Notebook 4

Electrical circuit symbol/unit

Battery

Capacitor

Diode

transformer

switch

Definition
Produces e-'s through a chemical
reaction

Examples/Notes
Provides electrical
potential because of the
stored up electrons
Stores electrons
-negative end of battery
pushes e-'s into wire &
positive end of battery
pulls e-'s in from other end
to replace e-'s lost
Temporarily stores electrical charge Does not produce
until it is farad and consists of one electrons
or more pairs of conductors
separated by an insulator
Allows e-'s to flow in 1 direction.
Can flow in an opposite direction
but will still only le the flow go in 1
direction
Fuses, circuit breakers, protect and
isolate electrical equipment from
too much current flow
Fuse will melt & circuit breaker will
"flip off"

Protective
device

Resistor

Formulas/ pictures

Rheostat- adjustable
resistor or variable
resistor

"one way valve"

-thermionic tube has 2
electrodes (anode and
cathode)
When circuit Is
closed=electricity flows,
(switch on)
When circuit is open= no
electrical flow, (switch off)

Regulates flow of electricity through Inhibits e- flow

circuit

Device to increase or decrease

voltage
-only use AC current
-inverse relationship to # of turns of
coils and voltages
Device that opens or closes a
circuit

Has a separate primary

and secondary windings
which are not electrically
connected
Switch on= circuit is closed
and electricity flows

Current (I)

Amperage (amp) A

Resistance (R)

Ohm
R= resistance in ohms

R=L/A

Electric
potential
difference

Volt (V)
Electromotive force
(EMF)

1 volt= potential diff that maintains a current of 1

amp in a circuit with resistance of 1 ohm
1volt= 1joule/coulomb

Ohm's law

V- potential diff in volts

I- current in amperes
R- resistance in ohms

V=IR
I= V/R
R=V/I
P= IV

P- power in watts

6.24x10^18 electrons per sec

1 amp= 1 coulomb

Switch off= circuit is open

and no electrical flow
Quantity or number of electrons
Direct current- e-'s move in
flowing
same direction
-Force at which the electrons travel, Alternating current= e-'s
direction of travel
move first in one direction
then reverse and move in
opposite
Amount of opposition to the current L= length in meter,
in the circuit
Conductors- e- flow easy,
-resistance between 2 points on a insulators- e- dont flow
conductor that produces a current easy or not at all
of 1amp when 1 volt is applied
-as length of conductor
doubles, resistance
doubles
Cross-sectional diameter of
conductor doubles,
resistance will be halved
-increased temperature,
increases free electron
collisions, lessens electric
flow
Force or strength of electron flow EMF= electrical pressure
-move from high concentration to potential difference to
low
cause electrons to move
-potential can exist without electron provided by battery or
flow
generator (kinetic)
-diff between anode & cathode
Voltage= difference
between too many e-'s at
one end and lack of e-'s at
other end of circuit
Relationship between the current, Resistance x current =
potential difference as the current potential difference
along a conductor is proportional to Ex: Ampere in circuit of 20
the potential difference
volts & 10 ohms I=
20volts/10ohms
I= 2 amperes
What is voltage in circuit of
100 amperes & 5 ohms

Friction

Contact

Induction

Insulator

Conductor

V=100x5
V= 500 volts
What is resistance in circuit
of 80 kilovolts and 200
milliamperes?
R= 80kv/200mA
R= 80,000 volts x .2 amp
R= 400,000 ohms
Occurs when one object is rubbed Ex: rubbing a balloon
against another and depending on against wool sweater will
how many electrons are available on make balloon stick to wall
each, electrons travel from one to Opposites attract!
another.
Ex: Repelling- hair is
electrified by friction when
combing hair in low
humidity, hair is then
repelled.
Occurs when 2 objects touch
As soon as opposite
permitting electrons to move from charged objects are in
one to the other.
close proximity to each
other, the e-s often jump
the gap in form of a static
discharge
The process of electrical fields acting Electric force fields can
on one another without contact
cause induction.
-Inhibits movement; resists electron
flow.
-Large energy difference between
conduction and valence bands
-Non-conducting material

Good insulator has a wide

gap between bands
Ex: wood, plastic, glass,
rubber

Material that permits electrons to Ex: copper, aluminum

flow easy.
Length of conductor
Overlapping conduction and valence doubles, resistance will
bands, conducts with little resistant double
-depends on temp.
*short conductor=greater
force of electrons
-increased temperature, increases -longer conductors=

free electron collisions, lessens

electric flow

greater resistance
Cross-sectional diameter
doubles, resistance will be
halved. Small diameter
conductor will resist
electron flow more than
one with a large diameter.
Temperature: as temp.
increases, atomic collisions
provide energy to some es to make them jump into
the atoms conduction
band.
Greatly overlapping
conduction and valence
bands

Superconductor

-conducts w/ little or no electrical

potential
-Most require cold to function but
some soon, room temp
superconductors may be developed Ex: titanium

Semiconductor

-Small energy diff between

conduction and valence bands
-become more conductive as temp.
increases, resulting in narrowing of
the gap between their close bands
-Determines chemical properties of
the atom and conductivity
-The farthest valence electron is
from the nucleus the better
conductor it is

Have closely related bands

Area beyond the valence band

-Higher energy than

valence band
-Free electrons in solid
materials are able to move
freely from conduction
band to anothers

Valence band

Conduction
band

Within the force field of the atom

Ex: silicon, germanium

Ex:
Gold is in 6th shell= better
conductor than
Silver is in 5th shell= better
conductor than
Copper is in 4th shell

Series circuit

I= current
I (total)= I one = I two= I three
V=volts
V(total)= V one+ V two + V three (total= sum of all
volts)
R= resistance
R(total)= R one + R two + R three (total= sum of all
resistance)

Parallel circuit

I (total)= I one + I two + I three

(sum of branches make up current total)
V(total)= V one+ V two+ V three
Each element in circuit has same voltage

Positive charge

Negative charge

Electric current

-all circuit elements are connected

in a line
-all resistances must work for
current to flow
- supplies less current than parallel
-supplies more voltage than parallel
-more total resistance

-total resistance is = to the

sum of the individual
resistances
-sum of voltages across
each circuit element is = to
total circuit voltage
-current through each
circuit element is the same
and is = to total circuit
current
-elements are connected at their
- sum of currents through
ends
each current is = to total
-each element has a branch and if circuit current
one breaks circuit still works
-voltage across each circuit
because of the branches
element is same & = to
-less total resistance
total circuit voltage
-increased amp cause system to get -total resistance is the
too hot & melt a fuse
inverse of the sum of
reciprocals of each
individual resistance
Protons are a positive charge
Atom has more protons
than electrons
-in order for atom to
become positively charged,
an electron must be lost
Electrons are a negative charge
Atom has more electrons
-electrons reside outside of the
than protons
nucleus and can easily be removed - in order for atom to
from or added to atoms
become negatively
charged, an electron must
be gained
-quantity of electrons flowing
-force with which they travel
-amount of opposition to the
current flow
-direction of travel

Conductance & Siemens (S)

Admittance

Power

Power loss

Watt (P)

Resistance of DC is measured as
conductance
Resistance of a AC is measured as
admittance
P= IV
P= power, I= current in amperes, V= potential
difference in volts
1 ampere flowing through 1 volt
P= I^2* R
P= I x IR
P=I^2xR watts

Amount of work done/energy used Excessive heat generation

per second
can cause circuit to
overload and shut down
Importance of changes in resistance
to heat output can best be
understood if Power formula is
converted to power loss formula

Substitute IR for V (V=IR)

Power loss from current
heat is proportional to the
resistance and heat power
loss increases rapidly with
current increase

References
https://www.google.com/search?q=conductors&biw=1920&bih=964&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwi7uqDwZTPAhVUImMKHTbqBwUQ_AUIBigB&dpr=1#tbm=isch&q=open+circuit&imgrc=4IGfnusCLUa4WM%3A

https://www.google.com/search?q=conductors&biw=1920&bih=964&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwi7uqDwZTPAhVUImMKHTbqBwUQ_AUIBigB&dpr=1#tbm=isch&q=ohm%27s+law+equation&imgrc=q7t5utu_Pj42gM%3A

https://www.google.com/search?q=conductors&biw=1920&bih=964&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwi7uqDwZTPAhVUImMKHTbqBwUQ_AUIBigB&dpr=1#tbm=isch&q=conductor+of+electricity&imgrc=NGqlCee2T6U4cM%3A

https://www.google.com/search?q=conductors&biw=1920&bih=964&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwi7uqDwZTPAhVUImMKHTbqBwUQ_AUIBigB&dpr=1#tbm=isch&q=valence+band&chips=q:valence+band,g_2:semiconductor&imgrc=zyNe_W8Xcfa
OPM%3A
https://www.google.com/search?q=insulator&biw=1920&bih=964&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiD5Pm0ZTPAhXh24MKHRirCeoQ_AUIBigB#imgrc=oc2Ngi5p5r3lmM%3A

Carlton, R. R., & Adler, A. M. (n.d.). Principles of Radiographic Imaging (5th ed.).