INDUCTION MOTOR

UNIT-12

Content
1

Classification of AC Motors

Single Phase and Three Phase Induction Motors

General Principle & Construction

Starting of Induction Motor

Relationship between Slip, Torque

Power Stages in Induction Motor

Speed control of an Induction Motor

ABC Category
12

INDUCTION MOTORS

12.1

Classification of AC Motors

12.2

Single Phase and Three Phase Induction Motors

12.3

General Principle & Construction

12.4

Starting of Induction Motor

12.5

Relationship between Slip, Torque

12.6

Power Stages in Induction Motor

12.7

Speed control of an Induction Motor

Classification of AC Motor

What is INDUCTION MOTOR?

Induction Motors are the most commonly used motors in many
applications.
These are also called as Asynchronous Motors, because an
induction motor always runs at a speed lower than synchronous speed.

Synchronous Speed (Ns)

The speed with which the stator magnetic field rotates, which

will determine the speed of the rotor, is called the Synchronous Speed
(Ns).

120 f
Ns =
P
Where

Ns = Synchronous Speed (RPM)

f = frequency (cycles / second)
P = number of poles (pole pairs)

Slip
The difference between the synchronous speed Ns of the rotating

stator field and the actual rotor speed N is called slip. It is usually
expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed i.e.,

Where
Ns- Synchronous speed in RPM

N-Rotor Speed in RPM

Slip
(i)The quantity NsN is sometimes called slip speed.
(ii) When the rotor is stationary (i.e., N = 0), slip, s = 1 or 100 %.
(iii)In an induction motor, the change in slip from no-load to full-load is

hardly 0.1% to 3% so that it is essentially a constant-speed motor.

Working Principle

Working Principle

FLEI
The operating principle of a 3 phase induction motor is based on the
production of r.m.f.

Construction

A induction motor has two main

parts
(i) stator
(ii) rotor

The rotor is separated from the

stator by a small air-gap which ranges
from 0.4 mm to 4 mm, depending on
the power of the motor.

Construction

Construction

Stator
It consists of a steel frame which encloses a hollow, cylindrical

core made up of thin laminations of silicon steel to reduce hysteresis

and eddy current losses.
A number of evenly spaced slots are provided on the inner
periphery of the laminations
The insulated connected to form a balanced 3-phase star or delta
connected circuit.

Stator
Stator Frame

Stator Core

Stator
The 3-phase stator winding is wound for a definite number of
poles as per requirement of speed.
Greater the number of poles, lesser is the speed of the motor
and vice-versa. When 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding, a

rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude is produced. This

rotating field induces currents in the rotor by electromagnetic
induction.

Stator

Rotor
There are two types

a) Squirrelcage rotor: Motors employing this type of rotor are known

as squirrel cage induction motors.

b) Phase-wound or wound rotor: Motors having this type rotor are

known as Phase wound motor or slip ring motor.

Squirrelcage rotor

Squirrelcage rotor
The rotor of the squirrel cage three phase induction motor is
cylindrical in shape and have slots on its periphery.
The slots are not made parallel to each other but are bit skewed as the
skewing prevents magnetic locking of stator and rotor teeth and
makes the working of motor more smooth and quieter.
The squirrel cage rotor consists of aluminium, brass or copper bars.

Squirrelcage rotor

These aluminium, brass or copper bars are called rotor

conductors and are placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor.
The rotor conductors are permanently shorted by the copper or
aluminium rings called the end rings.
In order to provide mechanical strength these rotor conductor are
braced to the end ring and hence form a complete closed circuit
resembling like a cage and hence got its name as Squirrel cage
induction motor.

Squirrelcage rotor

Phase-wound or Slip Ring rotor

This type of rotors is provided with 3-phase double layer

distributed winding consists of coils as used in alternators.

The rotor is wound for as many poles as the number of stator

poles and is always wound 3phas even when the stator is wound
two phase.

Phase-wound or Slip Ring rotor

In this type, rotor is wound for the same number of poles as that of

stator but it has less number of slots and has less turns per phase of
a heavier conductor.

The rotor also carries star or delta winding similar to that of

stator winding. The rotor consists of numbers of slots and rotor
winding are placed inside these slots. The three end terminals are
connected together to form star connection. As its name indicates,
slip rings are connected on same shaft as that of rotor.

Phase-wound or Slip Ring rotor

The three ends of three phase windings are permanently

connected to these slip rings.

The external resistance can be easily connected through the

brushes and slip rings and hence used for speed control and

improving the starting torque of three phase induction motor.

Phase-wound or Slip Ring IM

Squirrel Cage Rotor

Slip Ring Rotor

Slip Ring

Comparison of Squirrel cage rotor & Slip Ring

Rotor

SLIP RING OR PHASE WOUND INDUCTION MOTOR

SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

Construction is complicated due to presence of slip

ring and brushes

Construction is very simple

The rotor winding is similar to the stator winding

The rotor consists of rotor bars which are

permanently shorted with the help of end rings

We can easily add rotor resistance by using slip ring

and brushes

Since the rotor bars are permanently shorted, its not

possible to add external resistance

Due to presence of external resistance high starting

torque can be obtained

Staring torque is low and cannot be improved

Slip ring and brushes are present

Slip ring and brushes are absent

Frequent maintenance is required due to presence of

Less maintenance is required
brushes

SLIP RING OR PHASE WOUND INDUCTION MOTOR

SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

The construction is complicated and the presence of

brushes and slip ring makes the motor more costly

The construction is simple and robust and it is cheap

as compared to slip ring induction motor

This motor is rarely used only 10 % industry uses slip

ring induction motor

Due to its simple construction and low cost. The

squirrel cage induction motor is widely used

Rotor copper losses are high and hence less efficiency Less rotor copper losses and hence high efficiency
Speed control by rotor resistance method is possible

Speed control by rotor resistance method is not

possible

Slip ring induction motor are used where high

starting torque is required i.e. in hoists, cranes,
elevator etc.

Squirrel cage induction motor is used in lathes,

drilling machine, fan, blower printing machines etc.

Single Phase & Three Phase Induction Motors

Generally, induction motors are categorized based on the number of
stator windings.
They are:

Single-phase induction motor

Three-phase induction motor

Single Phase Induction Motor

Principle of operation of single phase induction motors
Cross field theory
Double revolving theory

Main winding
Starting winding

Single Phase Induction Motor

Single phase induction motors require just one power phase for
its operation. They are commonly used in low power rating

applications, in domestic as well as industrial use.

Parts of Single Phase Induction Motor

Main components of single phase motor are rotor and stator
winding. Rotor is the rotating part, stator winding helps in rotating

rotor.

Single Phase Induction Motor

Single Phase Induction Motor are not self starting.

How to make it Self Starting motor?

By adding one more winding in addition to main winding called as

starting or auxiliary winding.

Operating Principle of Induction motor

Three Phase Induction Motor

Three Phase Induction Motor

Three Phase Induction Motor

Principle of Operation
3 supply

stator

produces a rotating magnetic field(RMF) in

space between stator and rotor.

STATOR

Magnetic field rotates at synchronous speed given by

Ns= 120 f
P

ROTOR
AIR GAP

RMF

Three Phase Induction Motor

RMF

cuts rotor conductors

EMF is induced in rotor.

current

This induced EMF and the consequent current, is due to as a the

relative velocity between the RMF and the yet stationary rotor.
Induced EMF & current in rotor are as per LENZs law in such a

direction so as to oppose the cause of above mentioned relative

velocity.

Three Phase Induction Motor

So in order to reduce the relative velocity, the motor starts

ROTOR

same direction as RMF.

As rotor speeds up, relative speed reduces
current reduces.
Rotor tries to catch up with RMF.
However rotor

synchronous speed

EMF induced & rotor

in

Three Phase Induction Motor

If Rotor
synchronous speed, relative speed would become 0 &
then there is no
Rotor induce EMF
Current in ROTOR
TORQUE
Therefore rotor runs at a speed slightly less than the synchronous
speed, difference being called SLIP SPEED.
SLIP SPEED=Ns-N

Three Phase Induction Motor

How does the 3 phase motor
rotates?
Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF)

Three phase motors are self

starting motors.

Three Phase Induction Motor

Squirrel Cage Rotor

Slip Ring Rotor

Difference Between Single Phase and Three

Phase Induction Motor
BASIS

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Supply

Single Phase induction motor uses single

phase supply, for its operation.

Three Phase induction motor uses three

phase supply, for its operation.

Starting torque

The starting torque is low.

The starting torque is high.

Maintenance

They are easy to repair and maintain.

Difficult to repair and maintain.

Features

Simple in construction, reliable and

economical as compared to three phase
induction motors.

Complex in construction and costly.

Efficiency

Efficiency is less

Efficiency is high

Power factor

Power factor is low

Power factor is high

Examples

They are mostly used in domestic appliances Three phase induction motors are mostly
such as mixer grinder, fans, compressors etc used in industries.

Starting of Induction Motor

A 3-phase induction motor is theoretically self starting. 3-phase
induction motors employ a starting method not to provide a starting
torque at the rotor, but because of the following reasons;
Reduce heavy starting currents and prevent motor from
overheating.

Provide overload and no-voltage protection.

Starting of Induction Motor

The common methods used to start induction motors are:

(i) Direct-on-line starting

(ii) Stator resistance starting
(iii) Autotransformer starting
(iv) Star-delta starting
(v) Rotor resistance starting

Starting of Induction Motor

Methods (i) to (iv) are applicable to both squirrel-cage and slip ring
motors.
However, method (v) is applicable only to slip ring motors.

Direct online starters (DOL)

Direct online starters (DOL)

A motor of small capacity and which gather normal speed quickly can
be started with this starter.

A small capacity motor (below 2 kW) draws only small amount of

current. This may not cause much voltage drop in the supply line.

M 1 , M 2 , M 3 are main contactor of NO type making and breaking

motor line current.

Contactor is operated by a relay coil.

S 2 , S 3, S 4 are NC type and are connected in series with relay coil.

Overload relay coil (OLRC) connected in series with motor line supply.

Operation

When TPST switch is closed, the Under Voltage Relay Coil (UVRC) is

energized and it will operate the main contactor to close.

Hence full voltage is given to the motor and it runs.

Closing of contactor A retains the supply to the UVRC.

S2 is used to disconnect the supply from motor by manually

pressing it.

Remote operation of the same can be achieved with the help of S3.

No Voltage Protection
When the supply voltage either fails totally or falls below certain

value, the holding power given by UVRC comes down causing the
main contactor to be opened.

Thus the motor is protected from low voltage operation.

Over Load Protection

When the line current exceeds the pre-set value, OLRC is

energized more and causes the contactor S4 to open.

When S4 open, the UVRC is disconnected from the supply.

Therefore it will release the main contactor.

Stator Resistance (Primary Resistance)Starter

Stator Resistance (Primary Resistance)Starter

A

variable

resistance is connected in series with the supply

terminals of the motor.

The purpose of this resistance is to reduce the supply voltage.

This reduced voltage is given to the motor terminals.

The reduced voltage limits the starting current.

If voltage across the terminal is reduced by 50%, then the

starting current is reduced by 50%, but torque is reduced to 25% of

the full voltage value.

Autotransformer Starter

Autotransformer Starter
This starter

is used to give a reduced voltage to 3 induction

motor to limit the starting current.

The reduced voltage is obtained by an auto transformer.

The supply is given to terminals 1, 3 and 5 of the movable handle and

the motor is connected to 2,4 and 6 of handle through a OLRC

(Over Load Relay Coil).

Low voltage protection is given to the motor by UVRC (Under

Voltage Relay Coil).

Operation
When

the handle is at start position, the motor is connected

through the autotransformer.

Therefore a reduced voltage is applied, hence starting current is

reduced.

When the motor gets 75% of the normal speed, the handle is

moved to RUN position.

At this position, the motor receives full line voltage.

Over Load Protection

When

the motor current exceeds the pre-set value, OLRC is

energized high enough to operate S1 , hence supply is switched off.

Low Voltage Protection

The Under

Voltage Relay Coil (UVRC) is connected across two

lines.
When

supply voltage goes low or fails, UVRC de-energizes and

release the handle to OFF position.

Star-Delta Starter

Star-Delta Starter
This method is used in motors which are built in, run normally with
a delta connected stator winding.

It consists of a two way switch which connects the motor in star for
staring and then in delta for normal running.

Star-Delta Starter

Star-Delta Starter
When motor speed reaches 70 to 80% of normal speed, the switch is
changed to RUN position. Where the motor is connected in DELTA.

Therefore full voltage is applied to the motor in running condition.

Rotor Resistance Starter

Rotor Resistance Starter

This starter is used only for slip ring induction motor.

External or Starting resistance is connected in the rotor

terminals.

In this method, the motor is always started with full line voltage,

applied across the stator terminals.

Rotor Resistance Starter

The value of starting current is adjusted by introducing a variable

resistance in the rotor circuit.

At starting, the full resistance is included and hence the starting

current is reduced.

The resistance is gradually cut out of the rotor circuit as the

motor gathers speed.

Torque-Slip characteristics

Torque-Slip characteristics
As shown in fig Torque-Slip characteristics of 3 induction motor consists
of three regions.
Stable operating region

Unstable operating region

Normal operating region.

Torque-Slip characteristics

Stable region

Stable region

Unstable region

Unstable region

Curve is similar to rectangular hyperbola (curve BC).

In Unstable region, motor should not be operated at any point of

this region.

Normal operating region

Power Stages in Induction Motor

Power Stages in Induction Motor

Stator

Stator Losses=
Stator Cu loss+
Stator iron loss

Rotor

Rotor Cu loss

Friction & Windage

loss(Mechanical
losses)
Load

Power Stages in Induction Motor

Power Stages in Induction Motor

Stator losses (Psl) are combination of stator core losses and stator

copper losses.
The remaining power is transferred to the rotor magnetically

through the air gap with the help of rotating magnetic field. It is called
as output of the stator or input of rotor (Pr)

Pr = Pi - Psl

Power Stages in Induction Motor

Power Stages in Induction Motor

Before discussing the methods to control the speed of three

phase induction motor one should know the basic formulas of speed
and torque of three phase induction motor as the methods of speed
control depends upon these formulas.

Synchronous Speed

Speed

Torque

standstill

Speed Control of an Induction Motor

The Speed of Induction Motor can be controlled from

Both Stator &

Rotor Side

Speed Control of an Induction Motor

The speed control of three phase induction motor from stator
side are further classified as :
1. Stator voltage control

2.Stator frequency control

3. V/f control

4. Pole changing method

Speed Control of an Induction Motor

The speed controls of three phase induction motor from rotor
side are further classified as:
1. Adding external resistance in rotor circuit.
2. Cascade control method

Stator side control

Stator voltage control
The induction motor speed can be controlled by varying the stator

voltage.
Here the supply frequency is constant.
Stator voltage can be controlled by two methods.

1. Using Autotransformer
2. Primary resistors connected in series with stator winding.

Using Autotransformer

Using Autotransformer
Speed

of the induction motor can be controlled by using auto

transformer.

The input of the auto transformer is fixed ac input voltage.

By varying the auto transformer winding, variable ac output

voltage without change in frequency is obtainable.

The variable voltage is fed to induction motor.

Then the induction motor speed also changes.

Primary resistors connected in series with

stator winding

Primary resistors connected in series with

stator winding
By varying

the primary resistance, the voltage drop across the

motor terminals is reduced.

That is, reduced voltage is fed to the motor.

Then the motor speed can be reduced.

It is one method of conventional speed control of induction motor.

Primary resistors connected in series with

stator winding

The control method is very simple.

Disadvantage is more power loss occurs in primary resistors.

Torque is proportional to square of its stator voltage. TV2.

By varying the voltage, the torque also changes.

Stator voltage control

By varying the stator voltage, maximum torque & starting torque also

changes.
This method

is not used for wide range of speed control and

constant torque load.

This is applicable for application load requiring low starting

torque and a narrow speed range at relatively low slip.

Stator frequency control

Stator frequency control

Synchronous

speed of the motor is directly proportional to

frequency of the supply voltage.

So if frequency changes, motor speed also changes.

It can be done only possible by controlling the speed of prime

movers of the generators.

This method is rarely used.

Stator frequency control

Stator frequency control

The emf V1 induced in the stator winding of IM motor is equal to
V1=2f T1 Kw
where =flux/pole

f=frequency of stator supply

Kw = Winding factor
T1 = No of turns in stator winding

Stator frequency control

Let us consider two cases.
1. Low frequency operation at constant voltage
2. High frequency operation at constant voltage

Low frequency operation at constant voltage

V1=constant

f= Decreases

= Increases

Due to this low frequency operation, the following effects are

1. Reactance will be low leading to high motor currents

2. More losses
3. Very low efficiency

High frequency operation at constant voltage

V1=constant

f= Increases

= Decreases

By increasing the frequency of motor, the following effects are

1. No-load speed increases
2. Maximum torque decreases
3. Starting torque reduces
This type of frequency control is not commonly used because of above

disadvantages.

V/f control

V/f control

V/f control

V/f control can be obtained by using power electronic converters.

Fixed AC voltage is fed to the rectifier circuit.

It converts AC to DC.

This DC voltage is fed to the inverter circuit.

It converts DC into variable AC voltage and variable frequency.

V/f control
This output is fed to the stator of induction motor.

By varying V, f and

maintain (V/f) ratio constant, the induction

motor speed can be changed.

It is one of the most powerful method of speed control of

induction motor.

Rotor side control

Adding external resistance in the rotor circuit.

Cascade control.

Adding external resistance in the rotor circuit.

Adding external resistance in the rotor circuit.

This method is only applicable for slip ring induction motor.

The external resistance can be added in the rotor circuit.

Starting torque of induction motor is

From the eqn, by increasing the rotor circuit resistance, the

starting torque also increases.

Adding external resistance in the rotor circuit.

Torque-Speed characteristics

Adding external resistance in the rotor circuit.

It is clearly indicated in speed-torque characteristics, that

maximum torque is not affected, by varying the rotor resistance. Only

starting torque is changed.

Advantages

Smooth and wide range of speed control

Absence of in-rush staring current.

Availability of full-rated torque at starting.

High line power factor.

Absence of line current harmonics.

Starting torque improved.

Disadvantages
Reduced

efficiency because the slip energy is wasted in rotor

circuit resistance.

Speed changes very widely with load variation.

Unbalance in voltage and current if rotor circuit resistances are

not equal.

Cascade control

It is also known as tandem control.

It consists of 2 slip ring IM motor.

The 1st motor is called main motor M1.

This motor is coupled with 2nd motor.

The 2nd motor is called auxiliary motor M2.

Cascade control
A 3 supply is fed to the stator of the main motor M1.

The slip ring voltage of motor M1 is fed to the stator of auxiliary

motor M2.

This method of connection is called cascade connection or

tandem connection.
In cascading method, both motors produce the torque in same

direction means, cumulative cascading and opposite direction means,

differential cascading.

Cascade control