International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS)

Paper ID: 310816140, ISSN: 1947-5500

IJCSIS, Vol. 14 No. 9, September 2016.

A Comparative Analysis of Energy Efficient

Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless
Body Area Networks
Adil Sheraz1, Wajid Ullah Khan2, Sami Ullah3, Faisal Naeem4, Syed Irfan Ullah5, Abdus Salam6,
Arshad Farhad7 and Haseeb Zafar8
1, 2, 4, 5, 6

Department of Computing and Technology Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan.

Department of Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan.
7
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal, Pakistan.
8
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan.
3

AbstractIncreasing developments in wireless communication

has led to emergence of advanced technologies like Wireless Body
Area Networks (WBANs). It is now possible to monitor a critical
patient remotely at a far distance using WBAN. WBAN nodes are
battery powered and charging and replacement of the battery is
not feasible as some nodes may be implanted inside a human
body. It is required to design energy efficient Medium Access
Control (MAC) protocol to control the radio communications for
the enhancement of lifetime of network. This paper reviews some
of the most recent energy efficient MAC protocols, and discusses
their advantages and limitations as well as mentioning some
important characteristics of MAC protocols.

Index TermsWireless Body Area Networks (WBANs);

Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol; lifetime; Coordinator;
Energy Efficiency; Sensor Nodes; Communication

I. INTRODUCTION

IRELESS Body Area Networks (WBANs) are deployed

to human body for patients real time monitoring
especially in cases of chronic diseases, and also in
habitual tracking. Sensor nodes can be implanted in, on or
around the human body. Sensor nodes are battery powered.
Charging or replacing of battery is not feasible in WBANs, in
case of implanted sensor nodes. The main functions of the
sensor nodes include sensing, processing, communication and
or actuating (optionally). A WBAN generally consists of
sensor nodes and a coordinator and actuators (optionally) with
low power and short range communications [1]. From the
wireless sensor networks perspective in Wireless Body Area
Networks most of energy is consumed by communication as
compared to sensing and processing. Sensor radio is the main
component used for communication of monitored data.

The architecture of the WBAN communication employs

intra-WBAN, inter-WBAN and beyond WBAN [2]. In intraWBAN sensor node communicates with the coordinator
(Personal Digital Assistant or smart phone etc), inter-WBAN
communications offer exchange of data with one or different
access points (i-e Personal Server) and beyond-WBAN
communication utilizes the existing public networks, internet
or cellular network. Energy efficient Medium Access Control
(MAC) protocols are required to be designed to enhance the
lifetime of WBAN, as MAC layer is the controlling authority
of the most energy consuming component of the node i-e radio
[3].
The rest of the paper is formulated as follows: Section II
describes details of different energy efficient MAC protocols.
In section III we briefly present the comparative analysis of
MAC protocols. Section IV gives the future directions for
further research studies, and the paper is concluded in section
V.

II.

ENERGY EFFICIENT MAC PROTOCOLS

During the last decade a number of energy efficient MAC

protocols have been proposed in the literature. The recent
energy efficient MAC protocols are discussed below:
A. 2L-MAC
This protocol uses two layers strategy. The first layer deals
with intra-WBAN by using polling mechanism to coordinate
transmission to, and from sensor nodes. In second layer,
initially the coordinator examines the channel, if found
unused, then sends a polling frame to the sensor node. If the
channel is sensed busy by neighboring WBAN, coordinator
halts and waits for a prescribed time interval (backoff timer),
hence avoiding interference. When the polling frame is
received by the sensor node, it then sends its data to the
coordinator. As a result interference within intra-WBAN is

International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS)

Paper ID: 310816140, ISSN: 1947-5500
IJCSIS, Vol. 14 No. 9, September 2016.

entertained by polling frame mechanism and with interWBAN, carrier sense is used for interference minimization.
2L-MAC averts both inter and intra WBAN interference [4].
The QoS is achieved by channel switching mechanism. After
wake up, a node waits for a defined interval of time, if it
doesnt receive any polling frame from the coordinator it
simply switches to another channel.
B. A-CSMA/CA MAC
In intra-wireless body area network interference may be
avoided by using multiple access techniques like Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA), however the interference
due to the neighbor WBAN cant be ignored. This problem is
solved by A-CSMA/CA [5]. In A-CSMA/CA the star topology
is used. The WBAN consist of one coordinator and multiple
sensor nodes. The coordinator controls all operations of
WBAN. The coordinator measures the interference level of
coexisting WBANs, and accordingly adopts the adjusted MAC
frame length to alleviate the interference with the neighbor
WBANs. If the coordinator senses high interference level from
coexisting WBAN, it minimizes the length of the frame to
permit other WBANs to have maximum transmissions and
less delay. In other case the coordinator will maximize the
length of the MAC frame to have more transmission from its
own nodes, hence enhancing the performance.
Other issues, such as, power consumption is handled by
applying the proper sleeping and awaking mechanism, and
limited sensing, which means that nodes do not sense or
sample the channel all the times or periodically, rather nodes
sample the channel intermittently. A sensing period, specific
time interval of any value (x) is set for all nodes. When any
node senses the channel unused, it goes to sleep mode and if a
node finds the channel busy the node waits until the beacon is
received from the coordinator. As the nodes are in sleeping
mode for x interval of time, the coordinator needs to take up
the channel as found free of communication, for the same
interval to ensure that the nodes will not miss the beacon. For
this purpose the coordinator will not send the beacon directly
on the free channel but rather it will broadcast a busy tone to
occupy the channel, following the busy tone, beacon is
transmitted. This protocol also provides the facility of multichannel and QoS.
C. MDTA-MAC
MDTA-MAC [6] modifies the duty cycle and superframe of
IEEE 802.15.6 to meet the energy efficiency and delay
constraints. A star topology is assumed with a coordinator
which functions as a gateway for external networks. MDTAMAC categorizes the data into four types with priority from
higher to lower. These are Critical data packet (CP), Reliable
data packet (RP), Delay driven data packet (DP) and Ordinary
data packet (OP). In contrast to IEEE 802.15.6 superframe
[14], MDTA-MAC uses one EAP (Exclusive Access Period),
one RAP (Random Access Phase) instead of two for each,
eliminating MAP (Manage Access Phase) while CAP
(Contention Access Period) is used. Traffic load is also
categorized as low load, moderate load, high load and

overload. MDTA-MAC uses different frame structures

depending upon load type. Coordinator broadcast beacon to
synchronize the network, recognize the data load type and
category as well, EAP is allotted to send critical and delay
driven data packets (CPs and DPs) while CAP period is
utilized for RPs and OPs. This protocol provides less delay
with energy efficiency by prioritizing the load and traffic
classes but at the same time offers network complexities and
needs close synchronization among the nodes.
D. MP-MAC
According to [7] hard switching of radio from sleep mode
to active mode consumes more energy as compared to a node
being active without transmission. This also compromises
latency. In MP-MAC (Multi-Priority MAC) Markoff chain
model is used for optimality between energy efficiency and
delay. Coordinator is named as BNC (Central Body Node) and
sensor node as BN (Body Node), data is also categorized as
periodic or regular data and emergency data. To communicate
regular data, BNC triggers the BN to wake up and transmit its
data, whereas emergency data is directly transmitted by BN
without waiting to be triggered by BNC. The active/sleep
cycle of BN is controlled by BNC. BN is supposed to have
three modules, Service Request (SR) for procurement and
transmission of data, Queue module to store data and Service
Provider (SP) to mainly transmit traffic. This protocol
provides less overhead with no idle listening, and improved
data arrival rate. The network degrades when the number of
nodes is increased largely.
E. I-MAC
I-MAC provides improved energy, utilizing time slots
efficiently and data delivery delay requirements [8]. Longer
superframes are used to avoid unnecessary beaconing. Time
slot is periodically assigned and or allotted to nodes as data
sources. More time slots are assigned to nodes for periodic
reporting, because periodic traffic is huge as compared to
emergency or urgent data. Short interruption slots are inserted
inside the superframe to carry urgent data, which also
guarantees the real time requirements of the data. By using
interruption slots, the coordinator is allowed to cut the
ongoing superframe and begin with a new superframe. The
coordinator controls the adjustment of interrupt interval slots
according to the frequency of the urgent data. The coordinator
is allowed to shut the ongoing communication, and starts a
new superframe to communicate the urgent data. Unnecessary
beaconing is avoided by adopting a long superframe in length
and interrupt time slots, so the energy efficiency is maximized.
The interrupt time slot is further subdivided into two
portions, first for urgent data and second for acknowledgment
in case of retransmission. The superframe consists of starting
and ending beacons, in between them Guaranteed Time Slots
(GTS) are found, and interrupt intervals are also inserted in
between several GTSs. At the end of the superframe
Contention Access Period (CAP) is used for collision
detection. Once collision occurs in interrupt slots due to more
than a single node occupy an interrupt slot, a CAP period is

International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS)

Paper ID: 310816140, ISSN: 1947-5500
IJCSIS, Vol. 14 No. 9, September 2016.

activated for urgent data retransmission. When any node

having large urgent data, it sends a GTS request to coordinator
and an optional GTS is provided to the node and, remaining
GTSs are distributed to nodes for periodic reporting. Interrupt
slots are used to interrupt the ongoing superframe to inform
the coordinator and other nodes with its urgent data or
command. The reduced beacon frame and interrupt time slots
along with CAP period provides efficient time slot utilization,
hence improving the energy efficiency.
F. MEM-MAC
In MEM-MAC [9] longer superframe with low duty cycle is
maintained for energy efficient emergency traffic. Smaller
active time slots are inserted into long inactive periods of the
superframe, to facilitate emergency traffic with less latency,
accommodating real time and trusty communication link
avoiding unnecessary beaconing. The inserted time slots are
named as interposition time slots. The traffic is also divided
into small data accommodated by single time slot and big data
which cant be entertained by a single time slot. The length of
the superframe is kept adaptive depending on the traffic type.
Superframe structure consists of starting and ending beacons,
optional broadcast, CAP1 and CAP2 [9], in between these,
couple of inactive periods along with interposition time slots
are used. Interposition time slot is further subdivided into two
portions, first one is used for emergency data and second for
acknowledgement. CSMA/CA is adopted for both CAP1 and
CAP2 periods.
G. 2R-MAC
2R-MAC segregates the sensors data into regular or
periodic traffic and burst traffic. Hence provides two round
reservations for time slots allotment by sink node. Data is
proclaimed as burst when usual traffic is being monitored for
long interval from prescribed range. Superframe of 2R-MAC
consists of beacon followed by first and second round
reservation periods (FRRP and SRRP) and ends with sleep
period [10]. FRRP facilitates normal usual traffic and SRRP
provides flexibility of more slots allotment for burst traffic.
Sensor node first sends Connection Request Frame to sink
node, containing its usual traffic rate. Sink node responds with
Connection Assignment Frame, encompasses number of slots
depending upon the nodes arrival traffic rate. Moreover, as
large number of time slots desired for burst traffic, hence
SRRP frame request is used for more slots allotment.
H. A-TDMA MAC
In A-TDMA [11] duty cycle is dynamically adjusted to
manage the harvested energy amount that is more than power
consumption. The Energy Harvested Unit (EHU) and Energy
Store Device (ESD) are added to the sensor nodes. The MAC
operation holds two phases: Link establishment process and
Wake-up service process. The link establishment process is
further divided into three periods, i-e setup period, waiting
period and beacon period.

In setup period all sensor nodes send their ID to the

sink/coordinator. Each node shuts all the components except
the power management system for energy harvesting and
hoarding, then it goes to the charging mode. When the stored
energy attains certain level E [11], nodes wake up and upload
sensed data for transmission. As each node has different
harvesting rate so the collision is avoided. Waiting period is
just used to inform the coordinator that the setup period is
over. The coordinator broadcast a beacon for synchronization
with all the nodes, and link establishment. In the wake up
process each frame consists of three periods, a control period,
an announcement period and data transmission period. Control
period utilizes TDMA, nodes are allotted with different slots
for request messages. The request messages consist of two
portions, one defines the sensor ID and other portion gives
information of harvested energy and data amount in the
sensors buffer. When the coordinator gathers all request
messages, it now has complete information of nodes data and
allocates time slots to nodes accordingly. Each node powers
ON its radio in its own slot only. Announcement period is
used to broadcast the transmission schedule for all nodes.
Announcement period consist sensor ID, number of assigned
slots and synchronization information. In the transmission
period actual sensed data and acknowledgements are
exchanged and the frame ends with the transmission period.
I. PA-MAC
PA-MAC [12] assigns time slots to sensor nodes
dynamically, according to data priority/urgency using the ISM
(Industrial Scientific and Medical) band 2.4 GHz. A dedicated
Beacon Channel (BC) and Data Channel (DC) are employed,
BC for control data and DC for nodes data respectively.
Traffic is prioritized from higher to lower as Emergency
traffic P1, On-Demand traffic P2, Normal traffic P3 and NonMedical traffic P4 accordingly. PA-MAC divides CAP period
into four phases, each phase identifies the priority level of
traffic. By using these phases, QoS is achieved with less
power utilization and avoiding delay too. The coordinator
controls each phase lengths variation accordingly.
Emergency/urgent data is transmitted in any available phase,
while for other priority levels, channel can be accessed as: P 2
can access channel in phase 2~4, for P3 phase 3~4 can be
utilized and P4 can only transmit in phase 4. It uses the same
CAP (Contention Access Period), CFP (Contention Free
Period) and GTS (Guaranteed Time Slot) approaches to
transfer control messages and nodes data as IEEE 802.15.4
defines.
J. TAD-MAC
TAD-MAC (Traffic Aware Dynamic MAC) works as selfadaptive wake-up scheduling for latency and energy
optimization. This protocol works in two phases, before
convergence (Evaluation phase) and after convergence. In the
first phase every sensor node waits for beacon, and beacon
contains each nodes ID. The beacon destined node, starts
transmitting to coordinator, while other nodes waits for their
corresponding beacon. The coordinator manages its Iwu (wake-

International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS)

Paper ID: 310816140, ISSN: 1947-5500
IJCSIS, Vol. 14 No. 9, September 2016.

up interval), after some beacons/wake-ups, depending upon

the traffic it catches from the sensor nodes. In second phase
the coordinator has now adapted its Iwu by keeping the idle
listening at minimum level. TAD-MAC is receiver-initiated
mechanism [13], the coordinator approximates the traffic load
and on the basis of this approximation it adapts the wake-up
interval for the purpose of synchronization with the transmit
nodes data transmission time. As a result next wake-up time
is calculated, that is used by the coordinator. For traffic
estimation a Traffic Status Register (TSR) is introduced to
store the status of the coming traffic. The receiving node when
wakes-up, it transmits a wake-up beacon, after that it checks
the channel whether it receives data or not and updates its TSR
accordingly.

III. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

The energy efficient characteristics of MAC protocols
discussed in previous section are organized in the following
two tables. The Protocols are listed in both tables in the same
order as presented in section 2, Table 1 provides a brief
comparison of the presented protocols with key advantages
and limitations extracted from the published articles. Their
merits and demerits are listed according to the gained
knowledge from their respective papers.
Table 1: Key Merits and Limitations of energy efficient
MAC Protocols
Protocol

Comparison
with

2L-MAC

B2IRS and
IEEE Beacon
shifting
scheme

Merits
1.
2.
3.
1.

ACSMA/CA
MAC

MDTAMAC

MP-MAC

2L-MAC

ATLAS and
PLA-MAC

Wake-up
radio MAC
and
Wise-MAC

2.
3.

1.
2.

IEEE
802.15.4

3.

2.

1.

MEMMAC

IEEE
802.15.4

2.
3.

1.

2R-MAC

IEEE
802.15.6 and
1R-MAC

Energy efficient
Efficient delivery
performance
Efficient latency

1.
2.

Limited sensing
schemes improves
energy efficiency
Max throughput
Inter-WBAN
interference is
avoided
Energy efficient
Less delay

1.

3.

2.

1.

2.
1.
2.

4.
1.

I-MAC

Demerits

No idle listening
Less control
overhead
Increased data arrival
rate
Provides mobility
Reduced beacon
frames improves
energy efficiency
Interrupt slots along
with CAP provides
efficient time slot
utilization
Energy efficient with
low emergency
traffic rate
Unnecessary
beaconing is avoided
Reduced beacon
frames improves
energy efficiency
For burst data traffic
2R-MAC is energy
efficient

1.
2.

1.
2.
3.

1.
2.

1.
2.
3.

No mobility
Poor delivery rate at
rescheduling period
No time slot allotment is
resulted by beacon lost
Frame structure of QoS is not
specified
Last successful channel is
used for beacon it may
encounter delay

Prioritizing load & traffic

classes results network
complexities
Inter-WBAN interference is
neglected
No scalability
Inter-WBAN interference is
neglected

Complex vs IEEE 802.15.4

More header is required vs
IEEE 802.15.4
More longer beacon vs IEEE
802.15.4

1.
2.
3.
1.
NPCA-MAC
and
IEEE
802.15.4

PA-MAC

TADMAC

2.

1. Idle listening,
overhearing, collision &
unnecessary beaconing is
avoided, hence energy
efficiency is improved

-NIL-

1.
2.
3.

Less reliability
Less scalability
If number of nodes exceeds
from 15 it loses optimality
between energy efficiency and
delay
1.
Using ISM band max chances
for collision, packet loss, low
throughput are available
2.
Security and privacy is
compromised
3.
Higher data rate traffic may
face higher collision chances
1. chances of packet loss, is available
if waiting period ends & node doesnt
receive any beacon

Table 2 provides a tabular summary of the characteristics of

protocols like, the topology used, energy efficiency,
QoS/Reliability, whether synchronization is required or not for
the protocol operation and many others.
Table 2: Characteristics of energy efficient MAC Protocols
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l

T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y

2LMAC

Sync
hroni
zatio
n

Ene
rgy

Del
ay

Qo
S/

Effi
cien
cy

Effi
cien
cy

Reli
abil
ity

S
t
a
r

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

ACSM
A/CA
MAC

S
t
a
r

Yes

Yes

Yes

MDT
AMAC

S
t
a
r

Yes

Yes

MPMAC

S
t
a
r

Yes

IMAC

S
t
a
r

MEM
-MAC

Con
verg
ence

Mul
ticha
nnel

Inte
rfer
ence

Fra
me

Traf
fic

M
o
b
i
l
i
t
y

avai
labil
ity

awa
re

Ada
ptiv
e

Prio
rity

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

S
t
a
r

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

2RMAC

S
t
a
r

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

ATDM
A

S
t
a
r

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

PAMAC

S
t
a
r

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

TADMAC

S
t
a
r

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Higher emergency traffic rate

causes collision
Offers Packet loss and delay

With light traffic it consumes

more energy vs 802.15.6
In second round more
overhead is needed
Large number of burst data
producing nodes degrades
performance

HEAP-EDF
Protocol

A-TDMA

Enhanced lifetime of
nodes
Min transmission
delay
Improved channel
utilization
Less delay for
prioritized data
Provides realtime
monitoring for
emergency traffic

Requ
ired

International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS)

Paper ID: 310816140, ISSN: 1947-5500
IJCSIS, Vol. 14 No. 9, September 2016.

IV. FUTURE WORK

There are two directions for future work. First, we try to
remove the limitations of the presented protocols given in
table 1, and second is to add some or all of the deficient
characteristics to the given protocols tabulated in table 2. As in
table 1 the protocols are compared with some other protocols
like IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.15.6 etc, it is desirable to
compare all these protocols with each other to make the
scenario more clear for the upcoming researchers.

V. CONCLUSION
Energy efficiency is the main concern of WBAN MAC
protocols. It is important to design an energy efficient MAC
protocol to enhance the lifetime of the Wireless Body Area
network, as most of the energy is consumed in the
communication process. It is the radio that make
communication possible among the nodes, and MAC layer is
responsible to decide when and how to transmit the data
packets, keeping energy factor in check. This paper
investigates some energy efficient MAC protocols and
discusses their advantages and limitations by comparing with
given protocols and provides some of the characteristics of the
aforementioned protocols.
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Adil Sheraz is a postgraduate

student in the Department of
Computing and Technology,
Abasyn University,
Peshawar,
Pakistan.
He
completed his BS degree in
Telecommunications
Engineering
from
Preston
Institute
of
Management
Science
and
Technology
(PIMSAT) Karachi in 2013. His research interests
include Wireless Sensor Networks, Wireless Body Area
Sensor Networks, Delay Tolerant Networks, MANETs,
Vehicular Networks, Routing, and Protocol Design.
E-mail: adil_2engr@hotmail.com

International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS)

Paper ID: 310816140, ISSN: 1947-5500
IJCSIS, Vol. 14 No. 9, September 2016.

Wajid Ullah Khan is currently

working
as
Lecturer
in
department of Computing and
Technology, Abasyn University
Peshawar campus, Pakistan. He
has completed his MS degree in
Telecommunication
and
Networking
from
Abasyn
University, Peshawar, Pakistan
in 2015. He received his BS degree in Information
Technology from University of Peshawar, Peshawar,
Pakistan in 2012. His research interests include mobile
ad hoc network, wireless body area networks and sensor
networks.
E-mail: arbabwajid.ullah@abasyn.edu.pk
Samiullah is currently pursuing
his MS degree in Software
Engineering from University of
Engineering and Technology
Peshawar, Pakistan. He received
his BS degree in Computer
Science from Virtual University
of Pakistan in 2014. His
research
interests
include
wireless body area networks and sensor networks.
E-mail: eng.sami247@gmail.com

Private and public channels, Secure Communication,

Cryptanalysis and Breaking code. Currently, he is doing
his job as Assistant Professor in Abasyn University
Peshawar and is supervising MS and PhD research
Projects.
E-mail: syed.irfanullah@abasyn.edu.pk

Abdus Salam is currently

working
as
Head
of
Department of Computing and
Technology
at
Abasyn
University Peshawar campus,
Pakistan. He received his PhD
Degree in Computer Science
from International University,
Islamabad. He also received
his MSc in Computer Science
from Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad. His research
interest include Cluster Computing, WSN, Wireless
Body Area Networks, and Artificial Intelligence.
E-mail: dr.salam@abasyn.edu.pk

Faisal Naeem is currently

working as Lecture in Abasyn
University. He has completed his
MS in Electrical Engineering
from NWFP UET , PESHAWAR.
He received his bachelors in
Telecommunication Engineering
from NUCES-FAST. His research
area includes Delay Tolerant
Networks , Wireless Body Area Network and Smart
Grids.
E-mail: faisal.naeem45@gmail.com

Arshad Farhad currently

working as Lecturer in
department
of
computer,
COMSATS
Institute
of
Information
Technology,
Sahiwal, Pakistan. He has
completed his MS degree in
Telecommunication
and
Networking
from Bahria
University,
Islamabad,
Pakistan in 2015 with
distinction as a Silver Medalist. He received his BS
degree in Information Technology from University of
Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan in 2012. His research
interests include design and performance evaluation of
communication protocols for wireless ad hoc, wireless
body area networks and sensor networks.
E-mail: arshadfarhad@ymail.com

Syed Irfan Ullah received his

master degree from University
of Peshawar and received his
MS and PhD from Islamic
International
University
Islamabad. His field of
research is Data and Network
Security, Secure algorithm
Design, Securing data on

Mohammad Haseeb Zafar

received the BSc degree in
Electrical Engineering from the
University of Engineering and
Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
in 1996, the MS degree in
Telecommunications
and
Computers from the Department
of Electrical and Computer
Engineering,
George

International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS)

Paper ID: 310816140, ISSN: 1947-5500
IJCSIS, Vol. 14 No. 9, September 2016.

Washington University, Washington DC, USA in 2003

and the PhD degree in Wireless Networks from the
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK in 2009. From
2011 to 2012, he was a postdoctoral researcher at the
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. He has more
than 18 years of teaching, research and industrial
experience. He is currently a Professor in the
Department of Electrical Engineering and Secretary
Board of Advanced Studies & Research at the University
of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan. His
research interests include WSNs, MANETs, Wireless
Mesh Networks, WPANs, Routing, Network Traffic
Estimation, Smart Grids, Software Defined Networks,
Genetic Algorithms, Data Centre Architectures, Machine
2 Machine Communications, Femtocells, ITS and Signal
Processing.
E-mail: m.h.zafar@ieee.org
haseeb@uetpeshawar.edu.pk