CHAPTER 16

Various Titles
First Filipino Leon Ma. Guerrero (in his
book of the same title)
Great Malayan because of his race
Philippine Patriot Austin Craig (one of the
first biographers of Rizal)
great exemplar, a model Filipino- to many
Filipinos
only national hero of the Phils. to most
Filipinos
Tagalog Christ or a saint realm of the
supernatural
Titles which denigrate Rizal
Last Spaniard Nick Joaquin (contrast to
Guerreros First Filipino)
Rizal up to his last moment declared that
he was not a traitor to Spain
Rizal asked not to be shot at the back
because he never betrayed Spain
Spaniards considered him a traitor and
an ingrate for having studied in Spanish
institutions and he used his knowledge
to spread evil propaganda against Spain.
Rizals family benefitted from Dominican
Administrators of Calamba Estate
Conservative Spaniards saw Rizal as a
rabble rouser
Filipino Hamlet for his contradicting views
an American-sponsored hero author and
historian Renato Constantino
others scored Rizal for his wanderlust
womanizer
Rizal was the father of Adolf Hitler and Mao
Zedong
The Loves of Rizal
Rizals relationships were mostly serial
relationships
simultaneous relationship with Leonor
Valenzuela, Vicenta Ybardaloza and
Leonor Rivera when he was a student in
UST but he settled with Leonor Rivera (-he
remained faithful)
often ended painfully for him
hard for him to recover, failed to tell
Segunda Katigbak his feelings in 1878
Leonor Rivera was going to marry
Englishman Henry Kipping, he wrote to
Blumentritt that he felt like losing his
mind
according to Trinidad, Rizal was center of
attraction, able to mix with them and
chaperoned them on their shopping trips
1. Segunda Katigbak
2. Leonor Valenzuela
3. Vicenta Ybardaloza
4. Leonor Rivera
Lesser known:
1. Julia- childhood
crush

5. Consuelo Ortiga
6. Nelly Boustead
7. Suzanne Jacoby
8. Usui Seiko
9. Gertrude Beckett
10. Josephine Bracken-married and lived with
in Dapitan
Was Rizal deserving to be the National Hero
Other national heroes:
1. Andres Bonifacio
-never won a single battle during Phil.
Revolution
-siding with one faction led to his ouster as
leader and his execution by fellow Filipinos
2. Emilio Jacinto
3. Apolinario Mabini
4. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Emilio Aguinaldo
- pledged allegiance to US a month after being
captured in Palanan, Isabela
-apparatus trying to seek collaboration of Filipinos
with Japanese
The Filipino Hamlet
favored Revolution and at times stuck to
Reforms
revolution=blood in his hands;
reform=hopeless
hopes for reforms but despairs when not
obtaining these
predicts revolution but fears its coming
Filipinos might be morally unprepared when
independence is obtained
The slaves of today might be the
tyrants of tomorrow-Rizal
advocated first the inculcation of moral virtues
Was Rizal an American-made Hero?
many Filipinos subscribed to this belief
they believed that he never favored revolution
or independence for the Phils. instead he
favored a quiet evolutionary process that
involves education.
Historian Esteban de Ocampo attributed the
American hand in choosing Rizal over all other
heroes to the statement made by Gov. Gen.
William Howard Taft addressed to the
Filipino members of Philippine Commission
Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Benito Legarda
and Jose Luzurriaga. And now gentleman,
you must have a national hero.
Considered in the deliberation of merits were:
-Marcelo H. Del
*Rizal was the choice of
Pilar
the committee
-General Antonio
Luna
-Emilio Jacinto

-Graciano Lopez Jaena

-Andres Bonifacio

Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo issued a decree on Dec.

20, 1898 declaring Dec. 30 as a Day of
Mourning for Jose Rizal and other Victims
of the Phil. Revolution.
the decree became the basis of present
Rizal Day
Daet, Camarines Norte-Filipino masons
erected a monument dedicated to Rizal on
Dec. 30, 1898
It bears the words A Jose Rizal
Noli Me Tangere El
Filibusterismo and Morga (refers
to the book Sucesos en las Islas
Filipinas annotated in 1890)
This monument antedates the better
known Rizal Monument constructed at
the Luneta in Manila in 1911. It was
paid by Filipino people and constructed
through public subscription.
One peso coin- bears the likeness of Rizal
Knights of the Grand Order of Rizal
-aims to propagate the ideas and ideals of
Rizal
-every year members are seen honouring
him every Dec. 30

from its oppressors and will lead the

believers to a utopian society.
-believed that the Phils. will be the new
Jerusalem
b. Santa Iglesia
-headed by Felipe Salvador or Apo Ipe
believed that Rizal was a supernatural
being. He was captured and sentenced to
die in 1907
-led an armed struggle against the
Americans in the early 20th century
-His followers reported seeing their dead
leader talking with Rizal
3. Sambahang Rizal (Rizal Church)-1918
-established by Basilio Aromin in Cuyapo,
Nueva Ecija
-taught his followers to honor Rizal who was
appointed by Bathala to redeem the Filipino
race.
-also said that Rizal was like Christ who offred
his life to save mankind.

Rizal Elevated to the Supernatural?

1. Iglesia Filipina Independiente/ Phil.
Independent Church
-considered him as one of its saints
-founder Isabelo de los Reyes advocated
canonization of Rizal along with 3 martyred
priests
-Sept. 24, 1903-they were canonized
-Isabelo de los Reyes, Jr. (became Obispo
Maximo or Supreme Bishop of the Church) said
that the canonization of Rizal was an expression
of intensely nationalistic phase of the
development of church and Rizal is presently
not anymore honored as a saint of the church

4. Bathalismo (Inang Mahiwaga)

-the name of the group derived from Bathala
-founded by Venancio P. Wagan
-man must save his soul to reap happiness in
Kalualhatian while evil ones would be
condemned to eternal pain in Casanaan
-Christ was reincarnated through Rizal
-Rizal was not killed instead he left the
Philippines for China disguised as a Chinese.
-teaches that the Philippines is for Filipinos only
and that there should be no rich or poor
-Philippines will become a kingdom and all
monarchs will come from here
-existed in Mt. Banahaw, Dolores, Mt. Arayat
(Pampanga) and Mt. San Diego (Batangas), all
considered as holy mountains
-man has 3 spirits:
1. Caluluua-intelligent
soul
2. Diwa-sensitive soul
3. Laygo-vegetative soul

2. Millennarian groups
-considered Rizal as another Tagalog Christ
(Kristong Tagalog)
-they were formed because of the belief that
at the end of a millenium or century, the world
will end and a messiah would arrive to redeem
the world. Only believers would be saved.
-Apolinario De la Cruz (Hermano Pule)
founder of Cofradia de San Jose
-portrayed to be Christ-like,
executed by quartering like the
biblical lamb taken to the slaughter.

5.Adarnista
-AKA Iglesiang Pilipina
-founded by Candida Balantac (Inang Adarna,
93-year old widow)
-Rizal is a god of Filipino people; he was a true
god and true man
-heaven and hell exist and are within us
-caves of Bongabon, Nueva Ecija (dwelling
place of Jehovah or God)
-four persons in God namely: the Father, the
Son, the Holy Spirit and the Mother
-abode of the sect: caves of Bongabon

a. Anting-anting groups in Mt. Banahaw

-Rizal would one day return as the messiah
of the Filipinos and will redeem the nation

6.Sagrada Filipina
-existing in Candelaria, Quezon
-founders: Purificacion and Severo Aviela

-believes that there are 4 persons in one God: the

Father, the Mother (Mary), the son (Christ) and
the Holy Spirit
-Rizal is the second Christ and will succeed Christ
in the second coming
-there is no hell and the sufferrings of this world
maybe considered as hell
-borrowed only the sacrament of baptism and
there are no other sacraments and no ministers
aside from late founders
7.Watawat ng Lahi
-on the hill called Lecheria (outside Calamba)
-established by Arsenio de Guzman and Jose
Baricanosa in Masbate in 1914, transferred in
Lecheria in 1936
-registered in the Bureau of Commerce in May
1944
-de Guzman was Rizal himself
-Rizal did not die and present in the New
Jerusalem (Mt. Makiling to Mt. Banahaw
-mas has soul but is different from Rizal who is
god.

All sects had borrowings from Catholicism

Common denominator:
1) Concept of a mangod, 2) redemption awaits man at the end, 3)
Sense of patriotism
The Foreign View of Rizal
Southeast Asian peoples saw Rizal as exemplar
of Malayan race.
Renaissance man- Deputy Prime Minister of
Malaysia Anwar Ibrahim, pointing to Rizals
virtue of self-improvement
Philippine Revolution- Asias first nationalist
movement for independence
inspired Mohandas Gandhi (India) and Sun
Yat-sen (China)
-Satyagraha-non-violent approach ruled
by truth (Gandhi)
-Rizal Monument in Xiamen, China
(homeland of Domingo Lam-co)
Suehiro Techo translated Noli Me Tangere to
Japanese
Mi Ultimo Adios was quoted in the halls of the
US Congress by Representative Henry Allen
Cooper to convince lawmakers that Filipinos
were not barbarians
-How could these people be savages when
there is one among them who wrote a work
this sublime?
-Phil. Organic Act of 1902-allowing
formation of Phil. Legislature composed of
Filipinos; convened in 1907
Europe- different streets
-Berlin- Jose Rizal StraBe (Strasse)
-Spain-replica of Luneta monument in
Madrid

-Gov. Polavieja and Archbishop

Nozaleda have a hand in Rizals
death
-they blamed the Black Spain for
the death
-Philippine Disaster (Desastre
Filipina) -lost of the Philippines
-Romania- Rizal was compared to its
national poet Mihai Eminescu; a
monument was set-up in Bucharest
(Romanias capital)
The Story of the Rizal Monuments
1. Daet, Camarines Norte
-1st monument in 1898 by fellow masons
-inauguarated on Dec. 30, 2nd anniversary of his
martyrdom
-three-tiered pylon supporting a triangle w/
a square base
-representation of sun burst is attached to the
top of triangle
- image adorns the official seal of Camarines
Norte province
-declared national historic monument in 2007
2. Azcarraga Street (now Claro M. Recto) and
Rizal Avenue
-1st monument in Manila in 1910
-funds taken from proceeds of Philippine
Carnival
transferred to San Lazaro Park in 1918
3. American Colonization
Act No. 243
-Sept. 28, 1901
-granting use of public land in Luneta for
statue of Rizal
-monument committee:
1. Teodoro R. Yangco
2. Mariano Limjap
3. Maximino Paterno
4. Ramon Genato
5. Dr. Ariston Bautista
6. Tomas G. Del Rosario
-international design competition for the
monument
-lasted 1905 to 1907
-proposed monument= P100,000
-there were 40 entries
1st prize - Al Martir de Bagumbayan
=P5,000
(Italian Carlos Nicoli)
-was not implemented because he was
not able to raise funds
2nd Prize Motto Stella =P2,000
(Richard Kissling of Switzerland)
-implemented
-monument was inaugurated Dec. 30,
1913

 In 1961, in commemoration of the birth

centenary of Rizal, Architect Juan Nakpil
built a stainless steel pylon built around
obelisk but later on removed.
Transferred to the boundary of Paranaque
and Pasay City along Roxas blvd. until
1980s.
Rizals remains were taken by Knights of
Rizal from Narcisas house in Binondo and

taken to the Sala Marmol (Marble Hall) of

Ayuntamiento Building in Intramuros on
Dec. 29, 1912; remains stayed in an
overnight vigil before taken by UST
students.