OBJECTIVE:

1. To determine the validity of Hookes law for two helical springs

with different spring
Constants.
THEORY:
An important property of solids is their "stretchiness" or "squeeziness,"
which is called their elasticity. In the case of many solids, the amount of
stretch or squeeze is proportional to the force causing the stretch or
squeeze. This relationship can be expressed as:
F Directly Proportional x
Which is read as "force is proportional to stretch (or squeeze)". To change
this expression into an equation, a constant of proportionality must be
included. The expression ends up taking the form:
F s = -k x
Where k is the constant of proportionality (in this case, the spring
constant). The value for k depends on the material being stretched or
squeezed. This equation expresses what has come to be known as Hooke's
Law. ***Your problem in this experiment is to see if the spring on the
apparatus obeys Hooke's Law, and find the value of k for your
spring.***The spring potential energy,
PE
Spring Or
Us, can be written as
Us= kx2

Modulus Of Elasticity:

When a unit stress is applied on a body to produce a unit

strain, the alongation produced on a body per that unit charge is called
modulus of elasticity. The elastic modulus of an object is also defined as the
slope of its stressstrain curve in the elastic deformation region:
A stiffer material will have a higher elastic modulus. An elastic modulus has
the form.

Where stress is the force causing the deformation divided by the area to
which the force is applied and strain is the ratio of the change in some
length parameter caused by the deformation to the original value of the
length parameter.

Derivation Of Modulus Of Elasticity:

Young's modulus is not always the same in all orientations of a
material. It depends opan the mechanical properties of materials,
Deferent materials have deferent properties.
Young's modulus E, can be calculated by dividing the tensile stress in
the elastic (initial, linear) portion of the physical stressstrain curve:

where
E is the Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity)
F is the force exerted on an object under tension;
A0 is the actual cross-sectional area through which the force is applied;
L is the amount by which the length of the object changes;
L0 is the original length of the object.

Units:
Young's modulus is the ratio of stress ,which has units of pressure to
strain ,which is dimensionless and so Young's modulus has units of
pressure. Its SI unit is therefore the pascal (Pa or N/m2 or m. kg.

PROCEDURE :
1. The experimental set-up to measure the spring
constants.
2. To start with, submit the helical spring to no stress.

3. The equilibrium position of the spring, xo (set the

sliding pointer tothe lower end of the spring) is
determined. The length of the spring, l o is recorded.
4. A mass on the helical spring is inserted using the
weight holder and the slottedweight. The elongation of
the spring, l is recorded.
5. The mass is increased on the helical spring in steps of
10 g, until reach themaximum mass of 200 g.
6. A ll the values of elongation, l and load, F is
tabulated.
7. A graph of F against l is plotted.
8. From the graph, the spring constant, k and
its uncertainty is determined.
9. The above steps is repeated for the other helical spring

Graph:
Conclusion: