American Water Works Association ANSVAWWA (208-01 (Revision of ANSIIAWWA 208-96) MX AWWA STANDARD FOR DIMENSIONS FOR FABRICATED STEEL WATER PIPE FITTINGS SE ———————— MT Perrier Natorar Stonseran rato Effective date: Feb. 1, 2002. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Jen 26, 1959, This edition approved June 17, 2001. Approved by American National Standards Institute Nov, 20, 2001 AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 6865 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Coloraco 80235 wnw.awwa.orgAWWA Standard ‘This decument is an American Wator Worke Ascociation (AWWA) ctandard Ik is not a spesifieation AWWA standards describe minimum requiremeats and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifications The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA mublication of a standard dove not constitute exdercoment of any product or product type, nor daci AWWA test, certify; or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are mtended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will, provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising sestion of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice. American National Standard ‘An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scape and provisions. An American National Standard is intonded ae « guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The esistence of an American National Standard dees not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard er not, from manufactr- ‘ing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periocie review, and users are cautioned to obiain tho latest editions. Producsrs of goods made in conformity with an Amorican National Standard ere encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels thet the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards, CauTION Notice: ‘The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) aporoval date on the fren! cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedares require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may roceive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 25 W,40rd St., Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900, All rights reserved, No pert of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or ratrieval system, xcept in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review puspeses, without the written permission of the publisher Copyright © 2001 by American Water Works Association Printed in USACommittee Personnel The Stee] Water Pipe-Manufacturers Technical Advisory Committee (SWPMTAC) Task Group on C208, which developed this revision, had the following personnel at the time: James R, Davenport, Chair RJ, Card, Brico Industries Inc, Atlanta, Ga. R.R. Collins, JCM Industries, Nash, Texas J.R. Davenport, Northwest Pipe Company, Riverside, Calif B.D. Keil, Continental Pipe Manufacturing Company, Pleasant Grove, Utah <.L, Luka, American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Columbia, SC. Marvin Mintz, M-Square Associates Inc., Valley Stream, N'Y. G.C, Robb, Ameron Concrete & Steel Pipe, Fontana, Calif, R.N. Satyarthi, Baker Coupling Company Ine, Los Angeles, Calif, ALL, Shaddix, Smith-Blair Inc., Texarkana, Texas D.R, Wagner, Consultant, St, Louis, Mo. (awWa) (AWWA) cawwa) (awwa) cawwa) (awwa) iawwa) cawwa) cawwa) (awwa) ‘The Standards Committee on Steel Pipe, which developed this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: George J. Tupac, Chair John H. Bambei Jr., Vice-Chair Dennis Dechant, Secrstary Consumer Merabers GA. Andersen, New York City Bureau of Water Supply, Corona, N.Y. TH. Bambei Jr., Deaver Water Department, Denver, Colo. D: RV. Frisz, US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. TJ. Jordan, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, LaVerne, Calif. ‘TA, Larson, Tacoma Water Division, Tacoma, Wash. ‘oppes, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Boston, Mass. (AWWA) (awwa) (NEWWA) (USBR) (AWWA) (AWWA)ALL, Linard, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Caltt GP. Stine, San Diego County Water Authority, San Diego, Calf, JN. Young, EPCOR Water Services Inc., Richmond, B.C. General Interest Members Ergun Bakell, AKM Consulting Engineers, Irvine, Calif WA. Bronzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd,, Skokie, Ill RL. Coffey, Kirkham Michael Consulting Engineers, Omaha, Neb. LE. Dunham, Montgomery Watson, Bellevue, Wash, ‘id. Farr, CH2M Hill Inc., Redding, Calif KG. Ferguson,” Montgomery Watson, Las Vegas, Nev, SN. Foellmi, Black & Veatch LLP, Irvine, Calif. JW. Green, Alvord Burdick & Howson, Liste, M. KD. Henrichsen, HDR Engineering Inc, Denver, Colo. M.B, Horsley,’ Black & Veatch LLP, Overland Park, Kan. SUK, deyapalan, Engineering Consultant, New Milford, Conn. Rafael Ortega, Lockwood Andrews & Newnam Inc., Houston, Texas AE. Romer, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, Calif. HLR, Stoner, Consultant, North Plainfield, NJ. GG Sundberg,” CH2M Hill Inc,, Bellevue, Wash, Gi. Tupac, GI. Tupac & Associates, Pittsburgh, Pa. JS. Wailes,* Standards Sugineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Cob, LW, Warren, Tetra Tech Ine., Seattle, Wash, WR. Whidden, Post Buckley Schuh & Jernigan, Orlando, Fla, Producer Members HLH, Bardakjian, Ameron Concrete & Steel Pipe, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif, RJ, Card, Brico Industries Inc., Atlanta, Ga, RR, Carpenter, American Cast [ron Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala, Dennis Dechant, Northwest Pipe & Company, Denver, Colo, Alternate \son, nonveting, (awwa) «awwa) (AWWA) (aWwwa) cawwa) (AWWA) cawwa) cawwa) cawwa) cawwa) (awwa) (away (awa) cawwa) cawwa) (AWWA) cawwa) (awwa) cawwa) «away (AWIVA) (AWWA) «away fawWa) (Mss) (AWWA)J.B, Hagelskamp,” American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Maitland, Fla. (AWWA) 5D, Keil, Continental Pipe Manufacturing Company, Pleasant Grove, Utah (SPA) Bruce Vanderploeg,’ Northwest Pipe Company, Portland, Ore. (awwa) JA. Wise, Canus Industries Inc., Port Coquitlam, B.C. cawwa)a3 ‘This page intentionally blank.Contents AIL AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently Sone variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. SEC. PAGE. Foreword 1 Introduction... 1A Background. IB Histor z LC Acceptance... viii Tl Special Issues... vill Ill Use of This Standard. viii TILA Purchaser Options and Alternatives ocean viii TILB Modification to Standard...2 cee 18 IV Major Revisions. V Comments. d ix ‘Standard 1 General 11 Scope.. ss 1 12 Purpose... 18 Application. 2 References. 3 Definitions 2 sec. PAGE 4 Requirements 41 Fittings 3 5 Verification. 9 6 Delivery. 8 Figures 1 Recommended Dimensions for Water Pipe Fittings (Bxcept Blbows)...... 11 2 Recommended Dimensions for Water Pipe Elbows 2 3 Tangeat-type Outlet. 18 4 Lateral Less Than 80°... 18 5 Computation Method and Formulas for Compound Elbows 16 6 Reducing Elbow Formulas... 21 Table 1 Dimensions of Steel Water Pipe Fittings 10This page intentionally blank. eyForeword ‘This foreword is for information only and is not a part of AWWA C208. 1. Introduetion. LA. Background, Steel pipe has been used for waierlines in the United States since the 1850s. With the development of the Bessemer process in 1855 and the open hearth process in 1861, steel, the strongest and most versatile refinement of iron, became available for water pipe ‘Available records disclose installations of steel water pipe as early as 1858. The pipe was first manufactured by rolling steel sheets or plates into shape and riveting the seams. This method of fabrication continued with improvements into the 1930s. In 1905, lock-bar pipe was introduced and, by 1930, had nearly supplanted riveted pipe. By the early 1930s, both riveted and lock-bar methods were gradually phased out and welding dominated the pipe-making process. As welding became more universal in pipeline construction and manufacturing, varying stee! shapes able to accommodate pipeline hydraulics and locations became more prevalent. Over the years, rigid specifications have been developed and new product developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques and processes have been established to ensure the purchaser a product of high standards. 1B. History. This standard was first proposed in 1965 to provide standard dimensions for steel water pipe fittings. It was approved as a“tentative” standard on July 14, 1955. Revisions in the text were approved on Dec. $1, 1957, and were incorporated in the fourth and later printings, The revisions consisted of the addition of an explanatory paragraph, changes in the table for fittings for service in transmission and distribution mains, and clarification of the figures detailing the various fittings. The standard was approved without further revision on Jan. 26, 1959. Revisions to the text were approved on June 21, 1983, and incorporated in the sixth and later printings. These revisions include the following. 1. Addition of a foreword to provide the history of a standard and major revisions. 2 Revision of Table 1, deleting 4-in, pipe size and extending pipe 144i. 3. Revision of Table 24. Expansion of Figure 8 to include sizes to 144 in, Deletion of Table 4. 6. Deletion of alternate Table 3. Deletion of Table 6. Addition of reducing tees and deletion of smooth 90° elbow category from Figure 1 and Table 1 ‘The information in ‘Table 1 wos changed from a tabular format to a formula format in ordor to ascertain dimensions for tees, crosses, wyes, laterals, and reducers A factor, /; was introduced in the new Table 1 to facilitate the use of formulas for computing fitting dimensions and provided formulas for elbow layout to facilitate the design of elbows not tabulated, Addendum C208.84 was approved on June 4, 1984. The addendum added a note of eaution to Tables 2A through 2D concerning hoop tension concentration in elbows with radius of less than 2.5D. ANSVAWWA 208-83, including C208-84, was reaffirmed without revision on June 18, 1989, ANSVAWWA €208-86 was approved by the Board of Directors on June 23, 1996. The major revision was to clarify that the standard is @ dimensional guide only and that dosign of fittings should be in accordance with applicable sections of AWWA Manual M11. Table 2 wes deleted from the standard. ANSVAWWA (208-01 was approved by the Board of Directors on June 17, 2001 LC. Acceptance. This standard has no applicable information for this section. Tl, Special Issues. This standard has no applicable information fer this section, TH. Use of This Standard. AWWA has no responsibility for the suitability or compatibility of the provisions of this standard to any intended application by any user. Accordingly, each user of this standard is responsible for determining that the standard’s prov IRS are suitable for and compatible with that user's intended application. LILA. Purchaser Options and Alternotives. ‘The following itoms should be covered in the purchaser's specifications: 1. Standard used—that is, ANSUAWWA ©208, Standard for Dimensions for Fabricated Steel Water Pipe Fittings, of latest revision. 2. Type of fitting required (i.e., elbow, tee, reducer, wye, lateral, ete). 3. Radius of elbows (ie., ID, 1.5D, 25D. ar other) 4. Number of pisces or segments for elhaws5. Design pressure and specifications for pipe to vhich the steel fitting will connect (i.e., ANSVAWWA C200, AWWA M11), 6, Type of end connection required (Le, plain, beveled end for field butt ‘welding, bell or spigot for field lap welding, bell or spigot O-ring, and flanged or mechanical coupling), 7. Submittal of shop deteil and assembly drawings, 8 Special handling, inspection, or testing requirements. 9. Lining and coating required ULB. Modification to Standard. Any modification to the provisions, defini tions, or terminology in this standard must be provided in the purchaser's specifications. IV, Major Revisions. Major revisions made to this standard in this edition include the following 1. See. 4.1.2, definitions fora and @ have been modified. 2. Sec, 4.1.9, a minor text change has been made. 8. Sec. 4.1.1.1, a change has been made to elbows used in plant applications. 4. See. 4.1.1.8, a change has been made to T in table for R=1.50, and changed “euts” to “welds” in note, V. Comments, If you have any comments or questions about this standard, please call the AWWA Volunteer and Technical Support Group, (803) 794-7711 ‘ext. 6283, PAX (803) 795-7603, or write to the group at G6¢6 W. Quincy Ave., Deaver, Colorado 80235.‘This page intentionally blank.American Water Works Association \ ANSVAWWA C208-01 (Revision of ANSUAWWA C208-96) AWWA STANDARD FOR DIMENSIONS FOR FABRICATED STEEL WATER PIPE FITTINGS SECTION 1: GENERAL Sec. 1.1 Scope ‘This standard provides overall dimensions for fabricating steel water pipe fittings for sizes 6 in, through 144 in. (150 mm through 3,600 mm)’ for steel water transmission and distribution facilities Many configurations of fittings are possible and alternatives to this standard may be agreed upon between the purchaser and manufacturer The fitting dimensions shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 and in Table are the minimum dimensions for fittings with plain ends. In practice, fittings are seldom provided as individual pieces as shown but are shop fabricated into full or special lengths of pipe or fabrivated into assemblies, combining a number of fittings. 1.1.1 Conditions not covered in this standard. This standard is intended to serve as a dimensional guide only. It is not intended to be @ standard for wall thickness, pressure ratings, and structural or hydraulic design. Reinforcement of fittings, which may include increased wall thiekness, collars, wrapper plates, or crotch plates, is not covered in this standard. The design of fittings should be made “Metric conversions given in this standard aro direct corversions of US customary units and are not those specified in International Crganization for Standardization (ISO) standards2 AWwa centio} in accordance with the applicable section in AWWA Manual M11, Steel Pipe—A Guide for Design and Installation. Sec, 1,2 Purpose ‘The purpose of this standard is to provide tho minimum requirements for the dimensions of fabricated steol water pipe fittings See. 1.3 Application ‘This standard or sections of this standard can be referenced in specifications for dimensions for fabricated steel water pipe fittings. The stipulations of this standard apply when this document has been referenced and then only to dimensions for fabricated steel water pipe fittings. SECTION 2: REFERENCES ‘This standard references the following documents. In their latest editions, these Accuments form a part of this standard to the extent specified within this standard. In any case of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail. ANSI” B16.9—Factory-Made Wrought Steet Buttwal ANSUAWWA C200—Standard for Steel Water Pipe—6 In, (150 mm) and Larger. AWWA Manual M11—Stecl Water Pipe—A Guide for Design and Installation (2989). ng Fittings, SECTION 3: _ DEFINITIONS ‘The following definitions shall apply in this standard: 1. Nominal diameter: The commercial designation or dimension hy which pipe is designated for simplicity. “American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., Fourta Ploor, New Yerk, NY 100036DIMENSIONS FOR FABRICATED STEEL WATER PIPE FITTINGS 3. SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS See. 4.1 Fittings 4.1.1 General, All dimensions for fittings in Table 1 of this standard are based on the nominal diameter being the actual outside diameter (OD) of the pipe. Actual outside diameters may be larger than the nominal pipe diameter If the outside diameter of the pipe is larger than the nominal diameter, the dimensions can be calculated from the appropriate formulas. ‘Tangent dimensions provided in Table1 or calculated by the formulas are minimum dimensions for fittings with plain ends er beveled ends for field welding. Additional Jongh may be necescary for other types of joint connections, such as mechanicel couplings, bells, spigots, flanges, etc., er to maintain adequate distance from the reinforcement saddle to the pipe end. 412 Symbols Symbols used in formulas and dimonsions in this standard are as follows: @ = Additional length as required to meet field conditions. " A = Length of tee or cross from centerline to end (Figures 1A, 1B, and 10), B_ = Length of reducing tee from conterline to ond (Figure 10), C = Centerline length from point of intersection of wye to the segmental weld at wye branch (Figure 1B) D = Outside diameter of steo! cylinder. Dy Outside diameter of steel cylinder of a braach outlet of a reducing tee or lateral of unequal diameter. D, and Da = Outside diameter of steel cone at ends cf reducer as shown in Figure 1F, D, = Outside diameter of reinforcing cellar. # = One half of elbow segment length on centerline equals centerline length from miter weld to tangent line (Figure 2) ¥ = Centerline length from the point of intersection of wye to the ond of the pipe (Figure 18 and Table D. f= Formula factor (Table D. f; = Formula factor (Tabie 1) corresponding to D of a tee or lateral fo = Formula factor (Table 1) corresponding to D, ef a tee or lateral G = Centerline length from the point of intersection of wye to eratch intersection along the branch leg of wye (Figure 1 and Table 1)4 awwa, c20801 Hy, i, Centerline length of leg in lateral from point of intersection of lateral to end of Jeg (Figure 1D), Centerline length of run in lateral from point of intersection of lateral to end of run (Figure 1D). Overall length of run in a lateral (igure 1D). Overall length of branch leg of wye from the point of intersection to end (Figure 1B and Table 1). Centerline distance from the point of intersection of the elbow to the miter weld on the inside of the elbow segment as shown in Figure 2 Centerline distance from the point of intersection of the elbow lo the end of the pipe (Figure 2), Loagth of a reducer of diameters Dy and Dy, Length of tangential type outlet, centerline to end of pipe (Figure 3) Length of outlet from centerline of ran to intersection of reinforcing collar and top of outlet (Figure 3). Point of intersection. Radius to contorline of elbow (Figure 2) Length of inside segment of fabricated elbow (Figure 2), Thickness of pipe or fitting wall, ‘Thickness of outlet or nozzle (Figure 8). Elbow length from point of intorsostion to tangent line (Figure 2), ‘Thickness of reinforcement eollar (Figure 3). Distance from the end of the pipe to eratch ixterscetion en wye as shown in Figure 18. Distance from end of pips to miter weld on the inside of the elbow segment as shown in Figures 20, 2D, and 2B. Length of a tangent-type outlet, from the interscetion at the tep of the outlet and reinforcing collar to the end of the outlet. Angle developed between vertical centerline of pipe ran and intersection of outside diameter of reinforcing collar and top cf outlet (Figure 3) Angle of the fitting being designod, as defined in Figures 1, 2, and 4, ‘Total elbow deflection angle as shown in Figures2, 4, and 6. 4.13 Tees and crosses Minimum dimensions for tees and crosses are stated in ‘Table 1 (Refer to Figures 1A and 1B.) Dimension A ean be calculated using the following formula:DIMENSIONS FOR FABRICATED STEEL WATER PIPE FITTINGS 5 A=05D4f 414 Reducing tees and reducing crosses. Minimum dimensions for reducing tees and reducing crosses are stated in Table 1. (Refer to Figure 1C.) Dimensions A and B can be calculated using the following formulas: D+, OSD, +f, 4.1.5 Laterals, Case I (equal diameters). Minimum dimensions for laterals of ‘equal diameters and suitable for angle 0 of 20° to 70" are stated in Table 1, (Refer to Figure 1D, Case 1 {equal dinmeters}.) For an angle @ greater than 70°, use the dimension stated for tees. (Refer to Figure 1A.) For an angle ® less than 30°, use 30° lateral wye plus an elbow. (Refer ta Figure 4.) Dimensions G, G,, and H; ean be calculated ‘or other outside diameters and a specific angle between run and outlet using the following formulas: = (sexta) re (sma wr) "2% thas “Round up to whole number. 41.6 Laterals, Case 1 (unequal diameters). Minimum dimensions for later- als of unequal diameters and suitable for angle @ of 30° to 10° are stated in Table 1 (Refer to Figure 1D, Case TI {unequal diameters].) For angles greater than 70°, use the dimension given for tees. (Refer to Figure 1C.) For angle 0 less than 90°, use 30° lateral wye plus an elbow. (Refer to Figure 4.) When the outlet diameter (D,) is Jess than the run diameter (refer to Figure 1D, Case TI, unequal diameters), minimum dimensions G,, Gp, and Hy, can be calculated using the following formulas6 AWWA C208.01 4.1.7 Wyes Minimum dimenstons for 90° wyes are stated in Table 1. (Refer to Figure 1E.) Other angles from 90° to 30° may be used. Minimum dimensions F, G, Zy, and H, can be calculated using the following formulas: ‘Where @ = angle of the fitting as defined in Figure 16, aah t= Tao 418 Concentric and eccentric reducers, The length of reducers L, is calou- lated by the following formula (Refer to Figure 1P) 4(D, -D) Nore; If length is less than the prior formula, consult AWWA Manual M11 for design stress considera 4.1.9 Tangential oullets, In special circumstances where a standard nozzle and 90° elbow cannot be used, 2 tangent nowle may be used. Recommended dimensions are shown in Figure 3. Dimension Z, should he kept as short as possibleDIMENSIONS FOR FABRICATED STEEL WATER PIPE FITTINGS 7 to avoid damage during chipping and handling but long enough to allow for flange clearance. If necessary to enable the valve operator to dear the outside diameter of tie run pipe, a flanged spool should be used to extend the connection as required, Minimum dimension E, can be calculated using the following formulas: 050-0, a= ares SSD ere, M = (05D+0+T,) sine ae) ana M+Z, 4.1.10 Miter end cuts 4,1.10.1 Welded lap joints. Deflection angles up to 6° can be taken in welded Jap joints using miter-cut bell ends, provided that bel! and spigot tolerances are maintained. In this procedure, the pipe end is miter cut, and then the bell is expanded square with the face of the miter cut (see Figure 2B). Spigot ends may also bbe miter cut, provided that bell to spigot tolerances are maintained. A combination of standard miter cuts and pulled joints may also be usec. 4.1102 Welded butt joints. Deflection angles up to 6° ean be taken in welded - butt joints using miter end cuts of one or both pipe ends, provided that the difference {in circumference of the true cirde and the ellipse formed by the miter end eut does not result in a joint fit-up that would exceed the allowable plate edge offset (see Figure 2A). 4.1.11 Blbows, 44.111 In specifying dimensions of elbows, the dosigner should consider the hydraulic: characteristics, space requirements, manufacturing restraints, stress considerations, and the cost-bene! ratio over the expected life of the pipeline. The optimum radius for a fabricated elbow based on those considerations is 25 pipe diameters, This radius is recommended os a standard for water transmission lines here space requirements permit. For elbows in plant piping, where space is limited, ‘a radius of less than 2.5D may be used, provided stress intensification factors are8 aww 801 ‘used. If the radius is less than 2.50, the thickness of the shell must be calculated using the equation in Sec. 9.2 of AWWA Manual M11 4.1.1.2 Wrought steel. In small diameters (4-in. to 24-in,), steel butt-welding fittings in accordance with ANSI B16.9 conforming to ASTM A234 are available in schedules and grades suitable for the waterworks service and are aften an economical alternative to fabricated elbows. 4111.8 Fabricated elbows, ‘The following guidelines for dimensioning fabri- cated steel pipe elbows are recommended: Referring to Figure 2, 1, Recommended radius F = 2.90; minimum radius 2 Minimum Zp = Formula Factor / from Table 1 Nore: This represents good practice that will assist in maintaining the roundness of pipe ends, 8. Minimum § = 1,5 in. or 6¢, whichever is greater. Nore: This represents good practice to control welding stresses and dimensional tolerances, 4, Recommended maximum deflection angle, 22.6° per miter weld. ‘The maximum deflection angle, A = 30° per miter weld 5, Por two-piece elbows: Or TaN COA one — me ‘Sin B+ Tan A Cos tee Sn n sonata 2 Tang Figure 5 Computation method anc! formulas for compound elbows (continued)20 awwa cuusar Profiles Pian ey lon Developed mtn ¢ int cae ayaich ein A otbent PEP pane of bend — CosD=Cos ACosB Cos C—Sin ASB Ten © i ‘Sin A+TanB Cos A a Saas tn CEA cose cane Ten Sea AE te= -SETERRCRE ‘Cos C Cost TH aw -fSSaage ] 2 int ak | Figure 5 Computatioin method and forrnulas for compound elbows (continued)DIMENSIONS POR FARRICATED STEEL WATER PIPE FITTINGS 21 A = Angle at intreection a 1 =2 (numberof detections) weak 4 cos8 0) = inside diameter of large pipe ane 0, = inside diamater of small pips eee ore) ae mitts eevee with ‘Whore X=numter otavisins fom PC. to poi’ under consideration, Reprinted win aermission tom Buried Sto2! Paneiocks, American tron and Steel Inslut, Washingtcn, DG., in cooperation with Steel Plate Fabricators Aerosiain, Des Plaines I Figure 6 Reducing elbow formulas1P-7.5M-43208-12/01-CM ® Printed on reeyciee naper.