Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

 Objectives of the lesson:

1. Define refrigeration and air conditioning
2. Introduce aspects of various natural refrigeration methods, namely:
 Use of ice transported from colder regions
 Use of ice harvested in winter and stored in ice houses
 Use of evaporative cooling
3. Introduce historical aspects of various artificial refrigeration methods, namely:
 Vapour compression refrigeration systems, including
 Domestic refrigeration systems
 Air conditioning systems


Vapour absorption refrigeration systems

4. Applications of refrigeration in:

 Food processing, preservation and distribution
 Chemical and process industries
 Comfort air-conditioning
5. Applications of air conditioning, namely:
o Industrial, such as in textiles, printing, manufacturing, photographic, computer
rooms, power plants, vehicular etc.
o Comfort commercial, residential etc.
 At the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
 Identify various natural and artificial methods of refrigeration
 List salient points of various refrigeration techniques, and
 Name important landmarks in the history of refrigeration
 List various applications of refrigeration and air conditioning
 List typical conditions required for various food products, processes etc


Introduction
 Definition
The term refrigeration may be defined as the process of removing heat from a
substance under controlled conditions. It also includes the process of reducing and
maintaining the temperature of a body below the general temperature of its surroundings. In
other words, the refrigeration means a continued extraction of heat from a body whose
temperature is already below the temperature of its surroundings.
 Fundamental Units
The measurement of physical quantities is one of the most important operations in
engineering. Every quantity is measured in terms of some arbitrary, but internationally
accepted units, called fundamental units.
 Derived Units
Some units are expressed in terms of other units, which are derived from
fundamental units are known as derived units e.g. the unit of area, velocity, acceleration,
pressure etc.

 Thermodynamic system
The thermo dynamic system (or simply known as system) may be broadly defined as a
definite area or a space where some thermodynamic process is taking place. It is a region
where our attention is focused for studying a thermodynamic process. A little observation
will show that a thermodynamic system has its boundaries and anything outside the
boundaries is called its surroundings as shown in the fig. These boundaries may be fixed like
that of a tank enclosing a certain mass of compressed gas, or movable like the boundary of a
certain volume of liquid in a pipe line.

 Thermodynamic systems may be classified into the following three groups:

 Closed system;
 Open system;
 Isolated system
The systems are discussed, in details, as follows:
1. Closed system.
This is system of fixed mass and identity whose boundaries are determined by the
space of the matter (working substance) occupied in it.
A closed system is shown in Fig. The gas in the cylinder is considered as a system. If heat
is supplied to the cylinder from some external source, the temperature of the gas will be
increase and the piston will rise.
As the piston rises, the boundary of the system moves. In other words, the heat and
work energy crosses the boundary of the system moves. In other words, the heat and work
energy crosses the boundary of the system during this process, but there is no addition or
loss of the original mass of the working substance. It is thus obvious, that the mass of the
working substance which comprises the system is fixed.
Thus, a closed system does not permit any mass transfer across its boundary, but it
permits transfer of energy (heat and work).
2. Open system.
In this system, the mass of the working substance crosses the boundary of the system.
Heat and work may also cross the boundary. Fig. shows the diagram of an air compressor
which illustrates an open system.
The working substance crosses the boundary of the system as the low pressure (L.P)
air enters the compressor and leaves the high pressure (H.P) air. The work crosses the
boundary of the system through the driving shaft and the heat is transferred across the
boundary from the cylinder walls.
Thus an open system permits both mass and energy (heat and work) transfer across
the boundaries and the mass with in the system may not be constant.
3. Isolated system.
A system which is completely uninfluenced by the surroundings is called an isolated
system. It is a system of fixed mass and no heat or work energy cross its boundary. In other
words, an isolated system does not have transfer of either mass or energy (heat or work)
with the surroundings. An open system with its surroundings (known as an universe) is an
example of an isolated system.


Laws of Thermodynamics

The following three laws of thermodynamics are important from the subject point of view:

1. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics. When two systems are each in thermal equilibrium
with a third system, then the two systems are also in thermal equilibrium with one another.
This law provides the basis of temperature measurement.
2. First Law of Thermodynamics.
(a). The heat and mechanical work are mutually convertible. According to this law, when a
closed system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle, the net heat transfer is equal to the net
work transfer. In other words, the cyclic integral of heat transfer is equal to the cyclic integral
of work transfers.
Mathematically,
Q = W
Where symbol stands for cyclic integral (Integral around a complete cycle), and Q and
W represent infinitesimal elements heat and work transfers respectively. It may be noted
that Q and W are expressed in same units.
(b) The energy can neither created nor destroyed through it can be transformed from one
form to another. According to this law when a system undergoes a change of state (or a
thermodynamic process), then both heat transfer and work transfer takes place. The net
energy transfer is stored with in the system and is known as stored energy or total energy of
the system.
Mathematically,
Q W = dE
The symbol is used for a quantity which is inexact differential and symbol d is used for a
quantity which is an exact differential. The quantity E is an extensive property and represents
the total energy of the system at a particular state.
3. Second Law of Thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics may be defined in many ways, but the two
common statements according to Kelvin-Planck and Clausius are as follows:
According to Kelvin-Plank It is impossible to construct an engine working in a cycle
process, whose sole purpose is to convert heat energy from a single thermal reservoir into an
equivalent amount of work In other words , no actual heat engine, working on a cyclic
process, can convert whole of the heat supplied to it, into mechanical work. It means that
there is degradation of energy in the process of producing mechanical work from the heat
supplied. Thus the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics is
sometimes known as law of degradation of energy.
According to clausius statement It is impossible for a self acting machine, working in
acyclic process, to transfer heat from a body at a lower temperature to body at a higher
temperature without the aid of an external agency. In other words heat cannot flow itself
from cold body to a hot body without the help of an external agency (i.e. without the
expenditure of mechanical work).


Air Refrigeration Cycles

 Introduction
In an air refrigeration cycle, the air is used as refrigerant. In olden days, air was widely
used in commercial applications because of its availability at free of cost. Since air does not
change its phase i.e. remains throughout the cycle, therefore the heat carrying capacity per
kg of air is very small as compared to vapour absorbing systems.

 Units of Refrigeration
The practical unit of refrigeration is expressed in terms of tone of refrigeration
(briefly written as TR). A tone of refrigeration is defined as the amount of refrigeration
effect produced by the uniform melting of one tone (1000 kg) of ice from and at 00C in 24
hours. Since the latent heat of ice is 335 kJ/kg, therefore one tone of refrigeration,

In actual practice, one tone of refrigeration is taken as equivalent to 210 kJ/min or 3.5
kW (i.e. 3.5 kJs).
 Coefficient of Performance of a Refrigerator
The coefficient of performance (briefly written as C.O.P) is the ratio of heat extracted
in the refrigerator to the work done on the refrigerant. It is also known as theoretical
coefficient of performance. Mathematically,
Theoretical C.O.P = Q/W
Where,
Q = Amount of heat extracted in the refrigerator (or the amount of
refrigeration produced, or the capacity of a refrigerator), and W = Amount of work done.

 Notes:
 For per unit mass, C.O.P = q/w
 The coefficient of performance is the reciprocal of the efficiency (i.e. 1/ ) of a heat
engine. It is thus obvious, that the value of C.O.P is always greater than unity.
 The ratio of actual C.O.P to the theoretical C.O.P is known as relative coefficient of
performance.
Mathematically,
Relative C.O.P = Actual C.O.P/Theoretical C.O.P
 Difference between a Heat Engine, Refrigerator and Heat Pump

A simple vapor compression refrigeration system consists of the following equipments:

i) Compressor

ii) Condenser

iii) Expansion valve

iv) Evaporator.

The vapour at low temperature and pressure enters the compressor where it is
compressed isentropically and subsequently its temperature and pressure increase
considerably. This vapour after leaving the compressor enters the condenser where it is
condensed into high pressure liquid and is collected in a receiver tank.
From receiver tank it passes through the expansion valve. Here it is throttled down to
a lower pressure and has a low temperature. After finding its way through expansion valve it
finally passes on to evaporator where it extracts heat from the surroundings or circulating
fluid being refrigerated and vapourises to low pressure vapour.

 Simple Vapour Absorption System

Some liquids like water have great affinity for absorbing large quantities of certain
vapors (NH3) and reduce the total volume greatly. The absorption refrigeration system
differs fundamentally from vapor compression system only in the method of compressing the
refrigerant. An absorber, generator and pump in the absorption refrigerating system replace
the compressor of a vapor compression system. Figure shows the schematic diagram of a
vapor absorption system. Ammonia vapor is produced in the generator at high pressure from
the strong solution of NH3 by an external heating source. The water vapor carried with
ammonia is removed in the rectifier and only the dehydrated ammonia gas enters into the
condenser. High pressure NH3 vapor is condensed in the condenser. The cooled NH3
solution is passed through a throttle valve and the pressure and temperature of the
refrigerant are reduced below the temperature to be maintained in the evaporator. The low
temperature refrigerant enters the evaporator and absorbs the required heat from the
evaporator and leaves the evaporator as saturated vapor. Slightly superheated, low pressure
NH3 vapor is absorbed by the weak solution of NH3 which is sprayed in the absorber as
shown.
Weak NH3 solution (aquaammonia) entering the absorber becomes strong solution
after absorbing NH3 vapor and then it is pumped to the generator through the heat
exchanger. The pump increases the pressure of the strong solution to generator pressure.
The strong NH3 solution coming from the absorber absorbs heat form high temperature
weak NH3 solution in the heat exchanger. The solution in the generator becomes weak as
NH3 vapor comes out of it. The weak high temperature ammonia solution from the
generator is passed to the heat exchanger through the throttle valve. The pressure of the
liquid is reduced to the absorber pressure by the throttle valve.

 Comparison between Vapour Compression and Absorption system

S. No

Details

Vapour Compression

Vapour Absorption

Working Principle

Refrigerant is compressed

Refrigerant absorbed and

heated
Ammonia (NH3)
Above 1000 tons. (Not
suitable for small capacities

2
3

Refrigerant
Capacity

C.O.P

Energy Input to
Change the condition
of refrigerant from
the evaporator

Freon -12 & Freon 22

Limited to 1000 tones of
refrigeration for a
compressor unit
High (4 5),but very low at
part loads
Mechanical Energy (High
grade energy)

Mechanical energy
input

Refrigerant vapour is
compressed to high pressure,
so mechanical energy input is
more

Pump has to only circulate the

refrigerant. Therefore,
mechanical energy input to
run the pump is less

Refrigerant refilling

Simple

Difficult

Leakage of refrigerant More chances of leakage of

refrigerant from the system
due to high pressures

No question of leakage of
refrigerant from the system,
as there is no compressor

Noise

More noise due to the

presence of the moving parts
of the compressor

Quiet in operation, as the only

moving part of the system is a
pump with small motor

10

Operating cost

High, since the electrical

energy is expensive due to the
use of compressor

Low, because thermal can be

supplied from sources other
than electrical energy. Also
electrical energy required to
run the pump is very less

11

Maintenance

Less

12

Liquid traces

High, due to the presence of

compressor
Liquid traces of refrigerant in
suction pipe damages
compressor

Low (1.1), but same as full

and part loads
Heat energy (Low grade
energy)

Liquid traces of refrigerant

present in piping at the exit of
the evaporator pose no
danger


Refrigerants
 Introduction
The refrigerant is heat carrying mediums which during their cycle (i.e. Compression,
condensation, expansion and evaporation) in the refrigeration system absorb heat from a
low temperature system and discard the heat so absorbed to a higher temperature system.
The natural ice and a mixture of ice and salt were the first refrigerants. In 1834, ether,
ammonia, sulphur dioxide, methyl chloride and carbon dioxide came into use as refrigerants
in compression cycle refrigeration machines. Most of the early refrigerant materials have
been discarded for safety reasons or for lack of chemical or thermal stability. In the present
days, many new refrigerants including halo-carbon compounds. Hydro-carbon compounds
are used for air conditioning and refrigeration applications.
The suitability of refrigerant for a certain application is determined by its physical,
thermodynamic, chemical properties and by various practical factors. There is no one
refrigerant which can be used for all types of applications i.e. there is no ideal refrigerant. If
one refrigerant has certain good advantages, it will have some disadvantages also. Hence a
refrigerant is chosen which has greater advantages and less disadvantages.
 Desirable Properties of an Ideal Refrigerant
We have discussed above that there is no ideal refrigerant. A refrigerant is said to be ideal
if it has all of the following properties:
 Low Boiling point
 High critical temperature
 High latent heat of vaporization
 Low specific heat of liquid
 Low specific volume of vapour of
 Non-corrosive to metal
 Non-flammable and non-explosive
 Non-toxic
 Low cost
 Easy to liquefy at moderate pressure and temperature
 Easy of locating leaks by odour or suitable indicator, and
 Mixes well with oil.
The standard comparison of refrigerants, as used in the refrigeration industry, is based on
an evaporating temperature of -150C and a condensing temperature of +300C.

 Classification of Refrigerants
1. Primary Refrigerants &

2. Secondary refrigerants

The refrigerants which directly take parting the refrigeration system are called
primary refrigerants where as the refrigerants which are first cooled by primary refrigerants
and then used for cooling purposes, are known as secondary refrigerants.
The primary refrigerants are further classified into the following four groups:
1. Halo carbon refrigerants,
2. Azeotrope refrigerants,
3. Inorganic refrigerants, and
4. Hydro-carbon refrigerants.
These above mentioned refrigerants are discussed, in detail in the following pages.
 Halo-carbon Refrigerants
The American society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) identifies 42 halo-carbon compounds as refrigerants, but only a few of them are
commonly used. The following table gives some of the commonly used halo-carbon
refrigerants:

Commonly used halo-carbon refrigerants


Azeotrope Refrigerants

Organic Refrigerants

Hydro-carbon Refrigerants


Air Conditioning System

The Maintenance of controlled atmosphere according to the requirements in a space
is known as Air-conditioning. The controlled atmosphere which gives maximum comfort
to the human beings is known as comfort air-conditioning. The controlled atmosphere which
is required for the manufacturing process is known as industrial air- conditioning. Comfort
air-conditioning is further subdivided into summer air- conditioning and winter air
conditioning. The air cooling and dehumidification used in summer is known as summer air
conditioning and heating and humidification used in winter is known as winter air
conditioning.

Psychrometry and Psychrometric Properties

 Psychrometry
The Science which deals with the study of the behavior of air and water vapour mixture is
known as Psychrometry. The properties of water vapour and air mixture are known as
Psychrometric Properties.

Psychrometric Properties
 Dry Air
The pure dry air is a mixture of number of gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen
and carbon dioxide. Density of air is 1.293kg/m3 at 1.01325 bar 273oK. Pure dry air does not
exist in nature as it contains some impurities and some moisture all the time.
 Moist Air
It is a mixture of dry air and water vapour. The amount of water vapour present in air
depends on the pressure and temperature of the mixture.
 Saturated Air
It is the mixture of dry air and water vapour when air has diffused maximum amount of
water vapour into it. This means air has reached its moisture carrying capacity to the fullest
and no more addition is possible.
 Degree of Saturation ()
It is the ratio of actual mass of water in a unit mass of dry air to the mass of water vapour in
unit of saturated air at same temperature and pressure.
 Specific Humidity (w)
It is the mass of water vapour present in 1kg of dry air and is expressed in terms of gram
per kg of dry air.

 Humidity Ratio
It is the same as specific humidity, i.e., mass of water vapour, present in unit mass of dry
air.
 Absolute Humidity
It is the mass of water vapour present in 1m3 of dry air and is expressed in terms of grams
/m3 of dry air. It can be expressed in terms of grains per cubic meter of dry air. 1kg of water
vapour = 15,430 grains.
 Relative Humidity
It is the ratio of actual mass of water vapour in a given volume of moist air to the mass of
water vapour in the same volume of saturated air at the same temperature and pressure.
 Specific Volume (v)
It is defined as the ratio of volume per unit mass of moist air.
 Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) or Td
It is the temperature of air recorded by a thermometer when its bulb is surrounded by a
wet cloth exposed to air.
 Wet Bulb Depression (WBD)
It is the difference between dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature at any point.
 Enthalpy
Enthalpy of moist air is equal to enthalpy of dry air plus enthalpy of water vapour
associated with dry air.
 Dew Point Temperature (DPT) or Tdp
It is the temperature of air recorded by a thermometer when water vapour in air
begins to condense or dew is formed.
 Psychrometer
It is an instrument to measure DBT and WBT of moist air.

 Equipments used in Air Conditioning System

 Circulation fan. The main function of this fan is to move air to and from the room.
 Air conditioning unit. It is a unit, which consists of cooling and dehumidifying
processes for summer air conditioning or heating and humidification processes for
winter air conditioning.
 Supply duct. It directs the conditioned air from the circulating fan to the space to be air
conditioned at proper point.
 Supply outlets. These are grills, which distribute the conditioned air evenly in the
room.
 Return outlets. These are the openings in a room surface which allow the room air to
enter the return duct.
 Filters. The main function of the filters is to remove dust, dirt and other harmful
bacterias from the air.

Classification of Air Conditioning Systems
The air conditioning may be broadly classified as follows:
1. According to the purpose
 Comfort air conditioning system, and
 Industrial air conditioning system,
2. According to the season of the year
 Winter air conditioning system,
 Summer air conditioning, and
 Year-round air conditioning.
3. According to the arrangement of equipment
 Unitary air conditioning system, and
 Central air conditioning system.
In this chapter, we shall discuss all the above mentioned air conditioning systems, one by
one.

 Window Air- Conditioner

Figure shows the schematic diagram of a window air-conditioner. The window airconditioner works on the vapour compression refrigeration cycle. The basic components of
the system are compressor, condenser, a capillary tube and an evaporator, in addition, filters,
accumulators, motors, fan and electrical controls from the rest of components. The high
pressure gas (refrigerant), which comes out of the compressor, is condensed in the
condenser using ambient air as a coolant. The liquid refrigerant is expanded in a capillary
tube and the n enters the evaporator. Here, it evaporates and causes the refrigerating effect.
Then fan blows the fresh air over the evaporator coil, which cools the air. The cool air is
supplied the room. Meanwhile, refrigerant from the evaporator enters the compressor to be
compressed and the cycle is repeats itself.
 Window Air conditioning System

The return air from the room is exhausted by the evaporator fan by blowing air over
the condensed coil, where it picks up heat from the refrigerant. The compressor used in a
window air-conditioner is hermetic type, which is sealed in a casing with a motor as shown in
the figure. The condenser and evaporator fans are both propeller type. The condenser coil is
a continuous copper coil with aluminum fins. The capillary tube is 40cm long, usually with
0.75mm diameter. Evaporator coil is also made of copper with aluminum fins. Dampers and
louvers are provided for intake and exhaust on both sides of the air-conditioner casing. A one
tone window air-conditioner circulaets4m3/min of air in the room. Some fraction of air
(25%) is fresh; where as some fraction (75%) of air is recirculated. Filters are used to filter
air entering the A/C unit. The filter is plastic foam or metallic mat type. The controls used by
the unit are
(1)

Thermostat Control:
This is used to set the room temperature. Usually it is a bimetallic strip.

(2)

Master Control
It is an electrical switch used to stop or start the compressor motor.

The installation of the unit is done either in the wall or by using external brackets or
locating it inside the room with exhaust flush to the window. In either case, the condenser
should be facing outside and the evaporator should be facing inside. It is advisable to install
the unit for a minimum sun exposure as suns rays can diminish the efficiency of the
condenser. The air louver inlets should not be blocked and provision for draining of the
condensate (like a pipe) should be provided. Maintenance of the window air-conditioner
should include periodic cleaning, replacing filters and air seals and lubrication of fans.

Split Air conditioning System
 Split Type Room Air-Conditioner
These are preferred for offices, schools, auditoriums, etc. The idea of split units came
from the fact that air-conditioning system operation was noisy. In order to eliminate the
noise, compressor and condenser were located at remote location and only evaporator coil
and a fan were located near the application. This division or splitting of the air- conditioning
unit gave the equipment its name. The given figure shows the schematic of a split unit.
Usually split units are wall mounted. They are preferred due to their noiseless
operation. The refrigerant liquid lines and suction lines are line gas they connect the
compressor at the remote location to the split unit evaporator. This increases cost of the
system. This operation is similar to the window air-conditioner as the basic cycle of operation
is vapour compression refrigeration. The refrigerant is compressed, condensed, expanded at
the remote site and evaporated only in the room evaporator. The air is blown over the
evaporator coil and that causes cooling.

 Advantages of the Units are

 Noiseless operation
 Easy Maintenance
 Less Vibration
 Compact unit
 Aesthetic quality of unit is high
 Disadvantages of the Units are
 High cost of unit
 Longer refrigerant lines and thus more leakage
 COP of unit is poor
 Control over operation is difficult


Central Air conditioning System

The physical size of the coil and filter bank are two main constraints in the development
of the central air-conditioning systems. These two factors limit the tonnage of the equipment
to about 100 tons capacity. The blowers used are of high capacity delivering 6000m3/min of
air. Such systems are used for offices, multi stored buildings and supplied to the conditioned
space by:
 An individual evaporator.
 Circulating chilled water.
 Air-circulation from a central location.
 The Advantages of Central Air-Conditioning System
 Ease of control
 Better accessibility for maintenance
 Cost of running equipment is less.
 Noise and vibration can be reduced.


Domestic Refrigerators

 Summer Air-conditioning system

 Winter Air-conditioning system

 Year Round Air-conditioning system

 Comparison of unitary and Central Air-Conditioning System

 APPLICATION OF AIR-CONDITIONING
The applications of air-conditioning are quite diverse. What was once considered as a
luxury has become a necessity of day to-day life. It is difficult to summarize the diverse
applications and few important areas are listed below.
 Air-conditioning of theatres cinema houses.
 Air-conditioning of hotels, restaurants
 Air-conditioning of aircraft
 Air-conditioning of automobiles buses, cars.
 Railway air-conditioning
 Air-conditioning of hospitals

 Air-conditioning of department store, amusement parks

 Air-conditioning of offices, homes
 Air-conditioning in textile industry.
 Air-conditioning of computer centers
 Air-conditioning in photographic industry
 Museum air-conditioning/Bank air-conditioning
 Marine air-conditioning
 Television studio air-conditioning

 Two Mark Questions

1. Define refrigeration.
Refrigeration is the process of reducing and maintaining the temperature of a body
below the general temperature.
2. What is a refrigerator?
Refrigerator is equipment used to reduce and maintain the temperature below
atmospheric temperature by removing the heat from the space continuously.
3. Define refrigerant.
Refrigerant is a fluid which absorbs the heat from the body and rejects the heat at high
temperature.
4. Give some examples for refrigerant.
Ammonia, carbon-di-oxide, Freon-12, Chloro fluoro carbon, Methyl chloride etc.
5. Define COP.
COP is the ratio of heat extracted and work input.
Coefficient of performance of a refrigerator (COP) = Heat extracted/
6. Give some properties of a good refrigerant.
 It should have low freezing point and boiling point.
 It should be easily liquefied.
 It should have high COP.
 It should absorb high latent heat.

Work input

. State the function of a compressor

Compressor is used to compress the low pressure vapour refrigerant.
8. Mention some applications of refrigeration.
 In preserving food, fruits and drugs.
 Used in refineries.
 Manufacturing of ice.
 In manufacturing industries.
9. Define air conditioning.
Air conditioning is the process of conditioning the air according to the human comfort
irrespective of external conditions.
10. Define relative humidity.
It is the ratio of water Vapour in a given volume of air at a given temperature, to the
mass of water Vapour present in the same volume under same temperature of air when it is
fully saturated.
11. Define DBT
The temperature of air measured by the ordinary thermometer is called dry bulb
temperature.
12. Define WBT
The temperature of air measured by the thermometer when it is covered by wet cloth
is known as wet bulb temperature.
13. Mention the types of air-conditioning.
 Comfort air conditioning.
 Industrial air conditioning.
 Key terms











Refrigeration
Air conditioning
VCRS, VARS
Refrigerant
R12, R22
Window air conditioner
Split air conditioner
DBT, WBT
Humidity
Psychrometry


Objective Questions
1) The highest temperature during the cycle, in vapour compression refrigeration
system occurs after
(a) compression (b)condensation (c)expansion (d)evaporation
2) Heat is rejected by the refrigerant, during vapour compression refrigeration cycle in
(a) Evaporator (b) condenser (c) throttle valve (d) compressor
3) A domestic refrigerator capacity may be approximately
(a)1 ton (b)0.1 ton (c)5 ton (d)10 ton
4) A domestic window type air conditioner capacity may be approximately
(a)1 ton (b)0.1 ton (c)5 ton (d)10 ton
5) In vapour compression refrigeration system the heat is absorbed from the environment
to be cooled by
(a) Compressor (b) throttle valve (c) evaporator (d) condenser
6) The order in which main components of vapour compression system are arranged is
(a) compressor-evaporator-condenser-throttle valve (b) evaporator-condenser-throttle
valve-compressor (c) compressor-condenser-throttle valve- evaporator
(d) condenser-compressor-throttle valve-evaporator
7) In a domestic vapour compression refrigerator, the refrigerant commonly used is
(a)Ammonia (b) CO2 (c) Freon-12 (d)all of the above
8) The refrigerant commonly used in vapour absorption system is
(a) Water (b) ammonia (c) freon-12 (d) aqua-ammonia
9) The lowest temperature during the cycle, in a vapour compression refrigeration
system occures after
(a)compression (b)evaporation (c)condensation (d)expansion
10) The air conditioning system selection
(a) Should provide correct temperature, humidity, air movement and noise level,
otherwise it is rejected (b) should be most economical otherwise it is rejected
(c) Should be able to take up the peak load of the year, otherwise it is rejected
(d) should satisfy the customer's concept of environment desired, otherwise it is
rejected

 Summary
In this lecture the student is introduced to different methods of refrigeration, both
natural and artificial. Then a brief history of artificial refrigeration techniques is presented
with a mention of the pioneers in this field and important events. The working principles
of these systems are also described briefly.