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testing is available from many laboratories for common mutations of the NPC1 and
NPC2 genes.3,7
Biopsies of bone marrow, spleen, and liver tissue were, until recently, commonly
used diagnostic tools. In affected individuals, the appearance of foam cells would be the
primary indicator of the disease. However, due to the lack of specificity of this finding
for a differential diagnosis and the development of newer, less invasive testing, biopsies
are rarely used anymore.3
Prognosis for Patients
The prognosis for patients with Niemann Pick Disease varies depending on the
type that they have. However, besides rare variants of the disease, all those afflicted will
die prematurely. Type A has a very rapid, progressive onset of neurological symptoms.
Patients with Type A will generally die by the second or third year of life. Since Type B
is associated with a more mild mutation of the ASM gene that does not completely impair
its function, the symptoms do not occur as rapidly or as severely. The neurodegenerative
features of Type A are not present in childhood, with the main symptoms being
hepatosplenomegaly and short stature. However, during early adulthood, the central
nervous system may begin to be affected, and the accumulation of lipids, particularly
foam cells, in the liver spleen and lungs leads to a premature death. The progression of
Type C is more similar to that of Type A, although the neurological symptoms do not
appear as immediately, and early development can proceed normally. Beginning in late
infancy, the disease becomes apparent. Accumulation of lipids in the cerebellum lead to
balance problems, dystonia occurs with frequency, and finally, the child starts having
seizures. These patients typically die between the age of 5 and 15.3
Possible Treatments
There are currently no cures or treatment for any of the forms of Neimann-Pick
Disease. The only option for parents with children affected with this disorder is the
management of specific symptoms. The seizures, cataplexy, and dystonia can be
controlled with pharmaceuticals normally used for these conditions. In addition, airway
secretions are managed with bronchodilators and antibiotics. Since nourishment can
become an issue later in the progression of the disease, food is first softened and
thickened, but eventually a feeding tube is required for sustenance. Physical,
occupational, and speech therapies are also used to combat the lag in development.9
New potential treatments are being developed now in an effort to slow the
progression of the disease, correct the damage caused to neural and organ tissues, and
ultimately cure patients of the disease. One possibility is gene therapy, wherein normal
copies of the SMPD1, NPC1, or NPC2 genes would be introduced into the patient and
transcribe the normal, functioning gene products. The use of neuronal stem cells to
replace damaged nerve cells is also under investigation. While in theory, these therapies
could lead to a cure for Neimann-Pick, their full development is a long way off,
complicated by the difficulty of carrying out clinical studies on patients who do not live
past early childhood. 9
Disease Risks for Other Family Members