Lecture 6 - Flexure

Lecture Goals

Doubly Reinforced beams

For beam without

Comp. reinforcement
M n As f y ( j1d )
For beam with
Comp. reinforcement
M n As f y ( j2 d )

Less concrete is needed

to resist the T and thereby
moving the neutral axis
(NA) up.

Dr. Hassan A. Ghanem

Reasons for Providing

Compression Reinforcement
Reduced sustained load deflections.

Creep of concrete in compression zone

transfer load to compression steel
reduced stress in concrete
less creep
less
sustained
l
t i d load
l d deflection
d fl ti

Reasons for Providing

Compression Reinforcement
Effective of compression reinforcement on sustained
l d deflections.
load
d fl ti

Dr. Hassan A. Ghanem

Reasons for Providing

Compression Reinforcement
Increased Ductility
reduced
stress block
depth

increase in steel strain

larger curvature are
obtained.
obtained

Reasons for Providing

Compression Reinforcement
Effect of compression reinforcement on strength and
d tilit off under
ductility
d reinforced
i f
d beams.
b
b

Dr. Hassan A. Ghanem

Reasons for Providing

Compression Reinforcement
Change failure mode from compression
tension When bal addition of As
to tension.
strengthens.
Compression
zone

allows tension steel to

yield before crushing of
concrete.

Effective reinforcement ratio = ( )

Eases in Fabrication
- Use corner bars to hold & anchor stirrups.

Effect of Compression Reinforcement

Compare the strain distribution in two beams
with the same As

Dr. Hassan A. Ghanem

Effect of Compression Reinforcement

Section 1:
T As f s
T Cc1 0.85 f c ba 0.85 f c b1c1
c1

As f s
0.85 f c b1

Section 2:
T As fs
T Cs Cc1
As ( f s 0.85 f c' ) 0.85 f c ba2
As ( f s 0.85 f c' ) 0.85 f c b1c2
A f ( As f s 0.85 f c' )
c2 s s
0.85 f c b1

Addition of As strengthens compression zone so that less

concrete is needed to resist a given value of T.
NA
goes up (c2 <c1) and s increases (s2 >s1).

Doubly Reinforced Beams

Four Possible Modes of Failure
Under reinforced Failure

( Case 1 ) Compression and tension steel yields

( Case 2 ) Only tension steel yields

Over reinforced Failure

Dr. Hassan A. Ghanem

( Case 3 ) Only compression steel yields

( Case 4 ) No yielding Concrete crushes

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced

Rectangular Sections (case 1)

cu

cd '
s
cu
cd' c
c
Cc (0.85) f c b1c (0.85) f c ba

Cs As ( fs 0.85 f c' )

fs Es s' f y

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced

Rectangular Sections (case 1)
Using equilibrium and find a
T Cc Cs a

As As f y
0.85 f cb

As As f y ' d f y

1 0.85 f cb 1 0.85 f c

The strain in the compression steel is

s 1

1 0.85 f c d
d
0.003
cu 1
c
' d f y

Strain
i Compatibility
ibili Confirm
fi
s y

s 1

Dr. Hassan A. Ghanem

fy
Es

s y

fy
fy
1 0.85 f c d

0.003
E s 29 x 103 ksi
' d f y

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced

Rectangular Sections (case 1)
Strain Compatibility Confirm

0.85 f c d 87
1 0.85 f c d f y 87

' 1

87
d fy
' d f y

87 f y

Confirm that the tension steel has yielded

d c

y
s
cu y
Es
c

Nominal Moment Strength

a

M n (0.85) f c b1c d As f y d d
2

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced

Rectangular Sections (case 2)
Case 2: Only tension steel yields, Then the strain in the
compression steel fs E s
Using equilibrium
T Cc Cs
As f y (0.85) f c b1c As ( fs 0.85 f c' )
((0.85)) f c b1c AsEs s
d
(0.85) f c b1c AsEs 1 cu
c

0.85 f cb1c 2 AsEs cu As f y c AsEs cu d 0

Solve the quadratic and find c

Dr. Hassan A. Ghanem

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced

Rectangular Sections
Find fs

d
d
fs 1 Es cu 1 87 ksi
c
c

Check the tension steel

d c

y
s
cu y
Es
c

Nominal Moment Strength

a

M n (0.85) f c b1c d As f s' d d

2

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced

Rectangular Sections (case 2)
Another option is to use an iterative process for the
neutral axis depth
depth, cc. Start with c between d/4 and d/3
and calculate the compressive steel strain and check
section equilibrium (T, Cs and Cc).
Check section equilibrium (T Cc Cs )
if T Cc Cs increase c and return to step 3 ( s' )
if T Cc Cs decrease c and return to step 3 ( s' )

Nominal Moment Strength

a

M n Cc d Cs d d
2

Dr. Hassan A. Ghanem

Limitations on Reinforcement Ratio

for Doubly Reinforced beams
Lower limit on same as for single reinforce beams)

min

3 f c
200

fy
fy

(ACI 10.5)

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Given:
fc= 4000 psi, fy = 60 ksi
As = 2 #5, As = 4 #7
d= 2.5 in. d = 15.5 in
h =18
18 in. b =12
12 in.
Calculate Mn for the section for the given
compression steel.

Dr. Hassan A. Ghanem

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Compute the reinforcement coefficients, the area of
the bars #7 (0.6
(0 6 in2) and #5 (0
(0.31
31 in2)
As 4 0.6 in 2 2.4 in 2

As
2.4 in 2

0.0129
bd 12 in.15.5 in.

As 2 0.31 in 2 0.62 in 2

As
0.62 in 2

0.0033
bd 12 in.15.5 in.

Compute the effective reinforcement ratio and

minimum
eff 0.0129 0.0033 0.00957
min

3 f c 3 4000
200
200

0.00333 >

0.00316
60000
60000
fy
fy

min 0.0129 0.00333 OK!

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Compute the effective reinforcement ratio and min
1 0.85 f c d 87

87 f
d fy
y

0.85 0.85 4 ksi 2.5 in. 87

0.0398

87 60
60 ksi 15.5 in.

'

0.00957 0.0398 Compression steel has not yielded.

Instead of iterating the equation use the quadratic method

0.85 f c'b1c 2 AsEs cu As f y c AsEs cu d 0

0.85 4 12 0.85 c 2 0.62 29000 0.003 2.4 60 c

0.62 29000 0.003 2.5 0

34.68c 90.06c 134.85 0

2

c 2 2.5969c 3.8884 0

Dr. Hassan A. Ghanem

10

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Solve using the quadratic formula
c 2 2.5969c 3.8884 0
c

2.5969

2.5969

4 3.8884

c 3.6595 in.

Find fs
2.5 in.
d

f s 1 Es cu 1
27 565 ksi
87 ksi 27.565
c

3.659 in.

Check the tension steel.

15.5 in. 3.659 in.
0.003 0.00971 0.00207
3.659 in.

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

Check to see if c works (not necessary, ONLY CHECK)
c

As f y As fs
0.85 f c 1b

c 3.659 in.

2.4 in 60 ksi 0.62 in 27.565 ksi

2

0.85 4 ksi 0.85 12 in.

OKAY!

Compute the moment capacity of the beam

M n As f y As f s d As fs d d
2

0.85 3.659

2.4 60 0.62 27.565 15.5.

0.62 27.565 15.5 2.5
2

1991.9 k - in. 166 k - ft

Dr. Hassan A. Ghanem

11

Example: Doubly Reinforced Section

If you want to find the Mu for the problem
c 3.66 in.

0.236 0.375
d 15.5 in.

Tension Control

0.9

The resulting ultimate moment is

M u M n 0.9 166 k - ft 149.4 k - ft

Dr. Hassan A. Ghanem

12