CHAPTER 1

Information System
-

Data

Information

Knowledge

Wisdom

Data?
-

Facts of the World/description

Perceive this data from human senses, then interpreted by brain
Data used to form knowledge/information
Accurate and timely
Specific and organized for a purpose
Presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance
Can lead to an increase in understanding and decrease in uncertainty
Information is valuable because it can affect behavior, a decision, or
an outcome

any combination of information technology and people's activities that

support operations, management and decision making
the interactions between people, technology, and an organization's
business processes. Engineers work to provide and develop
information systems to help address current issues, future trends, and
emerging technologies.
inventive stimulus
realize effective
Efficient
practical solutions
improve the quality of the final product and its operation

Resources

People

Information?
-

A sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as a message

Can be recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals
Any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system

Knowledge?
-

What we know
Contains our beliefs and expectations
With knowledge, the decisions will be made

System?
Set of interacting or interdependent components forming an
integrated whole or a set of elements and relationships which are
different from relationships of the set or its elements to other
elements or sets.
A set of detailed methods, procedures and routines created
to carry out a specific activity, perform a duty, or solve a problem.
An organized, purposeful structure that consists of interrelated and
interdependent element (components, factors, members, parts)
These elements continually influence one another (directly or
indirectly) to maintain their activity and the existence of the system,
in order to achieve the goal of the system
All system has:
Structure which contains parts (or components) that are
directly or indirectly related to each other
inputs, outputs and feedback mechanisms
behavior, it contains processes that transform inputs into
outputs (material, energy or data)
Display properties that are different than the whole
interconnectivity: the parts and processes are connected by
structural and/or behavioral relationships.
boundaries that are usually defined by the system observer.

Hardware

Software
Network
Data

System Engineering
-

Interdisciplinary process that ensures the customer's needs are

satisfied throughout a system's entire life cycle. This process is
comprised of the following seven tasks: State the problem.
Investigate alternatives.
Model the system.
Integrate.
Launch the system.
Assess performance.
Re-evaluation.

CHAPTER 2
System Development
-

A conceptual model used in Project Management that describes the

stages involved in an information system development project, from
an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the complete
application.
A set of activities used to build an information systems

Party involves:-

System Developer
-

Tasks vary according to the type of organization and size of employer

but may typically involve
Analyzing user requirements
Researching, designing and writing new software programs
Testing new programs and fault finding
Evaluating the software and systems that make computers and
hardware work
Developing existing programs by analysing and identifying areas for
modification
Integrating existing software products and getting incompatible
platforms to work together
Creating technical specifications and test plans
Writing and testing code and then refining and rewriting as necessary
Writing systems to control the scheduling of jobs on a mainframe
computer or to control the access allowed to users or remote systems
Writing operational documentation with technical authors
Maintaining systems by monitoring and correcting software defects
Working closely with other staff, such as project managers, graphic
artists, designers, developers, systems analysts, and sales and
marketing professionals
Consulting clients/colleagues concerning the maintenance and
performance of software systems and with a view to writing or
modifying current operating systems
Investigating new technologies
Continually updating technical knowledge and skills by attending inhouse and/or external courses, reading manuals and accessing new
applications.

What System Analyst need to know?

-

existence flow of works

find out all the report that been produced
find out the originated of the information
know why the need of new system find out the problem of
existence system

whats not?
To see which existing processes should be handled by computer and
which should be done by non-computerized methods
Determining what changes should be made
Determining how best to solve an information systems problem

System Designer
-

work with analysts on the feasibility of a conceptual design by taking

technical specifications prepared by the analyst and designing system
components to meet the set requirements
draw up detailed design documentation including charts and
diagrams that indicate the various components involved

System Development Life Cycle Phase (SDLC)

-

a conceptual model that describes the stages involved in an

information system development project, from an initial feasibility
study through maintenance of the completed application.
a set of steps that serves as the basis for most systems analysis and
design methodologies

System Analyst
-

liaising extensively with external or internal clients

analysing clients' existing systems
translating client requirements into highly specified project briefs
identifying options for potential solutions and assessing them for
both technical and business suitability
drawing up specific proposals for modified or replacement systems
producing project feasibility reports
presenting proposals to clients
working closely with developers and a variety of end users to ensure
technical compatibility and user satisfaction
ensuring that budgets are adhered to and deadlines met
drawing up a testing schedule for the complete system
overseeing the implementation of a new system
planning and working flexibly to a deadline
writing user manuals
providing training to users of a new system
keeping up to date with technical and industry developments

Who initiates a system development project?

-

A user may request a new or modified system

Organizations may want to improve hardware, software, or other
technology
Situations beyond an organizations control might require a change
Management might mandate a change
A user may request a new or modified information system using a
request for a system services or a project request

Type of SDLC

SDLC Stages:
Planning stage
-

Waterfall

Rapid Application Development

Involving scheduling and then controlling the activities during

system development
Must identifies:
Project scope
Required activities
Time estimates for each activity
Cost estimates for each activity
Order of activities e.g. Activities that can take place at the
same time
Develop the project plan including tasks, resources, and timeframes
Project plan - defines the what, when, and who questions of
system development
Project manager - an individual who is an expert in project
planning and management, defines and develops the project
plan and tracks the plan to ensure all key project milestones are
completed on time
Project milestones - represent key dates for which you need a
certain group of activities performed
4 main activities
Review and approve the project requests
Prioritize the project requests
Allocate resource
Form a project development team

Planning phase:

Spiral model

Fountain model

Rule of DFD

CHAPTER 3
What is DFD?
-

graphical presentation of system showing their active components

and data interfaces between them.
Illustrating how information moves through various processes and
how people outside the system provide and receive information

Purpose
to provide a semantic bridge between users and systems developers
Objective
to avoid user/developer misunderstanding of a system, resulting in a
need to redo systems or in not using the system
having to start documentation from scratch when the physical system
changes since the logical system.
systems inefficiencies because a system gets "computerized" before it
gets "systematized".
being unable to evaluate system project boundaries or degree of
automation, resulting in a project of inappropriate scope.
Components of DFD

Entity/terminator

Flow

Process

Data Store

Other component condition:

Leveling concept
partition the DFD in a top-down way. This partitioning process should
reflect the way the user conducts his business.
if the operation of a bubble can be
described in one page, then that will be the
required level of detail
More than 12 bubbles in a page will make
the diagram unreadable. Therefore, try to
limit diagrams to 6 or 7 bubbles.

If you find a bubble producing 12 or more

bubbles at the next level, then you might
have missed a level.