General Chemistry

Department of Chemical Engineering

MingChi University of Technology
2016.09.20 by Hyjuan

General Chemistry
(on semester, 2016)
Professor : Horng Yi Juan (Department of Chemical
Engineering, MCUT)

Office : Chemical Engineering Building, R211

Textbook : General Chemistry, The Essential concepts

, 12th Ed. Raymond Chang, Kenneth A.

Goldsby. The McGraw Hill Companies,

Inc.

General Chemistry
(on semester, 2016)
Reference :
1.Chemistry, 9/E, Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A.
Zumdahl.
2.Chemical Principles : The Quest for Insight.
Atkins, Peter, and Loretta Jones, 4th ed, New
York, NY : W.H. Freeman and Company, 2008.

Lecture Hours : 13:00~15:50 am, Tuesday

Grading :
Mid-term Examination

: 30%

Final Examination

: 40%

Ordinary Test

: 30%

Home Work (PPT of Expt) : 10%

Office Hours : 08:00~11:50 am, Tuesday

08:00~11:50 am, Wednesday

13:00~11:50 pm, Thursday

Content (1)
1. Introduction
2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

3. Stoichiometry
4. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

5. Gases
6. Energy Relationships in Chemical
Reactions

Content (2)
7. The electronic structure of atoms

8. The periodic Table

9. Chemical Bonding I : The Covalent Bond

10. Chemical Bonding II : Molecular

Geometry and Hybridization

11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Content (3)
12. Intermolecular forces and Liquid and solids

13. Physical Properties of solutions

14. Chemical Kinetics

15. Chemical Equilibrium
16. Acids and Bases
17. Acid Base Equilibria and Solubility
Equilibria

Content (4)
18. Thermodynamics
19. Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

20. The Chemistry of Coordination Compounds

21. Nuclear Chemistry

22. Organic Polymers Synthetic and Natural
-

Addition
Appendix
Units for the gas constant
Selected Thermodynamic data

Mathematical operations
Index

Lecture Schedule
Week
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Topics
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Chapter 8

Introduction
Atoms,Molecules, and Ions
Atoms,Molecules, and Ions
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Middle Exam.
Gases
Gases
Energy Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Energy Relationships in Chemical Reactions
The electronic structure of atoms
The electronic structure of atoms
The periodic Table
The periodic Table
The periodic Table
Final Exam.

Lecture Schedule
Week
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Topics
Chapter 9 Chemical Bonding I: The Covalent Bond
Chapter 9 Chemical Bonding I: The Covalent Bond
Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and
Hybridization
Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and
Hybridization
Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Chapter 12 Intermolecular forces and Liquid and solids
Middle Exam.
Chapter 12 Intermolecular forces and Liquid and solids
Chapter 13 Physical Properties of solutions
Chapter 13 Physical Properties of solutions
Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics
Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics
Chapter 15 Chemical Equilibrium
Chapter 15 Chemical Equilibrium
Chapter 16 Acids and Bases
Chapter 16 Acids and Bases
Final Exam.

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 The Study of Chemistry
1.2 The Scientific Method
1.3 Classifications of Matter
1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
1.5 Measurement
1.6 Handling Numbers
1.7 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 The Study of Chemistry
1.2 The Scientific Method
1.3 Classifications of Matter

1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

1.5 Measurement
1.6 Handling Numbers
1.7 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems


1.1

1.2
1.3

1.4
1.5
SI1.1
1.2
1.6
1.31.4

1.7
1.5

Chemistry : A Science for the 21st Century

Health and Medicine :
Sanitation systems :
Surgery with anesthesia :
Vaccines and antibiotics :
Energy and the Environment :

Fossil fuels :
Solar energy :

Nuclear energy :
1.1

Chemistry : A Science for the 21st Century

Materials and Technology :
Polymersceramicsliquid crystals
Room-temperature superconductors ?
Molecular computer ?

Food and Agriculture :

Genetically modified crops :

Natural pesticides :
Specialized fertilizers :
1.1

 The Study of Chemistry :

Chemistry is the science for the study of matter and its
transformation.

Macroscopic : .
Microscopic : .

Macroscopic

Microscopic

1.1

O2 + 4 e- + 2 H2O 4 OH

Fe Fe2+ + 2 e

4 Fe2+ + O2 4 Fe3+ + 2 O2

Fe2+ + 2 H2O Fe(OH)2 + 2 H+

Fe3+ + 3 H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3 H+

Fe(OH)2 FeO + H2O

Fe(OH)3 FeO(OH) + H2O
2 FeO(OH) Fe2O3 + H2O

Fe(OH)3-xOx/2

Ca-Fe-O-OH

1.1

1.1

(central science)

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 The Study of Chemistry
1.2 The Scientific Method
1.3 Classifications of Matter
1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
1.5 Measurement
1.6 Handling Numbers
1.7 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems

 The scientific method :

A systematic approach to research.

Fig. 1.1The three level of studying chemistry and

their relationships

Qualitative and Quantitative

Hypothesis
Law
Theory
1.2

 Qualitative :
Consisting of general observation about the system.

Quantitative :
Comprising numbers obtained by various measurements

of the system.
Hypothesis :
A tentative explanation for a set of observations.

Tested

Modified

1.2

 Law :
A concise verbal or mathematical statement of relationship

between phenonema that is always the same under the

same conditions.

Theory :
A unifying principle that explains a body of facts and/or

those laws that are based on them.

1.2

(scientific
method)

(data)
(qualitative)
(quantitative)

1.2

1.1

1.2

(hypothesis)

(law)

(theory)

Chemistry In Action :
Primordial Helium and the Big Bang Theory

In 1940 George Gamow hypothesized that the

universe began with a gigantic explosion or big
bang.

Experimental Support
expanding universe
cosmic background radiation

primordial helium

1.2

 Law :
eg. The 2nd Low of Newton :
Force (F) = mass (m) x acceleration (a)
Theory :

eg. Atomic Theory

1.2

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 The Study of Chemistry
1.2 The Scientific Method
1.3 Classifications of Matter
1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
1.5 Measurement
1.6 Handling Numbers
1.7 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems

 Chemistry :
The study of matter and the changes it undergoes.

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

Substance is matter that has a definite or constant

composition and distinct properties.
(matter)
eg. SilverSodium chlorideGoldCarbon dioxide

1.3

 For all matter :

At least in principle, can exist in three state : solid,

liquid, and gas.

gas

liquid

solid

Fig.1.2 The Three States of Matter for Water.

1.3

(matter)
(chemistry)

1.3

1.2

 Mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which

the substances retain their distinct identities.

Homogenous mixture :
Composition of the mixture is the same throughout.
eg. Soft drinkMilkSolder
Heterogeneous mixture :
Composition is not uniform throughout.
Fig. 1.3 : Heterogenous
Mixture and separated

cement,
iron filings in
sand
magnet

1.3

1.3

(substance)
(matter)
(mixture)

(homogeneous mixture)

(heterogeneous mixture)

 Substance :
Can be either an an element or compound.

Element :
A substance that cannot be separated into

simpler substances by chemical means.

114 elements have been identified
82 elements occur naturally on Earth
eg. gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon
32 elements have been created by scientists
technetium, americium, seaborgium
1.3

 Compound :
A substance composed of atoms of two or more

elements chemically united in fixed proportions

and Compounds can only be separated into

their pure components (elements) by chemical

means.

eg. Water (H2O) Glucose (C6H12O6)Ammonia (NH3)

1.3

1.3

1.3 (a) (b)

 Physical method to separate mixture :

Means can be used to separate a mixture into its
pure components.

Distillation

1.3

1.3

(element)

(compound)

1.3
1.1

Al

As

Au

Ba

Pt

Br

Ca

Fe

Si

Pb

Ag

Cl

Mg

Na

Cr

Hg

Co

Ni

Sn

Cu

Zn

1.3

1.4 (a)
45.5%100 g45.5 g(b)

Classifications of Matter

Fig. 1.5 Classifications of Matter

1.3

1.3

1.5


Classifying Matter

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 The Study of Chemistry
1.2 The Scientific Method
1.3 Classifications of Matter
1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
1.5 Measurement
1.6 Handling Numbers
1.7 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems

Physical or Chemical Property

Physical property :

Can be measured and observed without changing

(or does not alter) the composition or identity of a

substance.
For example : colormelting pointboiling point

density.
eg.

ice melting

sugar dissolving
in water
1.4

 Chemical change :
Alters the composition or identity of the substance(s)

involved.
hydrogen burns
in air to form
water

1.4

Extensive Properties and Intensive Properties

Extensive property :

A material depends upon how much matter is being

considered.

eg. Mass Length Volume

Intensive property : ()

A material does not depend upon how much matter

is being
considered.

eg. DensityPressureTemperatureColor
1.4

Examples of extensive properties

Mass (m)
Length (L)
Volume (V)
Entropy (dS)
Enthalpy (dH)
Energy (E)
Heat (H)

Examples of intensive properties

Temperature (T)
Freezing Point Tf
Pressure (P)
Melting point Tm
Density (d)
Boiling point Tb
Viscosity ()

Velocity (u)

Color
Y () = UHA
Luster
G SV
Y
Hardness
n
Electrical resistivity
P,T

Intensive properties ?
Chemical Potential ()
Buoyancy
Ductility
Elasticity
Malleability
Magnetism
Order
State

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 The Study of Chemistry
1.2 The Scientific Method
1.3 Classifications of Matter
1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
1.5 Measurement
1.6 Handling Numbers
1.7 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems

Measurement

Macroscopic properties
Microscopic properties
SI units ( based units, derived units )
Prefixes Used with SI units ( TGM, kdc, mnp )
Mass and Weight : ( Quantity and Force )
Volume (mL, L, m3, dm3, cm3)
Density
Temperature ( Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin )
Pressure

Macroscopic properties and Microscopic

properties
Macroscopic properties :
The instruments provide measurements
of properies, which can be determined
directly.
Microscopic properties :
On the atomic or molecular scale, must
be determined by an indirect method.

1.5

(macroscopic properties)

(microscopic properties)

SI
(metric
units)1960

(International System of
Units) ( SI System International
d'Unites)
SI()
(10)

SI

1.6

1999NASA125

PasadenaNASA
(Zumdahl)

International System of Units (SI)

1.5

1.7

SI
1.2

SI

(meter)

(kilogram)

kg

(second)

(ampere)

(kelvin)

(mole)

mol

(candela)

cd

Basic unit, SI

mass

Kilo
gram

kg

length

meter

time

second

electric current

ampere

temperature

kelvin

luminous
intensity

candela

Cd

quantity of
substance

mole

mol

Derived unit, SI

,, E,H,
W

energy

joule

kgm2s-2

force

newton

kgms-2J
m-1

pressure

pascal

Pa

kgm-1 s-2
Nm-2

power

watt

kgm2s-3
Js-1

hertz

Hz

s-1

frequency
charge

coulomb

As

Electric
Potential

volt

kgm2s-3
A-1 (Js-1A-1)

Accept Prefix, SI
tere
giga
mega

T
G
M

1012
109
106

kilo
deci
centi

k
d
c

103
101
102

milli
micro

103
106

nano

109

pico
Angstrom

1012
1010

 Matter :
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
Mass :
Measure of the quantity of matter.
SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g
Weight :
Force that gravity exerts on an object.
weight = c x mass

A 1 kg bar will weigh

on earth, c = 1.0

1 kg on earth

on moon, c ~ 0.1

0.1 kg on moon
1.5

Mass and Weight

Mass and Weight : quantity and force
Mass is measure of the quantity of matter in
an object.
Weight is the force that gravity exerts on an
object.
W(N) = m (kg) g (m/s2)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1103 g

(mass)(weight)

Mass is a measure of the

quantity of matter in an
object.

Weight is the force that

gravity exerts on an
object.
:
W=mgh

, mass, m, w

1 kg = 1000 g
= 2.205 lb

Prefix symbol and scientific notation

W(N) = m (kg) g (m/s2)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1103 g
(Simplest and
Accuracy and precision)

 (mass)

(weight)

(weighing)

1 kg = 1000 g = 1 103 g


SI

1.3

( tera-)

1,000,000,000,000, 1012

1 (Tm) = 1 x 1012 m

(giga-)

1,000,000,000, 109

1 (Gm) = 1 x 109 m

106

1 (Mm) = 1 x 106
m

(mega-)

1,000,000,

(kilo-)

1,000, 103

1 (km) = 1 x 103 m

(deci-)

1/10 10-1

1 (dm) = 0.1 m

(centi-)

1/100 10-2

1 (cm) = 0.01 m

(milli-)

1/1000 10-3

1 (mm) = 0.001 m

(micro-)

1/1000,000 10-6

1 (mm) = 1 x 10-6 m

(nano-)

1/1000,000,000 10-9

1 (nm) = 1 x 10-9 m

(pico-)

1/1000,000,000,000 10-12

1 (pm) = 1 x 10-12 m

 Volume :
SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3).

1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3

= 1 x 10-6 m3
1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3
= 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL
= 1000 cm3
= 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3
1.5

Volume
Volume is length (m) cubed, so its SI derived unit

is the cubic meter(m3).

A liter is the volume occupied by one cubic decimeter.

1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cc
= 1000 cm3 = 1 10-3 m3 = 1 dm3

Can you show me how much is 1mL?

Dont give me number just show me your model ?

? ?

Length

 1 1 1cc 1mL

Volume
: 1 m3 = 1000 L
1 L = 1 dm3 = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3

12.65 mL

SI

(volume)
(m3)
1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3
1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
SI (L)
(liter)
1 L = 1000 Ml
= 1000 cm3
= 1 dm3

1 mL = 1 cm3

1.7 1mL
1000mL

 Density :
SI derived unit for density is kg/m3
1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3
density =

mass
volume

m
d= V

A piece of platinum metal with a density of

21.5 g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is
its mass ?
m
m=dxV
Sol : d = V
= 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3
= 96.5 g
1.5

Density
Density :
The mass of an object divided by its volume.

Density =

d=

Mass(g)
Volume(mL)

m(g)
V (mL)

4 oC 1.0,
, specific gravity, sp.gr.

Density

D=M/V
= Mass / Volume
= 1.00 g/mL (4 oC)

Density

Density

 (density)

(eq.1.1)

m
d
V

M V

(g/cm3)
(g/mL)

1.4

25oC

(g/cm3)

(air)*

0.001

(ethanol)

0.79

(water)

1.00

(mercury)

13.6

(table salt)

2.2

(iron)

7.9

(gold)

19.3

(osmium)

22.6

 1.1

301
g 15.6 cm3

1.1
m
d
V
301 g

15.6 cm3
19.3 g / cm3

 1.1

21.5 g/cm3
4.49 cm3

(Gold bars)

Temperature

K=

0C

+ 273.15

273 K = 0 0C
373 K = 100 0C

0F

9
x 0C + 32
5

32 0F = 0 0C
212 0F = 100 0C

1.5

oF (
)oC () K ()

32oF 212oF
(0oC) (100oC)
100
(kelvin) SI

0 K0oF 0oC

 Temperature
Thermometer

Thermometer

1.8
()
100

180

100/180 5/9

(1.2)
5 C
? C ( F 32 F)

9 F

9 F
? F
( C) 32 F
5 C

(1.3)

? K ( C 273.15 C)
o

1K
1o C

(1.4)

 Convert 172.9 0F to degrees Celsius.

Sol :

0F

= 9 x 0C + 32
5

0F

32 = 9 x 0C
5

5 x (0F 32) = 0C
9
0C = 5 x (0F 32)
9
0C = 5 x (172.9 32) = 78.3
9
1.5

 1.2

a.
224 oC

b. 452 oF

c. 38.9 oC

(1.2)(1.3) (1.4)
(0 K)

 1.2
a.
9 F
(224 C) 32 F 435 F
5 C

b.
5 C
( 452 F 32 F)
269 C
9 F

a.
(- 38.9 C + 273.15 C)
o

1K
o

1 C

= 234.3 K

 1.2

a. 327.5 oC
b. 172.9 oF ()
c. 77 K

Pressure
:

F(N)
P =
A(m2)
P=mgh
m =
g =
h =

Pressure

1atm
= 760 mmHg
= 10.336 mH2O
= 1.0336 kgf / m2
= 1.01325 105 Pa
= 14.7 psi (lbf / in2)
= 1.01325 bar


PSTD
760cmHg

PGAUGE

PABSOLUTE

758cmHg

.
PVACUUM.

1atm

PLOCAL

PABSOLUTE

Chemistry In Action
On 9/23/99, $125,000,000 Mars Climate Orbiter
entered Mars atmosphere 100 km (62 miles) lower
than planned and was destroyed by heat.
1 lb = 1 N
1 lb = 4.45 N
This is going to be the
cautionary tale that will be
embedded into introduction to
the metric system in
elementary school, high school,
and college science courses till
the end of time.
1.5

Chapter One Introduction

1.1 The Study of Chemistry
1.2 The Scientific Method
1.3 Classifications of Matter
1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
1.5 Measurement
1.6 Handling Numbers
1.7 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems

 Handling Numbers

Scientific Notation
Significant Figures

Addition and subtraction

Multiplication and division

Rounding Off

Scientific Notation
The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon :
602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
6.022 x 1023

The mass of a single carbon atom in grams :

0.0000000000000000000000199
1.99 x 10-23
N x 10n

N is a number between 1 and 10

n is a positive or negative integer

1.6

Scientific Notation
568.762 :

0.00000772 :

move decimal left

n>0

move decimal right

n<0

568.762 = 5.68762 x 102 0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6

Addition or Subtraction :
Write each quantity with eg. 4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 =
the same exponent n
4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104
Combine N1 and N2
= 4.70 x 104
The exponent, n, remains
the same
1.6

Scientific Notation
Multiplication :

Multiply N1 and N2
(4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =
-5+3) =
(4.0
x
7.0)
x
(10
Add exponents n1 and n2
28 x 10-2 =
2.8 x 10-1
Division :
8.5 x 104 5.0 x 109 =
Divide N1 and N2
4-9 =
(8.5

5.0)
x
10
Subtract exponents n1 and n2
1.7 x 10-5
1.6

(scientific notation)
:
N 10n
N 1 10 n

N (1~10)
n
n

1. n = 0

2. n = 1

-(N1
N2)- n N1
N2

N1
N2 n
N1 N2
n

Significant Figures
Significant Figures, which are the meaningful
digits in a measured or calculated quantity.

When sf (Significant Figures) are used, the last

digit is understood to be uncertain.

Significant Figures, or significant digits, are digits

in a number that serve to establish the value (size)
of the number, and not merely to indicate the
location of the decimal point.(Russell)

Exact Number
1. so s.f. = a set of certain number + an uncertain number (
)
2. Exact Number :
Determined by countingmultiply From definition and

statement constant, recognition.

Example : 100 oCC12

121m = 100 cm = 3.28 ft 2.5 (s.f.=
infinite)

2.99 1010 cm/s (s.f.= 3)

3.29 1015 times/s (s.f.=3)

Guidelines for Using Significant Figures

None zero digit : 2345, integer
Leading zero : 0.002, 0.235
Captive zero : 205, 30205
Trailing zero : 0.2500, 2500

10200.0, 1.02000104,
2500 (s.f.=2), 2500 (s.f.=4), 2.500103 (s.f.=4)

Significant Figures
Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m
3 significant figures
Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L
1 significant figure
If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the
decimal point are significant
2.0 mg
2 significant figures
If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the
end and in the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures
1.6

 How many significant figures are in each of the

following measurements ?
24 mL

2 significant figures

3001 g

4 significant figures

0.0320 m3

3 significant figures

6.4 x 104 molecules

2 significant figures

560 kg

2 significant figures

1.6

Significant Figures
Addition or Subtraction :
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of
the decimal point than any of the original numbers.

89.332
+1.1
90.432
3.70
-2.9133
0.7867

one significant figure after decimal point

round off to 90.4
two significant figures after decimal point
round off to 0.79

1.6

Significant Figures
Multiplication or Division :
The number of significant figures in the result is set
by the original number that has the smallest number
of significant figures
4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5
3 sig figs

round to
3 sig figs

6.8 112.04 = 0.0606926 = 0.061

2 sig figs

round to
2 sig figs

1.6

Significant Figures
Exact Numbers :
Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are
Considered to have an infinite number of significant
Figures.
The average of three measured lengths; 6.64, 6.68
and 6.70 ?
6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70
= 6.67333 = 6.67 = 7
3
Because 3 is an exact number
1.6


1. Addition and subtraction :

eg. 90.7 + 8.81 + 0.551 = 100.061 = 100.1

2. Multiplication and division :

eg. 31 41 = 1271 = 1.3 103

258 3.2 = 80.625 = 81

Rounding Off Process (Russell)

to round up or down
If the digit to be deleted is grater than 5,
increase the preceding digit by 1.
If the digit to be deleted is less than 4, leave
the preceding digit unchanged.


(absolute error) :
()
(relative error) ;
(/)
(absolute deviation)A :

SD, Sav, Smax

(standard deviation) :

Additional uncertainty
A AA

A a %a %AA

5243 123 (2)5243 12.3 (3)

243 3 % = 5243 157.29 = (2)
A A ()
A A/A ()
A a % () : A (A/A) 100 %


a % = A/A 100 %A = A a%
(A A) + (B B) = (C C)
= (A+B) (A B)
(A A) - (B B) = (D D)
= (A - B) (A B)
(A a %) + (B b %) = (E e %)
= (A + A a %) (B B b %)
= (A + B) (A a B b) %
= (A + B) (A a B b) / (A + B) %


(significant figures)

1.9

1.
2.
3.

4. 1

5. (
)

 1.3

a. 478 cm
b. 6.01 g
c. 0.825 m

d. 0.043 kg
e. 1.301 x 1022
f. 7000 mL

a.

b.
c.

 1.3

d. (c)

e. 1

f. (f)
(7.000 x 103) (7.00 x 103)
(7.0 x 103) (7 x 103)

:
(a) 24 mL(b) 3001

g(c) 0.0320 m3(d) 6.4 104 (e) 560 kg

1.

2.

3.
(exact number)

1.4

a. 11,254.1 g 0.1983 g
b. 66.59 L 3.113 L
c. 8.16 m 5.1355
d. 0.0154 kg 88.3 mL
e. 2.64 103 cm 3.27 102 cm

a.
11,254.1

0.1983
11,254.2983
11,254.3

b.

66.59

1.4

3.113
63.477
63.48

c.

d.

8.16 5.1355 41.90568

41.9

0.0154
0.0000174405436
0.0000174
883
1.74 105

e. 3.27 x 102 cm 0.327 x 103 cm

(2.64 cm + 0.327 cm) x 103 (a)
2.97 x 103

1.4

a. 26.5862 L 0.17 L
b. 9.1 g 4.682 g

c. 7.1 104 dm 2.2654 102 dm

d. 6.54 g 86.5542 mL

e. (7.55 104 m) (8.62 103 m)

Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy :
How close a measurement is to the true value.
Precision :
How close a set of measurements are to each other.

accurate
&
precise

precise
but
not accurate

not accurate
&
not precise 1.6

Accuracy and precision

Accuracy tells us how close a measurement
is to the true value of the quantity that was
measured.

:
Precision refers to how closely two or more
measurements of the same quantity agree
with one another.

Data Treatment
Simplificaion

scientific notation
use prefix as symbol

Accuracy and precision

significant figure
error and deviation
standard deviation
additional uncertainty


(Accuracy)

(Precision)

1.10
(a) (b)
(c)

Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving

Problems
Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are
needed.
Carry units through calculation.
If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then
the problem was solved correctly.
given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity
desired unit
given unit x
= desired unit
given unit
1.7

The Factor-Label Method of

Solving Problems

( dimension equation)
2.0 g
mL

1 kg
1000 g

1000 mL 1000 L
1L
1 m3

= 2.0 103 kg/m3

(dimensional analysis)
(factor-label method)

(E = m c2)

1.

2.

(Back-of-theenvelope-calculation)

Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving

Problems
How many mL are in 1.63 L ?
Sol : Conversion Unit 1 L = 1000 mL
1000 mL
1.63 L x
= 1630 mL
1L
2
1L
L
1.63 L x
= 0.001630
mL
1000 mL

1.7

 The speed of sound in air is about 343

m/s. What is this speed in miles per hour ?
Sol : conversion units
meters to miles

1 mi = 1609 m

seconds to hours
1 min = 60 s

1 hour = 60 min

m x 1 mi x 60 s x 60 min
mi
343 s
= 767
hour
1609 m 1 min
1 hour

1.7


1.5
0.0833 (lb)

) (mg)(1 lb = 453.6 g)

: ? mg = 0.0833 lb

(1
mg = 1 x 10-3 g)

 1.5

:
:

1mg
453.6g

1x10 3 g
1lb

:
453.6g
1 mg
4
mg 0.0833lb

3
.
78

10
mg
3
1 lb
1 10 g

 1.5

1 500 1 =
1000 1 5 105
0.0833 0.1
5 104

1.07 kg

 (1)
1. Write a balanced equation
2. List given and find
(unknown)
3. select a basis and give a
reasonable assumption
4. Draw a flow chart,
5. the equation must be
dimensionally homogeneous. (dimensional
homogeneity)
6. ()
Converse to appropriate unit
7. using dimensional equation

 (2)
8. Scale up or Scale down
9. Take a Simplest solution
path
10. Use for given Table and graphic
11. Data must be precision and
accuracy
12. with calculator
13. study data searching skill
14. clear written your answer (with double
underline)
15. Double Check

 (3)
:

(1) : CASIO 991MS

SHIFT
MODE
CLR
ON
DEL
ABCDEFXYM
(9)

S-VAR

()
2, 8, 16

 (2) :

52 + 2 102 = 5^2 + 2EXP(-)2

ln e = 1
e0.2 = ? ; shift, ex, 0.2, =

(3) :

COMP
CMPLX
SD
REG
BASE
EQN
MAT
VCT

Deg ()
Rad ()
Gra () 90o = /2 = 100
Fix : , , 400.000

Sci : , , s.f. = 2, 3.301,

Norm : , Fix, Sci
ENG
Disp
5, shift, STO, A, (5 - > A)
ALPHA, A, = , (5)

 (Modes)
COMP : basic arithmetic calculations

CMPLX : complex number calculations

SD : standard deviation

REG : regression calculations

BASE : base-n calculations

EQN : solution of equations

MAT : matrix calculations

VCT : vector calculations

Validating Results
Determined by common sense

Applying the test of resonableness

Order-of magnitude estimation

Back- substitution

Validating Results
1. Applying the test of resonableness means verifying
that the solution makes sense. If, for example, a
calculated velocity of water flowing in a pipes faster
than speed of light or the calculated temperature in
a chemical reactor is higher than the interior
temperature of the sun, you should suspect that a
mistake has been made somewhere.
2. Order-of magnitude estimation means coming up
with a crude and easy to-obtain approximation of
the answer to a problem and making sure that the
more exact solution comes reasonably close to it.
3. Back- substitution is straightforward: after you
solve a set of equations, substitute your solution
back into the equations and make sure it works.

Test of resonableness
Applying the test of resonableness means verifying
that the solution makes sense.
If, for example, a calculated velocity of water flowing
in a pipes faster than speed of light.
? nonsense
or the calculated temperature in a chemical reactor is
higher than the interior temperature of the sun, you
should suspect that a mistake has been made
somewhere. ?

Order-of-Magnitude Estimation
Order-of-magnitude estimation means
coming up with a crude and easy to-obtain
approximation of the answer to a problem
and making sure that the more exact
solution comes reasonably close to it.

1025 + 2345 = (1000 + 2000 = 3000)

Back - substitution
Back- substitution is straightforward: after
you solve a set of equations, substitute your
solution back into the equations and make
sure it works.

Reference
1. ,
2. John B. Russell, General Chemistry, .,

3. Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Chemistry,

7th. Ed., 2007, ., .,

4. Richard M. Felder, Ronald W.Rousseau,

Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 3rd

ed., 2000, .,.,