13-Chapter 3.3.1 Load Flow Analysis Case 1

3.
2 Load Flow Analysis for Case 1 (Steady-state without

Capacitor)
This study case analyzes the system under normal loading
condition. All three power transformers TRM1, TRL3A and TRL3B are
on-line, all loads of PE 2 plant are running at maximum capacity of
24 Tons/hr. and no power factor correction capacitor on-line.
3.2.1 Admittance and Power Data
Bus 1 which is the generator bus will be the swing bus
where the voltage is constant at 1/00 p.u and the active and
reactive power will be calculated from this bus. Bus 2, Bus 3 and
Bus 4 are the load bus where voltage will be calculated.
Table 3.1 Summary of Bus Properties for Study Case 1
Bus
Bus 1
Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4
Type
Generator Bus
(swing)
Load Bus
Load Bus
Load Bus
Known
V1 /10=1/00 p.u
Unknown
P and Q
P and Q
P and Q
P and Q
V2 /20
V3 /30
V4 /40
Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1
Page 112
Bus 1 V1
y12 =[(yTL1)-1+ (yTRM1)-1]-1
y12 =0.959989-j32.341297
Bus 2
y23 =[(yTL2)-1+(yTRL3A)-1]-1
y23 =0.693282-j4.206570
S2=P2+jQ2
S2=0.5582+ j0.332
Bus 3
V2
y24 =[(yTL3)-1+(yTRL3B)-1]-1
y24 =0.695415-j4.203698
Bus 4 V
4
V3
S3=P3+jQ3
S3=0.08946+j0.054898
S4=P4+jQ4
S4=0.07898+j0.048099
Figure 3.7 Admittance network for Case 1

From Chapter 2, values of admittances and power schedule
are summarized in Table 3.2 and Table 3.3 respectively.
Table 3.2 Summary of Admittances
Admittances Values (mho p.u)
y12
0.959989-j32.341297
y23
0.693282-j4.206570
y24
0.695415-j4.203698
Table 3.3 Scheduled Power

Bus No
S2
S3
S4
Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4
P (MW)
Q
(MVAR)
5.58210
0.8946
0.7898
3.31997
0.54898
0.48099
P (p.u) @
10MVA
base
0.558210
0.08946
0.07898
Q (p.u) @
10MVA
base
0.331997
0.054898
0.048099
Page 113
3.2.2 Bus Voltage Calculation

Bus voltages are calculated based on Gauss-Seidel Method
which is a numerical method for calculating non-linear equations.
These non-linear voltage equations are derived as follows:
Derivation of voltage equations
Bus no. 2
6.9kV Bus V2
At Bus 2 by KCL,
Current flowing into Bus 2 from Bus 1 and considering transformer

tap aTRM1 of TRM1 using Equation 3.1:
V
V2
1
I12" y12
2
aTRM1 a
TRM1
Currents flowing out from Bus 2 to Bus 3 and considering

transformer tap aTRL3A of TRL3A using Equation 3.1:
V3
I23 y23 V2
a
TRL3A
Currents flowing out from Bus 2 to Bus 4 and considering

transformer tap aTRL3B of TRL3B using Equation 3.1:
V4
I24 y24 V2
aTRL3B
And current due to power out of Bus 2:
S*
2
V2*
Page 114
By KCL, vector sum of currents into Bus 2 equals vector sum of

currents out of Bus 2.
V
V3
V2
V4 S*
1
y24 V2
2
y12
y23 V2
2
*
aTRM1 a
a
a
TRL3A
TRL3B V2
TRM1
Arranging the current equation yields a non-linear equation for

voltage V2.
S*
2
V2
V2*
V3
y12 V
V4
y23
y24
aTRM1
aTRL3A
aTRL3B
y12
y23 y24
aTRM12
If we let V2(k) be the initial estimate of voltage V2 then the iterative

equation V2(k+1) will be
V3(k)
V4(k)
y V
12 1 y23
y24
aTRL3A
aTRL3B
V*(k) aTRM1
V2(k 1) aTRM1 2
y12
y23 y24
aTRM12
S*
2
Equation (3.3)
Bus 3 MCC8 480V bus V3
At Bus 3 by KCL,
Current flowing into Bus 3 using Equation 3.1:
V3
2
I23" y23
2
aTRL3A a
TRL3A
S*
3
V3*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in equals vector sum of current out
of Bus 3.
Page 115
V
S*
V3
2
3
y23
2
aTRL3A a
V3*
TRL3A

voltage V3.
S*
y V
3
23 2
V*
aTRL3A
V3 3
y23
aTRL3A 2

S*
y V (k)
3
23 2
V *(k)
aTRL3A
(k 1)
V3
3
y 23
aTRL3A 2
Equation (3.4)
Bus 4 MCC9 480V V4
At bus 3 by KCL,
Current flowing into the Bus 4 using Equation 3.1:
V4
2
I24" y24
2
aTRL3B a
TRL3B
S*
4
V4*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in equals vector sum of currents out

of Bus 4.
Page 116
V
V4 S*4
2
y 24
aTRL3B a
2
V4*
TRL3B

voltage V4.
S*
4 y 24 V2
V*
aTRL3B
V4 4
y24
aTRL3B2

(k)
S*
4 y24 V2
V *(k)
aTRL3B
(k 1)
4
V4
y24
aTRL3B2
Equation (3.5)
Gauss-Siedel Iteration for bus voltage

Bus voltage estimates at
V2(0)= V3(0)= V4(0)= 1/00 V p.u
and V1(k)= 1/00 V p.u (for all values of k)
For TRM1, TRL3A and TRL3B,
tap=+ 2.5% (0.95, 0.975, 1.0, 1.025, 1.05)
Transformer taps (Primary) are selected at principal tap
aTRM1=1; aTRL3A=1; aTRL3B=1
Complex power values from Table 3.2.
S2=0.558210 + j 0.331997 p.u
S3=0.08946 + j 0.054898p.u
S4=0.07898+ j 0.048099 p.u
Page 117
Taking the conjugates of the complex power

S2*=0.558210 - j 0.331997p.u
S3*=0.08946 j 0.054898p.u
S4*=0.07898 j 0.048099 p.u
Admittance values from Table 3.2
y12=0.959989-j32.341297 p.u
y23=0.693282-j4.206570 p.u
y24=0.695415-j4.203698 p.u
(y12 + y23 + y24) = 2.348687-j40.751566 p.u
k=0, 1st iteration
For V2(1) using Equation 3.3
V3(0)
V4(0)
y12 V1
y 23
y 24
aTRL3A
aTRL3B
V2*(0) aTRM1
S*
2
V2(1)
y12
aTRM12
y 23 y 24
0.558210 + j 0.331997*
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
1
V2(1) 1
2.348687 - j40.751566
2.348687 - j40.751566
V2(1)
0.558210 - j 0.3319971 0.695415 - j4.2036981
2.348687 - j40.751566
= 0.991093-j0.013184p.u
Page 118
y23 V2(0)
aTRL3A
V3*(0)
S*
3
V3(1)
y23
aTRL3A 2
(0.0894638 j0.0548985)*
(1)
V3 1
1
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611p.u
y24 V2(0)
aTRL3B
V4*(0)
S*4
V4(1)
y24
aTRL3B2
(0.0789849 j0.0480991)*
(1)
V4 1
1
0.695415 - j4.203698 1
V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u
k=1, 2nd iteration

(1)
S*
2
V2(2)
(1)
V3
V4
y V
12 1 y 23
y 24
aTRL3A
aTRL3B
V2*(1) aTRM1
y12
aTRM12
y 23 y 24
Page 119
0.558210 + j 0.331997*
V2(2) 1
V2(2)
0.990201 - j0.014405*
2.348687 - j40.751566
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348687 - j40.751566
0.693282 - j4.2065700.983882 - j0.018611

2.348687 - j40.751566
0.695415 - j4.2036980.985837 - j0.016446
2.348687 - j40.751566
= 0.988081-j0.017155 p.u
y V (1)
23 2
aTRL3A
V3*(1)
S*
3
V3(2)
y23
aTRL3A 2
V3(2)
(0.0894638 j0.0548985)*
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)0.983882 - j0.018611*
0.991093 - j0.013184
V3(2) = 0.974359-j0.031784p.u
y24 V2(1)
aTRL3B
V4*(1)
S*4
V4(2)
y24
aTRL3B2
(0.0789849 j0.0480991)*
V4(2) 1
0.695415 - j4.2036980.985837 - j0.016446*
0.991093 - j0.013184
V4(2) = 0.976452-j0.029623p.u
Page 120
Calculating the errors

Calculating the real term errors (ereal) and imaginary term
errors (eimaginary) of voltages between the first iteration and the
second iteration
V2(1) = 0.991093-j0.013184 p.u
V2(2) = 0.988081-j0.017155 p.u
ereal =|0.991093 -0.988081| =0.003011922 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.013184 0.017155| =0.003971283 (>1x10-6)
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611 p.u

V3(2) = 0.974359-j0.031784 p.u
ereal =|0.983882-0.974359| =0.00952263 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.018611 j0.031784 | = 0.013172916(>1x10-6)
V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u

V4(2) = 0.976452-j0.029623p.u
ereal =|0.985837-0.976452| =0.009384458 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.016446 j0.029623| = 0.013176597(>1x10-6)
Since all errors are still greater than 1x10-6 then further
iterations are required until all errors are less than 1x10-6 in which
case the solution is said to converge to the correct value.
Page 121
K=2, 3rd iteration

For V2(3) using equation 3.3
(2)
S*
2
V2(3)
(2)
V3
V4
y V
12 1 y 23
y 24
aTRL3A
aTRL3B
V2*(2) aTRM1
y12
aTRM12
y 23 y 24
0.558210 + j 0.331997*
V2(3)
V2(3)
0.987138 - j0.018375*
2.348687 - j40.751566
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348687 - j40.751566
0.693282 - j4.2065700.973467 - j0.033004

2.348687 - j40.751566
0.695415 - j4.2036980.97556 - j0.030843
2.348687 - j40.751566
= 0.986328-j0.020102p.u
S*
3
V3(3)
V3*(2)
y23 V2(2)
aTRL3A
y23
aTRL3A 2
V3(3)
(0.0894638 j0.0548985)*
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)0.973467 - j0.033004*
0.988081 - j0.017155
V3(3) = 0.970934-j0.035697p.u
Page 122
y V (2)
24 2
aTRL3B
V4*(2)
S*4
V4(3)
y24
aTRL3B2
(0.0789849 j0.0480991)*
V4(3) 1
0.695415 - j4.2036980.97556 - j0.030843*
0.988081 - j0.017155
V4(3) = 0.973079-j0.033543p.u
Calculating the errors
Calculating the real term errors (ereal) and imaginary term
errors (eimaginary) of voltages between the 2nd iteration and the third
iteration:
V2(2) = 0.988081-j0.017155 p.u
V2(3) = 0.986328-j0.020102 p.u
ereal =|0.988081-0.986328| =0.001752721 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.017155 -0.020102| =0.002946738 (>1x10-6)
V3(2) = 0.974359-j0.031784 p.u

V3(3) = 0.970934-j0.035697 p.u
ereal =|0.974359-0.970934| =0.003425034 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.031784 0.035697 | =0.003913351 (>1x10-6)
V4(2) = 0.976452-j0.029623 p.u

V4(3) = 0.973079-j0.033543 p.u
ereal =|0.976452-0.973079| =0.003372922 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.029623 -0.033543 | =0.003920754 (>1x10-6)
Page 123
Again, since all errors are still greater than 1x10-6,

continuous iterations are required until the errors become less than
1x10-6 to converge to the correct value.
Repeating the same calculation procedure using the load
flow sheet developed by the Author up to 15 iterations yield an
error to e<1x10-6, equivalent to five (5) decimal places of accuracy.
The result of the whole calculation is summarized in Table 3.4 while
the voltage error values are summarized in Table 3.5. It shows the
error on the 15th iteration to be at least 3x10-7 which is less than
the set reference value to converge.
Table 3.4 Bus Voltage Calculation Results after k=15
k
V2 (Bus 2)
V3 (Bus 3)
V4 (Bus 4)
0.991093-j0.013184
0.983882-j0.018611
0.985837-j0.016446
0.988081-j0.017155
0.974359-j0.031784
0.976452-j0.029623
0.986328-j0.020102
0.970934-j0.035697
0.973079-j0.033543
0.985653-j0.020985
0.969046-j0.038635
0.971209-j0.036482
0.98531-j0.021637
0.968282-j0.039498
0.970456-j0.037348
0.985159-j0.021832
0.967909-j0.040148
0.970086-j0.037999
0.985093-j0.021975
0.96774-j0.040338
0.969919-j0.038188
0.985059-j0.022018
0.967666-j0.04048
0.969847-j0.038331
0.985047-j0.022049
0.967629-j0.040522
0.96981-j0.038373
10
0.985039-j0.022058
0.967614-j0.040553
0.969796-j0.038404
11
0.985037-j0.022065
0.967606-j0.040562
0.969788-j0.038413
12
13
0.985035-j0.022067
0.985035-j0.022069
0.967604-j0.040569
0.967602-j0.04057
0.969785-j0.03842
0.969783-j0.038422
14
0.985034-j0.022069
0.967601-j0.040572
0.969783-j0.038423
15
0.985034-j0.022069
0.967601-j0.040572
0.969782-j0.038424
Page 124
Table 3.5 Voltage Calculation Error Values

Accuracy
k
V2
V3
ereal
eimaginary
0.008907
0.0131846
0.003012
ereal
V4
eimaginary
ereal
eimaginary
0.016118
0.0186112
0.0141628
0.01644644
0.0039713
0.0095226
0.0131729
0.0093845
0.0131766
0.001753
0.0029467
0.003425
0.0039134
0.0033729
0.00392075
0.000675
0.0008832
0.0018876
0.0029381
0.0018705
0.00293904
0.000343
0.000652
0.000764
0.0008634
0.000753
0.00086607
0.00015
0.0001945
0.0003735
0.0006499
0.0003697
0.00065017
6.68E-05
0.0001433
0.0001692
0.0001892
0.0001669
0.00018988
3.32E-05
4.255E-05
7.347E-05
0.0001428
7.263E-05
0.00014288
1.29E-05
3.13E-05
3.725E-05
4.122E-05
3.675E-05
4.1391E-05
10
7.31E-06
9.259E-06
1.435E-05
3.121E-05
1.417E-05
3.1221E-05
11
2.46E-06
6.803E-06
8.149E-06
8.935E-06
8.046E-06
8.9773E-06
12
1.6E-06
2.005E-06
2.781E-06
6.785E-06
2.741E-06
6.7865E-06
13
4.65E-07
1.471E-06
1.774E-06
1.928E-06
1.752E-06
1.9381E-06
14
3.47E-07
4.322E-07
5.34E-07
1.468E-06
5.255E-07
1.4682E-06
15
8.66E-08
3.169E-07
3.842E-07
4.144E-07
3.796E-07
4.1664E-07
Calculation results:
V2(15) = 0.985034-j0.022069 p.u
V3(15) =0.967601-j0.040572 p.u
V4(15) =0.969782-j0.038424 p.u
Converting V2(15) to polar form:
V2 =
(0.985034)2+(-0.022069)2 /Arctan(-0.022069/0.985034)0
V2 = 0.985281/-1.2830 p.u
Actual value of bus voltage is
V2 =(0.985281/-1.2830 )(Vbase)= (0.985281/-1.2830 )(6.9kV)
V2 = 6.798/-1.2830 kV
Page 125

V3 =
(0.967601)2+(-0.040572)2 /Arctan(-0.040572 /0.967601)0
V3 = 0.968451/-2.4010
p.u

V3 =(0.968451/-2.4010)(Vbase)=( 0.968451/-2.4010)(480V)
V3= 464.856/-2.4010 V

V4 = (0.969782)2+(-0.038424)2 /Arctan(-0.038424/0.969782)0
V4 = 0.970543/-2.2690 p.u
V4 =(0.970543/-2.2690)(Vbase)=( 0.970543/-2.2690)(480V)
V4= 465.8609/-2.2690 V
Page 126
3.2.3 Current, Power Flow and Power Factor Calculation

V1=1/00 V p.u
Bus 1
yTL1
S12-1
I12
yTRM1
V2=0.985281/-1.2830 V p.u
Bus 2
yTL2
S2=0.5582 + j0.331
yTRL3A
S12-2
y24
S23-2
I24
I23
y24
S23-3
Bus 3
V3=0.968451/-2.4010
p.u
S3=P3+jQ3
S3=0.118437+j0.072
S24-2
S24-4
Bus 4
V4=0.970543/-2.2680 p.u
S4=P4+jQ4
S4=0.103948+j0.06
Figure 3.8 Admittance Network with Power and Current

Flows
Current Flows
Using Equation 3.1 and admittance values from Table 3.2 to
calculate the current flows:
Current flow from bus 1 to bus 2 (I 12) as referred from the primary
side (13.8kV) of TRM1:
I12=y12(V1-V2)
I12=(0.959989-j32.341297) (1-0.9850347+j0.022069)
I12= 0.728131-j0.462808 p.u
Converting to polar form:
I12 =
(0.728131)2+ (-0.462808)2/Arctan(-0.462808/0.728131)
I12= 0.862767/-32.441480 p.u
Page 127
Actual value of I12 is

I12= (I12 p.u)( Ibase 13.8kV)
I12= (0.862767/-32.4410)(418.36976)
I12= 360.955671/-32.4410 A
As referred to secondary:
I12= 360.955671 x (13.8/6.9)
I12=721.91 A
Current flow from bus 2 to bus 3 (I23)
I23=y23(V2-V3)
I23=(0.693282-j4.206570)(0.9850347-j0.022069-0.9676013
+j0.04057)
I23= 0.0899208 - j0.060507 p.u
I23 =
(0.0899208)2+ (-0.0607507)2 /Arctan(-0.0607507/0.0899)
I23= 0.108382/-33.9370 p.u

I23= (I23 p.u)( Ibase 480V)
I23= (0.108382/-33.9370)(12028.13061)
I23= 1303.643/-33.9370 A
Current flow from bus 2 to bus 4 (I24)
I24=y24(V2-V4)
I24=(0.695415-j4.203698) (0.985034-j0.022069 0.969782+j0.038424)
I24= 0.079354-j0.0527418 p.u
Page 128

I24 =
(0.079354)2 + (-0.0527418)2/Arctan(-0.0527418/0.079354)
I24= 0.095283/-33.6100 p.u

I24= (I24 p.u)( Ibase 480V)
I24= (0.095283/-33.6100)( 12028.13061)
I24= 1146.079/-33.6100 A
Power Flow and Power Factor

Using Equation 3.2 and the calculated bus voltages as well
as the calculated currents and power flows, power factor will be
calculated as follow:
For power out from Bus 1 to TRM1:
S1TRM1= V1I12*
S1TRM1= (1)(0.728131-j0.462808)*
S1TRM1= (0.728131+j0.4462808) p.u
S1TRM1 =
(0.728131)2+(0.4462808)2/Arctan(0.4462808/0.728131)
S1TRM1= 0.862767/32.4410 p.u
Actual value of S12 is

S1TRM1= (S12p.u)( Sbase )
S1TRM1= (0.862767/32.4410)(10MVA)
S1TRM1= 8.627/32.4410 MVA
Calculating the Power Factor
PF1TRM1=cos(32.4410)
PF1TRM1= 0.84395 lagging at bus 1
Page 129
Power Flow from TRM1 to Bus 2:

STRM12= V2I12*
STRM12= (0.985034-j0.022069)(0.728131-j0.462808)*
STRM12= 0.727448+j0.439813 p.u
STRM12 =
(0.727448)2+ (0.439813)2/Arctan(0.439813/0.727448)
STRM12= 0.850068/31.1570 p.u
Actual value of S12 is

STRM12= (S12p.u)( Sbase )
STRM12= (0.850068/31.1570)(10MVA)
STRM12= 8.50068/31.1570 MVA
PFTRM12=cos(31.157)
PFTRM12= 0.85575 lagging at Bus 2
For power out from Bus 2 to TRL3A:
S2TRL3A= V2I23*
S2TRL3A = (0.985034-j0.022069)(0.089920 - j0.060507)*
S2TRL3A = 0.089910+j0.057561 p.u
S2TRL3A =
(0.089910)2+ (0.057561)2/Arctan(0.057561/0.089910)
S2TRL3A = 0.106787/32.6530 p.u
Actual value of S2TRL3A is

S2TRL3A = (S2TRL3Ap.u)( Sbase )
S2TRL3A = (0.106787/32.6530 )(10MVA)
S2TRL3A = 1.06787/32.6530 MVA
Page 130

PF2TRL3A=cos(32.6530)
PF2TRL3A= 0.84196 lagging
For power out from TRL3A to Bus 3:
STRL3A3= V3I23*
STRL3A3= (0.967601-j0.0405728)( 0.0899208 - j0.060507)*
STRL3A3= 0.089462+j0.0548983 p.u
STRL3A3 = (0.089462)2+(0.0548983)2/Arctan(0.089462/0.0548983)
STRL3A3= 0.104963/31.5360 p.u
Actual value of STRL3A3 is

STRL3A3= (STRL3A3p.u)( Sbase )
STRL3A3= (0.104963/31.5360)(10MVA)
STRL3A3= 1.04963/31.5360 MVA
PFTRL3A3=cos(31.5360)
PFTRL3A3=0.85232 lagging
For power out from Bus 2 to TRL3B:
S2TRL3B= V2I24*
S2TRL3B = (0.985034-j0.022069)(0.079354-j0.052741)*
S2TRL3B = 0.079331+j0.0502011 p.u
S2TRL3B = (0.079331)2+(0.0502011)2/Arctan(0.0502011/0.079331)
S2TRL3B= 0.09388/32.3260 p.u
Page 131
Actual value of S2TRL3B is

S2TRL3B= (S2TRL3B p.u)( Sbase )
S2TRL3B= (0.09388/32.3260)(10MVA)
S2TRL3B= 0.9388/32.3260 MVA
Calculating the power factor
PF2TRL3B=cos(32.3260)
PF2TRL3B=0.84502 lagging
For power out from TRL3B to Bus 4:
STRL3B4= V4I24*
STRL3B4= (0.968546-j0.039988)(0.079362-j0.052937)*
STRL3B4= 0.078983+j0.048098 p.u
STRL3B4 =
(0.078983)2+ (0.048098)2/Arctan(0.048098/0.078983)
STRL3B4= 0.092476/31.3410 p.u

Actual value of STRL3B4 is
STRL3B4= (S24p.u)( Sbase )
STRL3B4= (0.092476/31.3410)(10MVA)
STRL3B4= 0.92476/31.3410 MVA
PFTRL3B4=cos(31.340)
PFTRL3B4= 0.85409 lagging
Page 132
3.2.4 Evaluation
3.2.4.1 Bus Voltage Evaluation
Table 3.6 Summary of Bus Voltage Calculation
V2
V3
V4
Actual
Per-unit
6.798/-1.28530 kV
464.856/-2.4010 V
465.860/-2.2690 V
0.985281/-1.28530 p.u
0.968451/-2.4010 p.u
0.970543/-2.2690 p.u
Permissible
Per-unit
Voltage
0.98
0.98
0.98
The above result shows that the bus voltage on Bus 2

(6.9kV bus) is more than the permissible limit. The secondary
voltage of both TRL3A and TRL3B are both less than the permissible
value and can still be improved by changing the transformer
primary tap from the nominal tap 3 to off-nominal tap 4 (2.5% tap
position). The per-unit tap a will be 1/0.975 or 1.02564. The
calculation results using the Microsoft Excel load flow sheet
developed by the Author is shown in Table 3.7. The result shows a
significant improvement of the bus voltages at Bus 2 (0.993 perunit) and Bus 3 (0.995 per-unit) under normal load condition.
Table 3.7 Summary of Bus Voltage Calculation after Changing
the Taps of TRL3A and TRL3B to -2.5% Off-nominal
Actual
Per-unit
0
V2
6.799/-1.283 kV
0.985281/-1.2830
V3
476.776/-2.4010 V
0.993283/-2.4010
V4
477.806/-2.2690 V
0.995429/-2.2690
3.2.4.2 Voltage Drop Evaluation
According to PEC Chapter 2.10.2.1 fine print note number
4, 2.15.1.2 and fine print note number 2 recommend that the
maximum combined voltage drop for both feeders and branch
circuit should not exceed 5%, and the maximum voltage drop on
Page 133
the branch circuit or feeder should not exceed 3%. As per JG

Summit Design Standards, under normal condition the maximum
permissible voltage drop on feeder shall be 2% and 3% on branch
circuit. On the other hand, during a transient event such as motor
starting, the maximum permissible voltage drop at the motor being
started is 15% while 10% for the other loads. This recommendation
is related to equipment performance and line loss issue.
Therefore,
the
voltage
drop
should
be
one
of
the
fundamental considerations in cable selection. This section will

calculate the voltage drop for:
1. Transformer Feeder Cables
2. Medium Voltage Motors
3. 480V Loads
Voltage Drop for Transformer Feeder Cables
The voltage drop of transformer feeder cable is calculated
using the equation below:
%VD
Mag[I] Mag[Z]
x100
Mag[V]
3
Equation (3.6)
Where Mag[I], Mag[Z] and Mag[V] are magnitude of

complex load current, cable impedance of the load and voltage of
the bus where the load is connected, respectively.
Page 134
Table 3.8 Summary of Transformer Cable Ratings

Eqpt
ID
Cable Rating
Cable Type
Size
(mm2)
Wire/
Length
(m)
R
( /km)
XL
(/km)
TL1
1CCV(8.7/15kV),
Cu/XLPE/CTS/
AWA/PVC
630
115
0.04
0.1138
TL2
3CCV(6/10(12)k
V)
185
54
0.128
0.0888
TL3
3CCV(6/10(12)k
V)
185
60
0.128
0.0888
Source: Resistance and Reactance values from Cable vendor-Fujikura Federal

Cables SDN. BHD.
Presented below are the calculations of the percent voltage

drop using the resistances and reactances from Table 3.8, as well as
the current and voltages derived from Section 3.2.3.
Voltage drop for TRM1 feeder cable TL1
For ZTL1:
Z TL1
Z TL1
[R per km jXper km ][length]

wire per phase
[0.04 j0.1138][115 / 1000]
5
Z TL1 0.00092 j0.0026174
Mag[ZTL1] =
(0.00092)2+ (0.0026174)2
= 0.002774
Page 135
%VDTL1:
%VD TL1
MagI12 MagZ TL1

x 100%
MagV1
3
360.9550.002774 x 100%
%VDTL1
13800
3
%VDTL1 0.013%
Voltage Drop for TRL3A feeder cable TL2

For ZTL2:
Z TL1
Z TL1

wire per phase
[0.128 j0.0888][54 / 1000]
1
ZTL1 0.006912 j0.0047952
Mag[ZTL2] =
(0.006912)2+ (0.0047952)2
= 0.008412
%VDTL2:
%VD TL2
MagI23 MagZ TL2

x 100%
MagV2
3
1303.6430.008412 x 100%
%VDTL2
6798.445
3
%VDTL2 0.2794%
Voltage Drop for TRL3B feeder cable TL3
For ZTL3:
Z TL1
Z TL1

wire per phase
[0.128 j0.0888][60 / 1000]
1
Page 136
ZTL1 0.00768 j0.005328
Mag[ZTL3] =
(0.00768)2+ (0.005328)2
= 0.009347
%VDTL3:
%VD TL3
MagI24 MagZ TL3

x 100%
MagV2
3
1146.079 0.009347 x 100%
%VDTL3
6798.445
%VDTL3 0.27292%
Table 3.9 Summary of Results for Transformer Feeder
Voltage Drop without Capacitor
Eqpt
ID
From
TL1
Bus 1
TRM1
Primary
Bus 2
Primary
of TRL3A
Bus 2
Primary
of TRL3B
TL2
TL3
To
%VD
0.013
Acceptance
Criteria
Conclusion
<3%
Acceptable
<3%
Acceptable
<3%
Acceptable
0.279
0.273
The above result for transformer feeder % voltage drop

shows acceptable values for all transformer feeders.
Page 137
Voltage Drop for Medium Voltage Motors during Normal Running

Condition
3.10 Summary of Motor Feeder Cable Ratings
Eqpt
ID
Cable Type
CBLKM5806
CBLYM7601
CBLKM8639
CBLKM8601
3CCV(6/10(12kV))
1CCV(6/10(12kV))
3CCV(6/10(12)kV)
3CCV(6/10(12)kV)
Size
(mm2)
Wire
/
Length
(m)
R
( /km)
X
(/km)
185
313
0.128
0.1066
240
458
0.0986
0.1027
185
218
0.128
0.1066
185
405
0.128
0.1066

Cables SDN. BHD.
Calculating the percent voltage drop using the resistances

and reactances from Table 3.10, as well as the current and voltages
derived from Section 3.2.3:
Voltage Drop for PE-KM5806 (running condition):
For ZCBL-KM5806:
ZCBL -KM5806
ZCBL-KM5806

wire per phase
[0.128 j0.1066][313 / 1000]
1
ZCBL KM5806 0.0401 j0.0334

Mag[ZCBL-KM5806] =
(0.0401)2+ (0.0334)2
= 0.052138
Page 138
%VDCBL-KM5906:
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
60.8460.052138 x 100%
%VDKM5806
6798.445
3
%VD
%VDKM5806 0.081%

For ZCBL-YM7601:
ZCBL - YM7601
ZCBL- YM7601

wire per phase
[0.0986 j0.1027][458 / 1000]
1
ZCBL KM5806 0.0452 j0.0047

Mag[ZCBL-YM7601] =
(0.0452)2+ (0.0047)2
= 0.06520
%VDKM7601:
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
485.8940.06520 x 100%
%VDKM7601
6798.445
3
%VD
%VDKM7601 0.807%
Page 139

For ZCBL-KM8639:
ZCBL -KM8639
ZCBL-KM8639

wire per phase
[0.0986 j0.1027][218 / 1000]
1
ZCBL KM8639 0.0279 j0.0232

Mag[ZCBL-KM8639] =
(0.0279)2+ (0.0232)2
= 0.03631
%VDKM8639:
%VD
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
33.0290.03631 x 100%
%VDKM8639
6798.445
3
%VDKM8639 0.031%

For ZCBL-KM8601:
ZCBL -KM8601
ZCBL-KM8601

wire per phase
[0.0986 j0.1027][405 / 1000]
1
ZCBL KM8601 0.0518 j0.0432

Mag[ZCBL-KM8601] =
(0.0518)2+ (0.0432)2
= 0.06746
Page 140
%VDKM8601:
%VD
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDKM8601
26.8530.06746
6798.445
x 100%
%VDKM8601 0.046%
Table 3.11 Summary of %Voltage Drop and Terminal Voltage
for MV Motor Feeder Cables without Capacitor
Equipment
ID
PE-KM5806
Description
PE-YM7601
Vent
Recovery
compressor
Motor
Mixer Motor
PE-KM8639
Blower Motor
% VD
0.081
0.807
0.031
PE-KM8601
Blower Motor
0.046
Acceptance
Criteria
<3%
(normal
running)
<3%
(normal
running)
<3%
(normal
running)
<3%
(normal
running)
Terminal
Voltage
(V)
Conclusion
Acceptable
6797.435
6797.205
Acceptable
Acceptable
6798.124
Acceptable
6797.924
The running % voltage drop of all MV motors shows

acceptable results as summarized in Table 3.11. A detailed large
motor starting analysis will be presented in Chapter 6 to analyze the
effects of large motor starting to the power system under study.
Page 141
Voltage Drop for 480V Loads

Table 3.12 Cable Ratings for MCC8 Loads
Eqpt ID
Cable Type
CLB-GM1412
CBL-1413
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
4C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
4C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PE-
CBL-YM4078
CBL YM4089
CBL YM4352
CBL GM4356
CBL GM4357
CBL SM4360
CBL SM6825
CBL SM6828
CBL SM6853
CBL KM6831-1
CBL KM6832-1
CBL YCM6832
CBL KM6833-1
CBL KM6834-1
PE-KM68351
CBL YCM6835
CBL YM6851
CBL -GM5814-1
CBL -
(mm2)
Size
Wire
/
Length
(m)
(/km)
(/km)
70
374
0.343
0.0886
70
374
0.343
0.0886
2.5
302
9.45
0.113
2.5
302
9.45
0.113
2.5
244
9.45
0.113
2.5
216
9.45
0.113
2.5
216
9.45
0.113
237
3.93
0.101
95
426
0.248
0.0852
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
343
9.45
0.113
35
349
0.669
0.0893
Page 142
GM5821
CBL GM5812
CBL GM5815
CBL GM5825
PE-VM5814
CBL GM5806A-2
CBL GM5806B2
CBL GM5806BD2
CBL GM8102
GM8103A
CBL GM8103S
CBL SM6800
CBL -Y6860
CBL -D6810
CBL -MNDB
CBL-WRP-01
CBL-MCC
EM2
CBL-GM1504
CBLGM4351
CV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
4C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
4C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
4C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
4C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
MCC8 to
VFD
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
MCC8 to
VFD
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
16
336
1.47
0.092
50
336
0.494
0.0882
50
336
0.494
0.0882
150
343
0.16
0.0852
326
3.93
0.101
326
0.88
0.106
326
5.88
0.106
25
444
0.927
0.092
95
445
0.248
0.0852
95
445
0.248
0.0852
150
403
0.160
0.085
35
349
0.669
0.089
35
349
0.669
0.089
240
37
0.100
0.085
120
446
0.197
0.085
240
37
0.100
0.085
30
9.450
0.113
307
5.520
0.116
30
9.450
0.113
249
5.520
0.116
Page 143
CBL GM4355
CBL GM4353
CBL GM4354
CBL GM4358
MCC8 to
VFD
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
MCC8 to
VFD
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
MCC8 to
VFD
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
MCC8 to
VFD
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
30
9.450
0.113
249
5.520
0.116
30
9.450
0.113
257
5.520
0.116
30
9.450
0.113
257
5.520
0.116
30
9.450
0.113
257
5.520
0.116

Cables SDN. BHD.
Table 3.13 Cable Ratings for MCC9 Loads

Eqpt ID
Cable Type
CBL-7601M1
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -YM7610
CBL GM7612
CBL 7601VG1M
CBL 7601VG2M
CBL 7604G1M-A
(mm2)
Wire
/
Length
(m)
( /km)
(/km)
95
445
0.248
0.0852
35
422
0.669
0.0893
240
448
0.0998
0.0848
50
445
0.248
0.0852
50
445
0.248
0.0852
10
444
2.33
0.0965
Size
Page 144
CBL 7604G1M-B
CBL7604K1M
CBL 7601G1M
CBL 7605G1M
CBL -KM7615
CBL -Y7730
CBL -Y7733
CBL-PE7604G3
CBL-PE7604G4
CBL 7601VG3M
CBL 7601VG4M
CBL- PEKM7604
CBL -SM7714
CBLSM8605
CBL-SM8606
CBL -KM8607
CBL -SM8610
CBL SM8614A
CBL -SM8641
CBL SM8645
CBL -SM5611
CBL YM5611C
CBL -YM5612
CBL -Y5160
CBL -Y5619
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
10
444
2.33
0.0965
10
444
2.33
0.0965
25
444
0.927
0.092
50
444
0.248
0.0852
16
440
1.47
0.092
10
422
2.33
0.0965
408
5.88
0.106
35
422
0.669
0.0893
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
35
422
0.669
0.0893
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PE-
445
5.88
0.106
445
5.88
0.106
50
445
0.248
0.0852
417
0.88
0.106
2.5
174
9.45
0.113
2.5
174
9.45
0.113
25
174
0.927
0.092
2.5
174
9.45
0.113
180
5.88
0.106
2.5
167
9.45
0.113
240
212
0.0998
0.0848
78
0.88
0.106
2.5
78
9.45
0.113
461
0.88
0.106
10
422
2.33
0.0965
10
422
2.33
0.0965
Page 145
CBL -Y5951
CBL -Y5952
CBL -SM5962
CBL TR-Ex
CBL CP-7601
CBL CP-7604
CBL CP-7600
CBL -YM7607
CBL -S5961
CV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
MCC9 to
VFD 3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
MCC9 to
VFD C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
10
444
2.33
0.0965
10
444
2.33
0.0965
10
444
2.33
0.0965
240
37
0.0996
0.0848
445
5.88
0.106
445
5.88
0.106
50
445
0.248
0.0852
185
412
0.121
0.0947
120
35
0.197
0.0852
89
5.52
0.116
405
0.88
0.106

Cables SDN. BHD.
With the calculated bus voltage at Bus 3, 464.9V, the %

voltage drop for MCC 8 loads are calculated as follows:
Voltage Drop for GM-1412 (running condition)
For ZCBL-GM-1412
ZCBL -GM-1412
ZCBL-GM-1412

wire per phase
[0.343 j0.0886][374 / 1000]
1
ZCBL GM-1412 0.128 j0.033

Mag[ZCBL GM-1412 ]
0.1282 0.0332 0.132
Page 146
%VDGM1412:
%VDGM1412
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDGM1412
53.7930.132
464.9
x 100%
%VDGM1412 2.656%
Voltage Drop for GM-1413 (running condition)

For ZCBL-GM-1413:
ZCBL -GM-1413
ZCBL-GM-1413

wire per phase
[0.343 j0.0886][374 / 1000]
1
ZCBL GM-1413 0.128 j0.033

0.1282 0.0332 0.132
Mag[ZCBL GM-1413 ]
%VDGM1413:
%VDGM1413
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDGM1413
53.7930.132492613
464.9
x 100%
%VDGM1413 2.656%
Page 147
Voltage drop for PE-YM4078 (running condition)

For ZCBL-YM4078:
ZCBL - YM4078
ZCBL- YM4078

wire per phase
[9.45 j0.113][302 / 1000]
1
ZCBL YM4078 2.854 j0.034

Mag[ZCBL YM4078 ] 2.8542 0.0342 2.854
%VDYM4078:
%VD YM4078
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VD YM4078
2.8662.854
464.9
x 100%
3
%VDYM4078 3.048%
Voltage drop for PE-YM4089 (running condition)

For ZCBL-YM4089:
ZCBL - YM4089
ZCBL- YM4089

wire per phase
[9.45 j0.113][302 / 1000]
1
ZCBL YM4089 2.854 j0.034

Mag[ZCBL YM4089 ] 2.8542 0.0342 2.854
Page 148
%VDYM4089:
%VD YM4089
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
2.3262.854 x 100%
%VD YM4089
464.9
3
%VDYM4089 2.473%
By repeating the same calculation to the rest of the 480V
loads, the % voltage drop for each load is determined and
summarized in Tables 3.14 and 3.15 for MCC8 and MCC9 loads,
respectively.
Table 3.14 Summary of Voltage Drop Calculation for MCC8
Loads without Capacitor and TRL3A
Nominal Tap
Equipment ID
GM-1412
GM-1413
PE-YM4078
PE-YM4089
PE-YM4352
PE-GM4356
PE-GM4357
PE-SM4360
PE-SM6825
PE-SM6828
PE-SM6853
PE-KM6831-1
PE-KM6832-1
PE-YCM6832
PE-KM6833-1
PE-KM6834-1
PE-KM6835-1
PE-YCM6835
% VD
(% of
Terminal
Voltage)
2.656
2.656
3.048
2.473
1.998
0.898
0.898
2.317
1.117
2.974
2.536
0.797
0.797
1.087
0.797
0.797
0.797
1.087
Terminal
Voltage
(V)
458.357
458.357
454.558
456.485
458.082
461.801
461.801
457.114
462.366
454.805
456.275
462.144
462.144
461.162
462.144
462.144
462.144
461.162
-2.5% Off Nominal

Tap
% VD
(% of
Terminal
Voltage)
2.589
2.589
2.972
2.412
1.948
0.876
0.876
2.259
1.089
2.900
2.472
0.777
0.777
1.060
0.777
0.777
0.777
1.060
Terminal
Voltage
(V)
470.273
470.273
466.475
468.402
470.000
473.720
473.720
469.032
474.285
466.722
468.193
474.064
474.064
473.081
474.064
474.064
474.064
473.081
Page 149
PE-YM6851
PE-GM-5814-1
PE-GM5821
PE-GM5812
PE-GM5815
PE-GM5825
PE-VM5814
PE-GM5806A-2
PE-GM5806B2
PE-GM5806BD-2
GM8102
GM8103A
GM8103S
PE-SM6800
PE-Y6860
PE-D6810
MNDB
WRP-01
MCC EM2
GM-1504
PE-GM4351
PE-GM4355
PE-GM4353
PE-GM4354
PE-GM4358
0.268
2.377
2.552
2.078
2.791
2.894
5.292
3.417
0.770
2.946
2.068
2.778
2.778
0.741
1.814
1.792
0.745
12.004
0.442
0.655
0.234
0.655
2.105
0.655
2.105
0.655
0.196
0.655
0.196
0.655
0.196
463.943
456.808
457.273
458.158
457.023
456.929
457.494
453.478
462.513
454.957
458.450
458.948
458.948
463.639
459.330
459.397
464.498
445.141
464.617
462.627
464.067
462.627
457.783
462.627
457.783
462.627
464.195
462.627
464.195
462.627
464.195
0.261
2.318
2.488
2.026
2.721
2.822
5.160
3.332
0.751
2.873
2.016
2.708
2.708
0.722
1.769
1.747
0.726
11.704
0.431
0.639
0.228
0.639
2.053
0.639
2.053
0.639
0.191
0.639
0.191
0.639
0.191
475.862
468.726
469.190
470.076
468.939
468.845
469.398
465.394
474.432
466.874
470.368
470.863
470.863
475.558
471.248
471.316
476.417
456.984
476.536
474.546
475.986
474.546
469.701
474.546
469.701
474.546
476.115
474.546
476.115
474.546
476.115
Page 150
Table 3.15 Summary of Voltage Drop Calculation for MCC9

Loads without Capacitor and TRL3B
-2.5% Off Nominal
Nominal Tap
Tap
Equipment
% VD
% VD
ID
(% of
Terminal
(% of
Terminal
Terminal
Voltage (V)
Terminal
Voltage (V)
Voltage)
Voltage)
PE-7601M1
2.827
459.604
2.757
471.545
PE-YM7610
2.763
457.735
2.694
469.677
PE-GM7612
1.990
464.979
1.940
476.922
PE-7601VG1M
1.371
462.790
1.337
474.734
PE-7601VG2M
1.371
462.790
1.337
474.734
PE-7604G1M-A
2.973
456.116
2.898
468.059
PE-7604G1M-B
2.973
456.116
2.898
468.059
7604K1M
2.548
457.445
2.485
469.388
PE-7601G1M
2.187
459.011
2.132
470.955
PE-7605G1M
1.129
463.381
1.101
475.326
PE-KM7615
2.517
457.725
2.454
469.668
PE-Y7730
6.747
443.921
6.579
455.852
PE-Y7733
6.065
445.612
5.913
457.546
PE-7604G3
2.842
457.385
2.771
469.327
PE-7604G4
2.842
457.385
2.771
469.327
PE-7601VG3M
2.910
456.150
2.837
468.093
PE-7601VG4M
2.910
456.150
2.837
468.093
PE-KM7604
1.320
462.905
1.287
474.849
PE-SM7714
0.369
464.732
0.360
476.677
SM8605
2.406
457.678
2.346
469.622
SM8606
0.438
464.364
0.427
476.309
KM8607
3.850
454.207
3.754
466.147
SM8610
2.406
457.678
2.346
469.622
SM8614A
1.549
460.609
1.510
472.553
SM8641
2.310
458.005
2.252
469.948
SM8645
2.304
464.735
2.246
476.677
PE-SM5611
0.506
464.313
0.493
476.258
PE-YM5611C
0.186
465.223
0.182
477.168
PE-YM5612
0.680
463.783
0.663
475.728
PE-Y5160
5.833
446.829
5.687
458.764
PE-Y5619
5.833
446.829
5.687
458.764
PE-Y5951
1.992
459.652
1.942
471.595
PE-Y5952
1.992
459.652
1.942
471.595
PE-SM5962
2.459
458.210
2.397
470.153
TR-Ex
0.776
465.478
0.757
477.423
CP-7601
1.605
460.358
1.565
472.302
CP-7604
2.820
456.340
2.750
468.283
Page 151
CP-7600
PE-YM7607
1.552
2.871
0.737
0.490
0.681
PE-S5961
462.389
463.960
464.494
464.198
463.780
1.514
2.799
0.719
0.478
0.664
474.333
475.900
476.439
476.143
475.725
Based on the % voltage drop calculation results for 480V

loads, there are several equipment that has unacceptable voltage
drop as shown in Table 3.16.
Table 3.16 Summary of 480V Loads with Unacceptable %VD
Equipment
ID
Description
Size (mm2)
% VD
(Normal)
Vent Recovery Ref

Compressor Motor
Main Cooling Pump motor
150
5.292
3.417
Pellet screener
10
6.747
PE-Y7733
Pellet Mass flowmeter motor
6.065
KM8607
Wash Air fan motor
25
3.850
PE-Y5160
Product purge bin filter
10
5.833
PE-Y5619
Low product purge bin filter
10
5.833
PE-VM5814
PEGM5806A-2
PE-Y7730
For each 480V motor from the above table that has
unacceptable voltage drop, recommendations with re-calculations
are as follows:
For PE-VM5814:
Add one (1) more wire per phase to reduce the total impedance
with the tap of TRL3A at -2.5%:
%VDVM5814
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
Page 152
%VD VM5814
228.4360.031
476.776
x 100%
%VDVM5814 2.580%
For PE-GM5806A-2:
Add one (1) more wire per phase to reduce the total impedance
with the tap of TRL3A at -2.5%:
%VDGM5806A -2
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDGM5806A -2
7.1560.641
476.776
x 100%
%VDGM5806A -2 1.666%
For YM7730:
Change the wire size from 1 x 3C-10mm2 to 2 x 3C-16mm2
%VDYM7730
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VD YM7730
18.4410.311
477.806
x 100%
%VDYM7730 2.078%
For YM7733:
Add one (1) more wire per phase to reduce the total impedance.
%VDYM7733
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
Page 153
%VD YM7733
6.7991.2
477.806
x 100%
3
%VDYM7733 2.957%
For YM8607:
%VDKM8607
%VDKM8607
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
63.8880.081
477.806
x 100%
%VDKM8607 1.877%
For Y5160:
%VDY5160
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VD Y5160
15.9410.492
477.806
x 100%
3
%VDY5160 2.843%
For Y5619:
%VDY5619
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
Page 154
%VD Y5619
15.9410.492
477.806
x 100%
3
%VDY5619 2.843%
Table 3.17 Summary of Calculations after Correction

Eqpt. ID
Size
(mm2)
PE-VM5814
150
PE-GM5806A-2
6
PE-YM7730
16(10)
PE-YM7733
4
KM8607
25
PE-YM5160
10
PE-Y5619
10
wire/
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
I (A)
Z
()
% VD
% VD
Before
After
228.436
7.156
18.441
6.799
63.888
15.941
15.941
0.031
0.641
0.311
1.200
0.081
0.492
0.492
5.292
3.417
6.747
6.065
3.850
5.833
5.833
2.580
1.666
2.078
2.957
1.877
2.843
2.843
Based on the above results, after correcting the wire sizes

and increasing the number of conductors per phase, the percent
voltage drop of 480V loads becomes satisfactory. Total cost of the
modifications will pay for itself due to the savings in reducing the
line loss and running the motor efficiently so the recommendation is
justified.
Page 155
3.2.4.3 Bus Bar Loading Evaluation

Table 3.18 Current Flows and Bus bar Loading
Panel
Bus Bar
Rating
(A)
Current Flow at
-2.5%Nominal
Tap (A)
Remarks
4000
Current
Flow at
Nominal
Tap (A)
721.91
6.9kV
Switchgear
480V MCC8
480V MCC9
721.91
Satisfactory
1600
1600
1305.23
1146.08
1271.053
1117.428
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
As shown in Table 3.18, the result of current flow

calculation shows a normal loading condition for all bus bars.
3.2.4.4 Transformer Loading Evaluation

The result of the power flow calculation shows normal
loading conditions for all power transformers at normal load case.
JG Summit site operating standard recommends that the power
transformer loading be maintained below 60% (ONAN) on continues
basis and below 80% on intermittent basis (1-5 days). Based on the
calculated loading at operating condition, TRM1 can still be allowed
to handle future requirement of about 40% and is fairly sufficient.
Table 3.19 Transformer Loading on Case 1
Transformer
TRM1
TRL3A
TRL3B
Rated Capacity
(MVA-@ONAN)
40
3
3
Loading
(MVA)
8.5
1.049
0.924
%
Remarks
Loading
21.25
Satisfactory
34.99
Satisfactory
30.83
Satisfactory
Page 156
3.2.4.5 Power Factor Evaluation

Table 3.20 Summary of Power Factor
Location
Apparent Power
Power Factor
Remarks
Flow (MVA)
Primary side
8.627/32.4410
84.395
Lagging
of TRM1
Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
Secondary
8.5/31.1570
85.575
Lagging
Side of TRM1
Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
Primary side
of TRL3A
Bus 3
1.06/32.6560
84.196
Lagging
1.04/31.5360
85.232
Lagging
Primary side
of TRL3B
Bus 4
0.937/32.3290
84.502
Lagging
0.924/31.3410
85.409
Lagging
Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
As presented in Table 3.23, the results of power factor

calculations show a normal loading condition for all voltage level.
Page 157

13-Chapter 3.3.1 Load Flow Analysis Case 1

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

13-Chapter 3.3.1 Load Flow Analysis Case 1

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

3.

2 Load Flow Analysis for Case 1 (Steady-state without

Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1

Figure 3.7 Admittance network for Case 1

Table 3.3 Scheduled Power

Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1

3.2.2 Bus Voltage Calculation

Current flowing into Bus 2 from Bus 1 and considering transformer

Currents flowing out from Bus 2 to Bus 3 and considering

Currents flowing out from Bus 2 to Bus 4 and considering

And current due to power out of Bus 2:

Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1

By KCL, vector sum of currents into Bus 2 equals vector sum of

Arranging the current equation yields a non-linear equation for

If we let V2(k) be the initial estimate of voltage V2 then the iterative

Bus 3 MCC8 480V bus V3

Current flowing into Bus 3 using Equation 3.1:

And current due to power out of Bus 3:

Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1

Arranging the current equation yields a non-linear equation for

If we let V3(k) be the initial estimate of voltage V3 then the iterative

Bus 4 MCC9 480V V4

Current flowing into the Bus 4 using Equation 3.1:

And current due to power out of Bus 4:

By KCL, vector sum of currents in equals vector sum of currents out

Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1

Arranging the current equation yields a non-linear equation for

If we let V4(k) be the initial estimate of voltage V4 then the iterative

Gauss-Siedel Iteration for bus voltage

Taking the conjugates of the complex power

0.558210 - j 0.3319971 0.695415 - j4.2036981

Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1

For V3(1) using Equation 3.4

V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u

k=1, 2nd iteration

Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1

0.693282 - j4.2065700.983882 - j0.018611

0.695415 - j4.2036980.985837 - j0.016446

For V3(2) using Equation 3.4

Calculating the errors

V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611 p.u

V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u

Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1

K=2, 3rd iteration

0.693282 - j4.2065700.973467 - j0.033004

0.695415 - j4.2036980.97556 - j0.030843

For V3(3) using equation 3.4

1(0.693282 - j4.206570)0.973467 - j0.033004*

Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1

For V4(3) using equation 3.5

V3(2) = 0.974359-j0.031784 p.u

V4(2) = 0.976452-j0.029623 p.u

Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1

Again, since all errors are still greater than 1x10-6,

Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1

Table 3.5 Voltage Calculation Error Values

Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1

Converting V3(15) to polar form:

(0.967601)2+(-0.040572)2 /Arctan(-0.040572 /0.967601)0

Actual value of bus voltage is

Converting V4(15) to polar form:

Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1

3.2.3 Current, Power Flow and Power Factor Calculation

Figure 3.8 Admittance Network with Power and Current