Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Armando R. Diaz
Jules S. Alcantara
Gregorio R. Cayetano
Alex C. Cabugao
Ma. Sheila C. Cabaraban
Larry C. Cruz
Florigo C. Varona
Francis R. Calanio
Virgilio S. Luzares
Roselyn C. Rocio
Ronaldo D. Ebrada
Marlon T. Marcuelo
Lelanie T. Mirambel
Rey G. Paduganan
Victorianito E. Teofilo
Gregorio Y. Guevarra
Ramon P. Ayaton
Contents
FROM THE OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL
PRESIDENT
Presidents Report
IIEE NEWS
Chapter and National News
Cover Story
IIEE Holds 36th Annual National Convention and 3E
XPO 2011
14
Chapter Bits 22
Publications Committee
Chairman:
Members:
Overseer:
Robinson S. Uy
Ernesto M. Cabral
Marvin H. Caseda
Glynn Andy O. Gayman
Dr. Allan C. Nerves
Ronald Vincent M. Santiago
Alex C. Cabugao
Alex C. Cabugao
Robinson S. Uy
Ernesto M. Cabral
Dr. Allan C. Nerves
Ramon P. Ayaton
Editorial Staff
Editorial Assistant
Graphic Artist
Jenelyn C. Pajutining
Elwood B. Perez
Technical Feature
Motor Performance Date
Electric Power Research Institute
25
28
34
36
PEC-torial
39
To Our Readers
From the Desk of the
Schedule of
Activities
1st Quarter of 2012
1st Executive Committee Meeting
January 7, 2012
Tagaytay, City
Planning Session and 2012 Board of Governors
Orientation
January 20, 2012
DAP, Tagaytay City
1st Regular Board Meeting
January 21, 2012
DAP, Tagaytay City
PRESIDENTS Report
B. IIEE Website
A. IIEE Trainings
The IIEE Continuing Professional
Development Committee conducted
the following technical seminars during
the first three quarters of 2011:
1. Substation Design
2. National Building Code
3. PLC Programming Methods and Its
Application
4. Protective Relaying and
Coordination
5. Renewable Energy: Solar PV System
6. Electrical Power System Design of
High-Rise Residential
and Commercial Buildings
7. SCADA System
9. PLC Programming Methods and
its Applications
10. Applied Short-Circuit Analysis in
Commercial and Industrial
Power Systems
The technical seminars have an
objective of updating the members
on the latest trends in the electrical
profession, and of enhancing the
professional competencies of the
members.
PRESIDENTS Report
I. NCR Conference
The 2011 NCR Conference was held
last July 1 at Hotel Rembrandt, Quezon
City. It was participated in by almost
50 electrical practitioners coming from
the different sectors of the electrical
industry.
J. Ladies Auxiliary Socio Civic Activity
Last September 15, the IIEE Ladies
Auxiliary conducted a Feeding and
Electrical Mission Program for the
Broadway Samahang Magkakapitbahay Association, Inc.
The electrical mission program aims to
provide Street Lighting for Broadway
St., Barangay Kalusugan, District IV,
Quezon City.
K. May as Electrical Safety Month
Proclamation No. 193 was signed by the
Republic of the Philippines President
Benigno Simeon Aquino III, declaring
the month of May of Every Year as the
Electrical Safety Month.
The proclamation aims to increase the
awareness of the general public on
electrical safety and to further educate
the people on the importance of the
safe usage of electrical appliances,
equipment and gadgets.
L. Tuguegaro Fact Finding Investigation
The National President, together with
Engr. Juan, Engr. Francis R. Calanio,
Region I Governor and Engr. Dominador
Valmonte, Former Region I Governor
conducted a Fact Finding Investigation
last January 12 on the fire incident that
burned down the Sunshine Motorcycle
PRESIDENTS Report
Neo-Policies
Ecology
A. Green Building
In support of the Green Building
advocacies:
PRESIDENTS Report
Support
A. Launching of Electrical Safety
Enforcement and Awareness
Campaign
The Institute, together with the
International Copper Association
Southeast Asia (ICASEA) launched
the Electrical Safety Enforcement and
Awareness (ESEA) Campaign Project
last May.
In relation with the ESEA Project,
several chapters of the Institute hosted
different activities such as motorcade,
electrical safety seminars and free
electrical wiring inspections of different
schools and establishment nationwide.
B. 45th Fire Prevention Month
The IIEE Electrical Safety Committee
participated in the observance of the
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IIEE News
The IIEE Bulacan Chapter Officers after the 2012 Planning Session
IIEE News
IIEE-CRCSA 13th Annual National Convention was attended by 123 participants composed of
members, guests and officers.
IIEE News
10
Quote, UnQuote
The ultimate measure of a
man is not where he stands
in moments of comfort,
but where he stands at
times of challenge and
controversy.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
IIEE News
PRBEE
Simplified Fault Analysis Using Simple
Drawings Engr. Jules S. Alcantara
Open Access Engr. Florigo C. Varona
Sectionalizing Scheme : Review of
Distribution Line Protection Engr. Alex
C. Cabugao
11
IIEE News
Bulletin
12
For further queries regarding the matter, you may coordinate with
our Communications Staff, Ms. Jenelyn C. Pajutining at Telephone
Nos. (02) 727-3552 loc. 109; (02) 448-5211.
IIEE News
The 2012 Board of Governors held its preplanning session in the afternoon. The
BOG came-up with the 2012 Schedule
of activities, including the regional
conferences and the activities of the
nominating committee.
Engr. Jules S. Alcantara presided over
the pre-planning session and thanked all
the IIEE Officers who participated in the
activity.
Words of
Wisdom
13
The
Institute
of
Integrated
Electrical
Engineers
of
the
Philippines,Inc.
successfully held its
36th Annual National
Convention and 3E Xpo
2011: A Specialized
Electrical,
Electronics
and Energy Exposition
last November 23-26,
2011 at the Philippine
International Convention
Center
(PICC),
CCP
Complex, Pasay City, with
the theme, Economic
Development Through
Clean and Affordable
Electricity.
EE Research Contest
The EE Research Contest has an
objective to promote and highlight the
advancement in the field of Electrical
Engineering for sharing new technologies,
ideas and concepts among schools
and universities that offers Bachelor of
Science in Electrical Engineering.
Winners of the 2011 EE Research Contest:
Champion: Polytechnic University of the
Philippines -- Manila
1st Runner-up -- Technological Institute
of the Philippines -- Quezon City
2nd Runner-up -- Technological Institute
of the Philippines -- Manila
Cover Story
16
The delegates of the 36th Annual National Convention during the Official Opening held at the Reception
Hall, PICC on November 24
Cover Story
17
Cover Story
The members of the 2012 Board of
Governors are as follows:
Tel.: 7273552
Tel: 890-1027
890-1137
890-1610
Tel: 632-0756 to 67
Fax: 6313838
(033)3290744 (033)5097654
Tel: 531-0739
Fax: 531-0766
Tel: 632-8583
Fax: 6315583
Tel: 330-5771
Fax: 6439678
Tel: 386-4022
Tel: 032-345-4531
February 5, 2013
Tel: 743-3691
February 5, 2013
Tel: 379-6811 to 12
Tel: 705-1556
Tel: 981-2157
Tel: 928-3307
December 9, 2013
Telefax: 495-2600
18
Date of Expiration
Fax: 7224725
I would like to call this Annual Convention a homecoming. A homecoming, which makes family members come together. This
occasion brings nostalgia, once more waking up old memories of yesteryears that bounded us together to become not just friends
or colleagues but a family. A family that shares pleasures, dreams, experiences and knowledge for a fruitful advocacy aimed for the
advancement of technology and the development of eco-consciousness in a progressive nation seeking further advancement in the
industrial world..Ladies and gentlemen of Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers my familyMagandang umaga po sa inyong
lahat.
Welcome to IIEEs 36th Annual National Convention. The Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers conferences like this one,
is one of the most enjoyable and rewarding privileges of IIEE membership. Occasions like this in IIEE, opens doors to countless
opportunities. Here, you meet old friends and make new ones. Thus, you expand your network of friends and discover new sources
of information that would update you to new knowledge necessary in modern industry.
Occasions like this also makes you feel proud of your profession, inspiring you to learn some more, encourage you to share your
skills, and motivates you to participate in nation building, which our country direly need in these fast changing times of industrial, and
economic development.
To the romantic, especially those active members whose days with IIEE had been illustrious, similar conferences bring back old
memoriesflipping calendar pages backwards..
Pilit na ibinabalik ang ala-ala ng lumipas, sinasariwa ang ligaya sa kabila ng hirap at dusa upang maging matibay at matatag ang
institusyong ito, na ngayoy isa nang simbolo ng ating piniling propesyon, mandiy kanlungan ito ng karunungan,karanasan,at matalik
na pagkakaibigan.
This conference particularly, is one of the golden pages of my book life. It is the most important chapter that describe my love affair
with my profession.
Thirteen years ago in 1998 , I was awarded the honor of being the most outstanding professional in the field of industry, Five years
ago in 2006 , I was inducted as one of the Governor at Large and as well as conferred an IIEE Fellow.
All these happened here at PICC. Now, 2011, the year of metal rabbit ,which gave us a lot of things to look forward to, I am delivering
my final message as your National President here at PICC the very place where it all started . Needless to say , this one is indeed
memorable to me.
Today, I am proud of IIEEs numerous achievements..
I wish that everyone, like us in IIEE Board are equally or better inspired in what we are doing today and what we have done during
the year. If we as a citizen have an obligation to fulfill for our country, we as professionals have obligations to our profession, as
members of IIEE, we are obliged to serve society. My friends, I wish to see the day , that someone from these attendees be a
National President of our prestigious IIEE. To have a hand in running the institute is an admirable honor, which is more than just a
star on ones shoulder. It is a pride and great privilege more than just any other.
National Presidents before me have laid-out their agenda to make IIEE a better IIEE. I am proud of their achievements, which we
enjoy today.
My vision is to make IIEE a gainfully distinct pool of citizen-friendly and environment conscious electrical engineers, integrated to the
development of a nation. My vision is focused on new avenues where IIEE could actively venture. Nation building through modern
technology and industry will be our quest. We drew our 4-Circuit Program to be our working guide .We called it Circuit Program to
jive with words common in the practice of our profession. The 4-circuit program aims to give more muscle to the institute; advocate
membership strength and professional competence; a new functional policies and public relations programs; and emphasize new
methods in reducing the industries carbon print in the environment.
We began our public relations program with an Electrical Safety Enforcement and Awareness or ESEA. Last February 20, 2011,
we signed a memorandum of agreement with ICASEA for a three-year electrical safety program which was designed primarily to
enhance the enforcement of Philippine Electrical Code, build capacity for the improvement of local electrical inspectors skills and
increase public awareness toward electrical safety.
To give prominence to the campaign we requested AGHAM as sponsoring partner to make representation to the Phil Congress thru
Cong. Angelo Palmones to declare the month of May this year and thereafter as ELECTRICAL SAFETY MONTH.
Ladies and Gentlemen with this Executive Proclamation..193...This will put us all in the forefront of a scheme to provide electrical
safety in the household, streets, offices, and factories in every barangays, towns, and cities of the country There is no thrill quite
like doing something you did not know you could.
Nakita natin ang katotohanan sa salawikaing hindi tayo makakatuklas ng bagong dagat kung wala tayong lakas ng loob na mawala
sa ating pananaw ang pampang.
Once more we have proven that in life, nothing is impossibleMore could be done, if we shall stay together and diligently with
passion, for our profession, for ourselves, for our family, for the society, work.for the country, Let us do all these together.
Thank you and Merry Christmas to all!
Chapter
Bits
***
The Northern Cavite Chapter conducted
its General Membership Meeting,
Election and Induction of 2012 Set
of Officers and members, and 1st
coordination meeting in preparation
for the 2012 Regional Conference held
on October 21 at Calle Real Rest., Sta.
Cruz, Tanza Cavite.
***
***
The Mactan Chapter held its apecial
meeting on membership update and
preparaton for its general membership
meeting on October 21 at Andoks
Restaurant, Pusok Road, Lapu-Lapu City.
***
***
The Batangas Chapter held its Regular
Board Meeting at Pizza Hut, SM City
Batangas last October 26.
***
All chapters under the Southern Luzon
Region conducted its election of 2012
Chapter Officers.
***
***
The Leyte Samar Chapter conducted its
planning meeting for 2012 Calendar of
activities and preparation for January
2012, technical seminar and induction of
officers & board of directors on October
22 at Eastern Visayas State UniversityRoom 204.
***
The Central Laguna Chapter conducted
its General Membership Meeting and
election of 2012 Set of Officers on
November 17.
***
The Northern Laguna Chapter conducted
its regular board meeting last October
17.
22
COMMUNICATION CABLES
In a joint meeting
between
the
Council of Former
Presidents
(CFP)
and IIEE Board of
Governors (IIEE-BOG)
last November 25,
2011 at the Institute
Headquarters,
it
invited
representatives
ALPETH and FSF Telephone Cables are color coded, PE insulated, REA
Specifications available from sizes 0.40mm to 0.90mm in 10 to 1800 pairs.
BPS
CERTIFIED
ISO90012000 Certified
CIP 1457/99/12/197
Product Quality
23
Technical Feature
The importance of a motor does not totally depend on its rating (such as horsepower, voltage) but on it's
application. There may be small motors in terms of horsepower rating but because of application, it may
limit the operation of a system or plant.
6.1 Motor Performance History
Not every motor in a plant or other
facility will be monitored or have data
collected for tracking or trending.
Once the importance of a motor
has been established based on plant
or system design, then a program
for condition monitoring should be
established for that motor.
When faced with a motor problem, it
would be valuable to have operational
history to review. However, many
motors are either not instrumented
or not deemed important enough to
have this data collected. Many times
when called in to evaluate a motors
condition, the person performing
the evaluation is making a fairly
strong assumption regarding the
past handling and performance of a
motor if there is little or no condition
monitoring data available. Also if the
motor was not quarantined until
proper investigation, valuable data
could be lost.
Surrounding the motor is the system
that consists of power supply, driven
equipment through a mounting and
coupling set-up, and the environment
Table 6-1
Stresses and affected Motor Components
Types of Stress
Stator Winding
Rotor Assembly
Bearings
Shaft
Thermal
Electrical/
Dielectric
X X
Mechanical
Dynamic
Shear
Vibration/Shock
Residual
Electomagnetic
Environmental
25
Technical Feature
Without baseline data, a condition
that has been reported as a problem
may have existed since the installation
of a particular motor. If the motor
has been operating for many years,
it appears that the conditions may
be acceptable for that motor in that
particular application. If it is not
broken, why fix it?
The responsible motor person
should have the tools available to
capture data for important motors
in order to make determinations on
motor condition and to evaluate if
the data represents a condition that
will be detrimental to the continued
operation of a motor.
One of the most important tools
available is external inspection.
The general condition of a motor
as well as any abnormal condition
such as lubricant leakage, plugged
air passages, abnormal sounds and
smells can be noted. Motors that
are instrumented make the task
of data collection and condition
monitoring somewhat easier and
more consistent.
The Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (EPRI) conducts research and development relating to the
generation, delivery and use of electricity for the benefit of the public. An independent, non-profit
organization, EPRI brings together its scientists and engineers as well as experts from academia and
industry to help address challenges in electricity, including reliability, efficiency, health, safety and the
environment
The opinions expressed in this article are solely of the author. This article is for general information only
and is not a substitute for professional advice where the facts and circumstances warrant.
The views and opinions expressed above are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the
views of the Institute.
26
Technical Feature
Modelling and Simulation of Active Power Filters for Harmonic
Compensation, Voltage Sags and Swells Mitigation and
Power Factor Correction
Michael C. Pacis, Jesus M. Martinez Jr., and Jaypee V. Tecson
Abstract The two major problems in the electrical industry today are sagging and swelling of line voltage and harmonic currents.
Voltage sagging and swelling may result to equipment malfunction and shut down. Harmonics also affect the electrical equipment
to fail and deteriorate the waveform of the current. To mitigate the voltage sags and swells, uninterrupted power supply was used.
But uninterrupted power supply is an example of non-linear load which creates harmonics in the power system. Active power
filters were used to eliminate the harmonics in the system. This study aims to create three models of active power filters that
compensate the harmonics, mitigate the voltage sags and swells, and also correct the power factor. The models were simulated to
know which of the three active power filter models gives the best performance. The simulation tools that were used in this study
were MATLAB/Simulink and TINA PRO. Based on the results, the active power filter models compensate the harmonics, mitigate
the voltage sags and swells, and correct the power factor of the system. Evaluating the models, the active power filter Model-A
gave the best performance by reducing the total harmonic distortion of the system.
index Terms active power filter, harmonics, voltage sags and swells, power factor correction
I.INTRODUCTION
As time passes by, the world of technology
evolves to a more advance and becomes
widely developed. Different devices
were formed such as high-end personal
computers, laser printers and other
electronic equipment. These devices are
very sensitive to voltage sags and swells.
Bingham defined voltage sags in his study
as the decrease in voltage lower than
a user defined low limit while voltage
swells was defined as voltage that
surpass the user defined high limit [1].
The more advanced and sophisticated
the equipment is, the more it is sensitive
to sagging and swelling of voltages.
Voltage sags and swells are the most
occurring power system problems today
that can cause electrical equipment to fail
or
shut down [3]. To mitigate the voltage
sags and swells, uninterrupted power
supply (UPS) were used. Uninterrupted
power supply is an example of non-linear
loads. Other examples of non-linear
loads are laptop, stereo, fax machines,
television set and telephone system
[5],[6]. Non-linear loads create harmonic
current and increase the deterioration of
the power systems voltage and current
waveforms. These loads causes the
sine wave of the current o deform [2].
Harmonics in the power system can be
measured through the measurement of
total harmonic distortion (THD) [4]. Due
to the current wide use of non-linear
28
Technical Feature
apparent power available for additional
loads that may be inserted in the power
system.
Commercial and industrial
customers will save more money because
their electricity bills will be reduced.
There will be continuous production and
service because electrical disturbance
will be mitigated. All the end users will
benefit because the equipment will be
protected at the same time its life will
be extended. The simulation tools to be
used in this study are MATLAB/Simulink
and TINA PRO. This study focuses mainly
on the creating three different active
power filter models and evaluating each
models performance in seven different
harmonic cases. The harmonic currents
to be compensated by the Simulink filter
model will range from second harmonic
current to seventh harmonic current.
For the Simulink model for voltage sags
and swells, there will be two cases for
voltage sags mitigation and two cases for
voltage swells mitigation. For the TINA
pro simulation, there will be ten cases
for power factor correction. Since the
usual load in the industry is an inductive
load, the simulation for power factor
correction in tina pro will cover lagging
power factor. The simulation for Simulink
power factor correction model will cover
both lagging and leading power factor.
However, this study is only limited to
single phase circuits and single phase
active power filter models.
II. METHODOLOGY
The methodology of the study was based
on Figure 1. Three active power filter
models were simulated to eliminate the
problems. Each active power filter model
was composed of submodels for voltage
sags and swells mitigation, harmonic
compensation and power factor
correction. The researcher decided to
simulate separately the submodel for
voltage sags and swells since all three
active power filters have the same
voltage sags and swells mitigation
submodel. The researcher used two
different softwares to simulate hand in
hand the models. MATLAB/Simulink
was used first to simulate the voltage
sags and swells submodel and harmonic
compensating submodel combined with
power factor correction submodel. TINA
Generate voltage
sags and swells
mitigation submodel
Generate voltage
sags and swells
mitigation submodel
Get compensator
current formula
from PQ theory
Input/Output Scope
voltage
Simulate the
submodel
Generate
Harmonic
compensation
submodel
abs
LPF (AC
filter)
Generate power
factor correction
submodel
RECTIFIER
input
5
Ref
voltage
+
+
PID
nums dens
PID Controller
LPF (DC
filter)
Switch Model DC to
DC regulator
+
+
DC TO DC
REGULATOR
Combine the
submodels and
simulate
Rectifier
1.443c024
/dens
|u|
5/250.39
Feedback Network
Inverter
5.18c008s4/
den(s)
BPF
product
sign
Sine
wave
INVERTER
output
Square
Wave
Generator
29
i
i
r
i
r
i
Icomp= (2)
Vr2(t)+Vi2(t)
[q (t)] =
[-V (t) V (t)] [I (t) ]
p10(t)
Vr(t)
10
Vi(t)
r
Ir(t)
i
(1)
Filter
% THD
Case
Old THD New THD
Model
Reduction
A
36.00
0.41
98.85
1
36.00
7.19
80.02
36.00
4.21
88.30
Fig. 11 Load current with active power filter Model-C case 1
Output
voltage
331.047
311.075
Fig. 12 Voltage and current with active power filter Model-C case 1
Table 7 Power factor correction simulation settings
Case Power
factor
Fig. 8 Voltage and current with active power filter Model-A case 1
Load
Filter
Source
Harmonics
amplitude amplitude amplitude
10.80
10.64
0.16
2nd
3rd
7.60
7.60
0.00
4th 4.80
4.80
0.00
5th 2.50
2.50
0.00
6th 1.90
1.90
0.00
7th 0.30
0.26
0.04
THD =0.41
Table 4 Case 1 results with active power filter Model-B
Load
Filter
Source
Harmonics
amplitude amplitude amplitude
10.80
8.09
2.71
2nd
3rd
7.60
7.60
0.00
4th 4.80
4.69
0.11
5th 2.50
2.00
0.50
6th 1.90
1.08
0.82
7th 0.30
0.24
0.06
THD =7.19
Table 5 Case 1 results with active power filter Model-C
Load
Filter
Source
Harmonics
amplitude amplitude amplitude
2nd
10.80
10.34
0.46
3rd
7.60
6.70
0.90
4th 4.80
4.80
0.00
5th 2.50
1.85
0.65
6th 1.90
0.72
1.18
7th 0.30
0.28
0.02
THD =4.21
Fig. 10 Voltage and current with active power filter Model-B case 1
Load
Load
Load
impedance resistance inductance
(ohms)
(ohms)
(mH)
27.56
26.58
25.46
24.19
22.73
21.06
19.10
16.76
13.87
9.95
31
Technical Feature
V. CONCLUSION
Initially, the active power filter mitigated
the voltage sags and swells of the circuit
then it compensated the harmonic
currents in the line current. The sagged
or swelled voltage was rectified to
convert AC voltage to DC by using the
bridge type rectifier and capacitor. The
DC output of the rectifier was controlled
by the switch mode DC to DC regulator.
The feedback comprising of a multiplier,
a constant block that acts as a reference
voltage, a PID controller and a low pass
filter circuit was the error checker of the
DC to DC regulator to maintain a certain
DC value. For the practical application of
this, voltage divider was used to regulate
the voltage which was showed on the
equivalent circuit of the voltage sags and
swells mitigation model.
The first low pass filter which was
interpreted as a capacitor and acts as
an AC filter eliminates the fundamental
frequency and harmonics while the
second low pass filter that acts as a DC
filter eliminates the harmonics and the
switching frequency. The output of the
regulator was multiplied to a square
wave generator in order to change DC
back to AC. The square wave of the
circuit can be an internal clock or a 555
square wave oscillator. Since the model
for voltage sags and swells mitigation is
very effective, the output of this circuit
will always be an RMS voltage of 220V
because of the DC to DC regulator.
Regulating the voltage was done in DC
to utilize the available DC DC switching
technique which is popular today. The
active power filter compensates all
harmonic currents and reduces the total
harmonic distortion of the system. It
also smoothens the distorted waveform
of the load current into a pure sinusoid.
Among the three active power filter
models, active power filter Model-A gave
the best performance compared to the
other two models. Model-A reduced the
percentage of total harmonic distortion
of the systems greater than the two
remaining models.
REFERENCES
[1] Bingham, R. P. (1998). Sags and swells.
page 1-20.
[2] Cassel, J. (n.d.). Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD): A lesson for lighting
harmony. page 1-3.
[3] Chapman, D. (2001). Voltage dips.
Power quality application guide. Vol. 5.1,
page 1-10.
[4] Kester, W. (n.d.). Op amp distortion:
HD, THD, THD + N, IMD, SFDR, MTPR.
Analog Devices Tutorial. page 1-8.
[5] Pradhan, M. K., et al. (2008). A case
study of power quality improvement
and energy saving in textile industry
using solid state harmonic filter. Fifteenth
National Power Systems Conference.
page 286 .
[6] Ramos, V. Jr. A. (1999). Treating
harmonics in electrical distribution
systems.
[7] Tarafdar Haque, M. (2002). Singlephase PQ Theory for Active Filters. IEEE
website.
32
Technical Feature
Harmonic Problem
When the engineer arrived at the plant,
he took out his notebook and his Fluke
43B. He then made the following notes
and one line diagram:
1500 KVA
Utility
277/480
Lighting
Amps
Amps
Amps
Amps
Amps
Amps
Motors
Receptacles
34
Technical Feature
Fig. 3 Example of an abnormal current spectrum with both odd and even harmonics
35
Technical Feature
MERALCO
In the days before computers, most electrical loads consume power linearly that is, the current drawn
traces the voltage waveform. Today, the widespread use of electronics in the industries has created
a demand for better power quality as electronic equipment are not as tolerant of voltage waveforms
and events as the old loads. Ironically, these electronic equipment are non-linear loads that draws nonsinusoidal current and causes voltage waveforms to be distorted.
80
300
Prohibited Region
Voltage Tolerance Envelope
Applicable to SinglePhase
120Volt Equipment
200
140
120
110
90
.001 c
1 us
0.01 c
1c
1 ms
3 ms
20 ms
10 c
100 c
0.5 s
10 s
0.4
Duration
0.6
0.8
Steady
State
36
A
semiconductor
manufacturing
company has requested a power quality
monitoring due to voltage fluctuations
(i.e. voltage sags) affecting the operation
of their equipment, particularly their
tunnel furnace. A Power Quality
monitoring device was installed at the
panel serving the customer equipment.
PQ Monitoring Results
0.2
No Damage Region
40
Problem
20
SEMI F47
400
40
500
80
70
60
100
100
Voltage (%r)
Various
ride-through
capability
standards were made in order to aid
manufacturers and the electric utilities
in establishing a common viewpoint
of how electrical equipment would
behave on certain voltage events.
Manufacturers design equipment based
on the compromised levels between
the equipment capability and grid
performance of the utility.
Technical Feature
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.1
0
1000
100
10
Conclusion
Duration (seconds)
2.5
Solution
A UPS unit was recommended to increase
the voltage sag tolerance by providing
power to the equipment controls during
a voltage sag event. The customer was
surprised when the equipment vendor
pointed out that there is a UPS option
for their equipment, the customer need
only to specify for the UPS option to be
installed.
Total Events: 79
Events Violating ITIC Lower Curve: 6
Events Violating ITIC Upper Curve: 0
2
1.5
0.5
0.001
0.001
1
Total Events: 22
0.01
0.1
10
100
0
1000
Duration (Seconds)
37
PECTORIAL
PECTORIAL #1
PECTORIAL #2
This corner tests how well you know the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC). The pictures shown are installation with deviations from the
provisions of the Code. Can you spot the deviations/violations? Send your answer to technical@iiee.org.ph or publications@iiee.org.ph and
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Cross Word
1
10
11
12
13
14 15 16
17 18 19
20 21 22
23 24 25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34 35 36
37 38 39
40 41 42
43 44 45
46 47 48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57 58 59
60 61 62
63 64 65
ACROSS
1. Luminous electrical discharges
5. Sharp blows
9. Zamboangas pride
14. Jump
15. Orchestra instrument
16. Long narrative poems
17. _____-Sauvage, French village
18. Power unit
20. Imaginary power
22. MechEng analogy for fuses
23. Cable TV specialty channel
24. Unity
25. Computer network
26. Beloved in Bulacan
28. Directs
33. Ancient language
60. Maxim
61. Russian or Polish
62. Subject of Kirchhoffs
current law
63. From 13 to 19
64 Eight bits
65. Computer science
switching subsystem
(abbr)
DOWN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Alarm
Repulse
Impedance type
Abbr: special
Wandering
Over
Electrical device \
terminal
8. Collection of distinct
objects
9. Rate of using
electricity
10. Sci subj: ___ phys
11. Ukraine capital city
12. US unit of area
13. Php html/html filter
18. Ahead in Cuba
21. Cartoon
25. Godfather of IIEE
27. Bears along
28. Bodies of
congregations
29. Junction
30. Link
31. Small pie
32. Islam denomination
33. Light
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