103969
104047
104149

97613
97789
97879
98009
98143
98299
98407
98491
98627
98731
98869
98939
99041
99137
99257
99391
99527
99623
99721
99833
99961
100103
100213
100357
100459
100547
100693
100811
100943
101081
101161
101279
101377
101489
101581
101701
101807
101921
102019
102103
102203
102301
102437
102547
102653
102797
102929
103069
103183
103357
103471
103583
103699
103843
103979
104053
104161

97649
97813
97883
98011
98179
98317
98411
98507
98639
98737
98873
98947
99053
99139
99259
99397
99529
99643
99733
99839
99971
100109
100237
100361
100469
100549
100699
100823
100957
101089
101173
101281
101383
101501
101599
101719
101833
101929
102023
102107
102217
102317
102451
102551
102667
102811
102931
103079
103217
103387
103483
103591
103703
103867
103981
104059
104173

104179
104309
104417
104549
104677
end.

104183
104311
104459
104551
104681

104207
104323
104471
104561
104683

104231
104327
104473
104579
104693

The sqaure numbers

1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
100
121
144
169
196
225
256
289
324
361
400
441
484
529
576
625
676
729
784
841
900
961

104233
104347
104479
104593
104701

104239
104369
104491
104597
104707

104243
104381
104513
104623
104711

104281
104383
104527
104639
104717

104287
104393
104537
104651
104723

104297
104399
104543
104659
104729

1024
1089
1156
1225
1296
1369
1444
1521
1600
1681
1764
1849
1936
2025
2116
2209
2304
2401
2500
2601
2704
2809
2916
3025
3136
3249
3364
3481
3600
3721
3844
3969
4096
4225
4356
4489
4624
4761
4900
5041
5184
5329

5476
5625
5776
5929
6084
6241
6400
6561
6724
6889
7056
7225
7396
7569
7744
7921
8100
8281
8464
8649
8836
9025
9216
9409
9604
9801
10000
10201
10404
10609
10816
11025
11236
11449
11664
11881
12100
12321
12544
12769
12996
13225

13456
13689
13924
14161
14400
14641
14884
15129
15376
15625
15876
16129
16384
16641
16900
17161
17424
17689
17956
18225
18496
18769
19044
19321
19600
19881
20164
20449
20736
21025
21316
21609
21904
22201
22500
22801
23104
23409
23716
24025
24336
24649

24964
25281
25600
25921
26244
26569
26896
27225
27556
27889
28224
28561
28900
29241
29584
29929
30276
30625
30976
31329
31684
32041
32400
32761
33124
33489
33856
34225
34596
34969
35344
35721
36100
36481
36864
37249
37636
38025
38416
38809
39204
39601

40000
40401
40804
41209
41616
42025
42436
42849
43264
43681
44100
44521
44944
45369
45796
46225
46656
47089
47524
47961
48400
48841
49284
49729
50176
50625
51076
51529
51984
52441
52900
53361
53824
54289
54756
55225
55696
56169
56644
57121
57600
58081

58564
59049
59536
60025
60516
61009
61504
62001
62500
63001
63504
64009
64516
65025
65536
66049
66564
67081
67600
68121
68644
69169
69696
70225
70756
71289
71824
72361
72900
73441
73984
74529
75076
75625
76176
76729
77284
77841
78400
78961
79524
80089

80656
81225
81796
82369
82944
83521
84100
84681
85264
85849
86436
87025
87616
88209
88804
89401
90000
90601
91204
91809
92416
93025
93636
94249
94864
95481
96100
96721
97344
97969
98596
99225
99856

Number
1
1
2
8
3
27
4
64
5
125
6
216
7
343
8
512
9
729
10
1000
11
1331
12
1728
13
2197
14
2744
15
3375
16
4096
17
4913
18
5832
19
6859
20
8000
21
9261
22
10648
23
12167
24
13824
25
15625
26
17576
27
19683
28
21952
29
24389
30
27000
31
29791
32
32768
33
35937
34
39304
35
42875
36
46656
37
50653
38
54872

Cube
=1 1 1
=2 2 2
=3 3 3
=4 4 4
=5 5 5
=6 6 6
=7 7 7
=8 8 8
=9 9 9
=10 10 10
=11 11 11
=12 12 12
=13 13 13
=14 14 14
=15 15 15
=16 16 16
=17 17 17
=18 18 18
=19 19 19
=20 20 20
=21 21 21
=22 22 22
=23 23 23
=24 24 24
=25 25 25
=26 26 26
=27 27 27
=28 28 28
=29 29 29
=30 30 30
=31 31 31
=32 32 32
=33 33 33
=34 34 34
=35 35 35
=36 36 36
=37 37 37
=38 38 38

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

59319
64000
68921
74088
79507
85184
91125
97336
103823
110592
117649
125000
132651
140608
148877
157464
166375
175616
185193
195112
205379
216000
226981
238328
250047
262144
274625
287496
300763
314432
328509
343000
357911
373248
389017
405224
421875
438976
456533
474552
493039
512000

=39 39 39
=40 40 40
=41 41 41
=42 42 42
=43 43 43
=44 44 44
=45 45 45
=46 46 46
=47 47 47
=48 48 48
=49 49 49
=50 50 50
=51 51 51
=52 52 52
=53 53 53
=54 54 54
=55 55 55
=56 56 56
=57 57 57
=58 58 58
=59 59 59
=60 60 60
=61 61 61
=62 62 62
=63 63 63
=64 64 64
=65 65 65
=66 66 66
=67 67 67
=68 68 68
=69 69 69
=70 70 70
=71 71 71
=72 72 72
=73 73 73
=74 74 74
=75 75 75
=76 76 76
=77 77 77
=78 78 78
=79 79 79
=80 80 80

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122

531441
551368
571787
592704
614125
636056
658503
681472
704969
729000
753571
778688
804357
830584
857375
884736
912673
941192
970299
1000000
1030301
1061208
1092727
1124864
1157625
1191016
1225043
1259712
1295029
1331000
1367631
1404928
1442897
1481544
1520875
1560896
1601613
1643032
1685159
1728000
1771561
1815848

=81 81 81
=82 82 82
=83 83 83
=84 84 84
=85 85 85
=86 86 86
=87 87 87
=88 88 88
=89 89 89
=90 90 90
=91 91 91
=92 92 92
=93 93 93
=94 94 94
=95 95 95
=96 96 96
=97 97 97
=98 98 98
=99 99 99
=100 100 100
=101 101 101
=102 102 102
=103 103 103
=104 104 104
=105 105 105
=106 106 106
=107 107 107
=108 108 108
=109 109 109
=110 110 110
=111 111 111
=112 112 112
=113 113 113
=114 114 114
=115 115 115
=116 116 116
=117 117 117
=118 118 118
=119 119 119
=120 120 120
=121 121 121
=122 122 122

123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164

1860867
1906624
1953125
2000376
2048383
2097152
2146689
2197000
2248091
2299968
2352637
2406104
2460375
2515456
2571353
2628072
2685619
2744000
2803221
2863288
2924207
2985984
3048625
3112136
3176523
3241792
3307949
3375000
3442951
3511808
3581577
3652264
3723875
3796416
3869893
3944312
4019679
4096000
4173281
4251528
4330747
4410944

=123 123 123

=124 124 124
=125 125 125
=126 126 126
=127 127 127
=128 128 128
=129 129 129
=130 130 130
=131 131 131
=132 132 132
=133 133 133
=134 134 134
=135 135 135
=136 136 136
=137 137 137
=138 138 138
=139 139 139
=140 140 140
=141 141 141
=142 142 142
=143 143 143
=144 144 144
=145 145 145
=146 146 146
=147 147 147
=148 148 148
=149 149 149
=150 150 150
=151 151 151
=152 152 152
=153 153 153
=154 154 154
=155 155 155
=156 156 156
=157 157 157
=158 158 158
=159 159 159
=160 160 160
=161 161 161
=162 162 162
=163 163 163
=164 164 164

165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200

4492125
4574296
4657463
4741632
4826809
4913000
5000211
5088448
5177717
5268024
5359375
5451776
5545233
5639752
5735339
5832000
5929741
6028568
6128487
6229504
6331625
6434856
6539203
6644672
6751269
6859000
6967871
7077888
7189057
7301384
7414875
7529536
7645373
7762392
7880599
8000000

=165 165 165

=166 166 166
=167 167 167
=168 168 168
=169 169 169
=170 170 170
=171 171 171
=172 172 172
=173 173 173
=174 174 174
=175 175 175
=176 176 176
=177 177 177
=178 178 178
=179 179 179
=180 180 180
=181 181 181
=182 182 182
=183 183 183
=184 184 184
=185 185 185
=186 186 186
=187 187 187
=188 188 188
=189 189 189
=190 190 190
=191 191 191
=192 192 192
=193 193 193
=194 194 194
=195 195 195
=196 196 196
=197 197 197
=198 198 198
=199 199 199
=200 200 200