Basic Concept of

Differential and Integral Calculus

CPT Section D Quantitative Aptitude Chapter 9

Dr. Atul Kumar Srivastava

Learning Objectives
Understand the use of this Branch of mathematics in various branches of science
and Humanities

Understand the basics of differentiation and integration

Know how to compute derivative of a function by the first principal, derivative

of a function by the use of various formulae and higher order differentiation

Make familiar with various techniques of integration

Understand the concept of definite integrals of functions and its properties.

Differential calculus-Outlines

What is Differential Calculus An Introduction

Derivative or Deferential Coefficient (First Principal Definition)
Basic Formulas
Laws for Differentiation (Algebra of Derivative of Functions)
Derivative of A Function of Function (Chain Rule)
.Derivative of Implicit Function
.Derivative of Function In Parametric Form

What is differential calculus an 4

introduction
One of the most fundamental operations in calculus is that of differentiation. In
the study of mathematics, there are many problems containing two quantities
such that the value of one quantity depends upon the other. A variation in the
value of any ones produces a variation in the value of the other. For example
the area of a square depends upon it's side. The area of circle and volume of
sphere depend upon their radius etc.

Differential calculus is the Branch of Mathematics which studies changes

To express the rate of change of any function we introduce concept of

derivative. The concept involves a very small change in the dependent variable
with reference to a very small change in the independent variable

Continued

y=f(x)

x - Independent variable
y - Dependent Variable

Thus differentiation is a process of finding the derivative of a

continuous function. It is defined as the limiting value of the
ratio of the change in the function corresponding to small
change in the independent variable as the later tends to zero.

Derivative or differential coefficient

(First principal definition)
Derivative of

is defined as
(1)

is a function

where

is small increment in x
corresponding increment in y or f(x)
(1) Is denoted as
known as differential coefficient of

definition.

The derivative of f(x) is also

w.r.t. x

The above process of differentiation is called the first principal

Examples of differentiation from

first principal:
Example :1
We have

Example-2
f(x)=a where a is fixed real number

Example-3

Basic Formulas

10

Following are some of the standard derivative:-

Laws for differentiation

11

(Algebra of derivative of functions)

Let f(x) and g(x) be two functions such that

their derivatives are defined in a common
domain. Then
1.Sum Rule

2.Difference Rule

3.Product Rule

12

Continued

4.(Quotient Rule)

5.

6.

13

EXAMPLES

Example-1

Find

14

Example-2

15

Example-3

16

Derivative of implicit function

Until now we have been differentiating various
function given in the form y=f(x)
But it is not necessary that functions are always
expressed in this form. For example consider one
of the following relationship between x and y

NEXT SLIDE.

17

Continued.
In the first case we can solve y and rewrite the
relationship as
In second case it does not seem easy to solve for Y.
When it is easy to express the relation as y=f(x) we
say that y is given as an explicit function of x,
otherwise it is an implicit function of x

Now we will attempt to find

for implicit function

Examples
Example 1

Find

18

for

NEXT SLIDE.

Continued

19

Example-2

20
..(1)

Differentiating on both sides

NEXT SLIDE.

Continued

21

Derivative of functions in
parametric forms
If relation between two variables is expressed via
third variable. The third variable is called parameter.
More precisely a relation expressed between two
variables x and y in the form x=f(t),y=g(t) is said to
be parametric form with t is a parameter.

In order to find derivative of function in such form, we

have by chain rule.

22

23

Continued

24

Example 1 Find
Given That

So

Example-2

25

Logarithmic differentiation

26

and

We differentiate such functions by taking logarithm on both

sides. This process in called logarithmic differentiate.

Examples
Example

Differentiate

Taking logarithms on both sides

Differentiate both sides w.r.t x

27

Example-2

28

Differentiate

29

Higher Order differentiation

If
is differentiable, we may differentiate it
w.r.t. x.
The LHS becomes
which is
called the second order derivative of
or
and is denoted by
. It is also denoted by
.
If
we remark that higher order
derivatives may be defined similarly.

30

EXAMPLES

Example-1
Given that
=

Here
=

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Example-2

Differentiate again

Find

Gradient or slope of the curve

Let y=f(x)be a curve. The derivative of f(x)

at a point x represents the slope of the
tangent to the curve y=f(x)at the point x.
Sometime the derivative is called gradient
of the curve.

32

33

Example-1

Find the gradient of the curve

Given

The gradient of the curve at point X=0 is -12

Example-2
to the curve

Find the slope of the tangent

34

35

Miscellaneous Examples
Example:1

Differentiate

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Example-2

Differentiate

Let

37

Example-3

Find derivative of

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Example-4: Find dy /dx

differentiate implicitly w.r.t. x ., we get

39

Example-5 If

40

Example-6

Differentiate

Example 7

41

42

Example 8

43

Continued

By cross multiplication

Integral Calculus
What Is Integration (Definition)
Basic Formulas

Method Of Substitution (Change Of Variable)

Integration By Parts
Method Of Partial Fraction
Definite Integration
Important Properties
Miscellaneous Examples

44

45

What is Integration (definition)

Integration is inverse process of differentiation. Integral calculus
deals with integration and its application. It was invented in
attempt to solve the problems of finding areas under curves and
volumes of solids of revolution.

Also we can define integration as the inverse process of

differentiation .

Constant of integration

46

and c is an arbitrary constant we also have

Evidently the integral of

is obtained by giving different

values to C . Here 'C' is called constant of integration

The process of finding the integral is called integration.

The function which is integrated is called the integrand.

Basic Formulas

47

Two Simple Theorem

1.

48

2.

Since integration and differentiation are inverse

process we have
Example-1

49

Example-2

Example-3

50
Evaluate

Example-4

or

Example-5

Examples
Example-6 Evaluate

Example-7 Evaluate

51

52

Example-8
By simple division

Integration By Substitution
The given integral
can be transformed into another form by changing
the independent variable x to t by substituting
Consider

Usually we make a substitution for a function whose derivation also

occur in the integrand.

53

Examples

Example1

adx = dt

54

55

Example 2
.

or

Evaluate

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Example-3: Evaluate

or

dt

Important standard formulas

1.

2.

3.

4.

57

58

Continued
5.

6.

7.

8.

59

Example

Integration by Parts
It is useful method to find integration
of product of function.
Integration of product of two function

60

61

Examples
Example:1

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Example-2

Evaluate

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Example-3

64

Example 4

(Solve first integral only)

65

Methods of Partial Fractions

66

Type-1

Example-1

Find the partial fraction of

we put x=2

we put x=3
and get

67

Type-2

Comparing coefficients of

and constant term on both sides

Solving we get

Therefore

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Example

Definite Integration

69

Consider indefinite integral

Now consider
Here a =
b =

lower limit of integration

upper limit of integration

is called definite integral of f(x) from a to b

Properties

70

71

Example-1:

72

Example-2

or

Miscellaneous examples
find

let

73

74

Example-2
Let

75

Example-3
integration by parts

consider

76

Example 4.
solve

where

77

Example:5
by simple division

78

Example-6
First simplify integrand

Example 7.

79

80

Example 8.

81

Example 9.

82

Example 10.
I

II

dx

Example11. Find the equation of the curve where

slope at (x,y) is 9x which passes through origin
Given

since it passes through the origin (o,o)

Then
or

83

84

Example 12.

Let

Example 13.

85

86

SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER

Differential calculus

Continued.

87

88

Integral Calculus

89

Continued

=
=

90

Continued
=

91

Continued

(a < b < c)

92

Continued
=0

93

MCQs

Question Time

Question:1

HINT-Logarithmic Differentiation

94

95

Question.2

96

Question.3

HINT- Logarithmic differentiation then Apply product rule

97

Question.4

98

Question.5

HINT- (Apply Quotient rule)

99

Question-6

HINT - (Apply chain rule)

100

Question.7

HINT - (Apply product rule and chain rule)

Question 8

HINT- (Quotient rule)

101

102

Question.9

HINT- (Take log both sides then apply quotient rule)

103

Question.10

HINT- (Differentiation of implicit function)

104

Question.11

HINT- (Logarithmic differentiation)

105

Question:12

HINT-

(Implicit function)

106

Question.13

(d)

HINT-

(Logarithmic differentiation)

107

Question.14

HINT-

(Quotient rule)

Question.15
The value of p and q are.

HINT-

108

109

Question.16

HINT-

110

Question.17

HINT- Integrate By Parts

111

Question.18

112

Question.19

HINT- Integration by substitution let

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Question.20

HINT- [Integration by substitution, let t

114

Question.21

HINT- [Integration by substitution let

115

Question.22

HINT-

116

Question.23

HINT-

117

Question.24

HINT- (Integration by substitution let 7x + 5 = t)

118

Question.25

HINT- Divide Numerator by Denominator then Integrate

119

Question.26

HINT-

120

Question.27

HINT-

121

Question.28

HINT-

122

Question.29

HINT-

123

Question.30

HINT-

124

Practice makes a man perfect and thats what mathematics

demands.
.

So, students all the best for your upcoming examinations

. keep practicing.

Thank you