EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:
CALIBRATION OF ROTAMETER

AIM
Calibration of Rotameter
PRINCIPLE
The rotameter is the most popular flow meter. It consists essentially of a
plummet or float which is free to move up or down in a vertical slightly tapered
tube having its small end down. The fluid enters the lower end of the tube and
causes the float to rise until the annular area between the tube and the float is
such that the pressure drop across this construction is just sufficient to support
the float. Typically, the tapered tube is of glass and caries etched upon it a
nearly linear scale on which the position of the float may be usually noted as
an indication of the flow. Rotameter have proved satisfactory both for gasses
and for liquids at high and low pressures. Rotameter required straight runs of
pipe before or after the point of installation. Pressure losses are substantially
constant over the whole flow rang. In experimental work, for greatest precision,
a rotameter should be calibrated with the fluid which is to be entered.
However, most modern rotameters are precision-mode such that their
performance closely corresponds to a mater calibration plate for the type in
question.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Rotameter
Pump
Water Reservoir
Collecting Tank
Stop watch
PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the motor and the open the delivery valve.
2. Adjust the delivery valve to control the rate in the pipe.
3. Set the flow rate in the Rotameter
4. Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank.
5. Repeat the experiment for different set of Rotameter readings
6. Graph is drawn by plotting Rotameter reading Vs percentage error of the
Rotameter.
FORMULAE
The actual volume flow rate is found from dividing the selected volume of
water by the time required to accumulate that volume,

Where
V: is the volume of the water output accumulated in the storage tank,
m3 .
t: is the time it takes to fill the selected volume, sec.
A: is the cross-section area of the storage tank, (0.277 m2).
h: is the height of water in the storage tank, m.
CONVERSION
Actual flow rate (lit / min), Qact = Qact x 1000 x 60 lit /min

OBSERVATION & TABULATION

Cross sectional Area of the collecting tank

S.N

ROTAMETER

Qrot

Qact

Cf= Qrot/

READING

(m3/sec)

(m)

(sec

(m3)

(m3/sec

Qact

1
2
3
4
5
Calculating correction factor (Cf), which is the ratio between the rotameter
reading (Qrot.) divided by the actual volume flow rate (Qact.), for each
reading, and then finding the average value of the correction factor.

Draw the calibration curve, the reading of the rotameter (on y-axis) against
the measured actual volume flow rate (on x-axis). Also, find the average
correction factor from Fig. (2) shown below, by finding the slope of the line

MODEL CACULATION

GRAPH
Qact Vs Qrot

RESULT

QUESTIONS
1. What is the practical application of rotameter?

2. What is meant by calibration of flow measuring instruments?

3. Describe the principle on which rotameter working.

4. What is the concept of actual discharge and write its notation.

5. What is the purpose of correction factor?

FACULTY
INCHARGE
EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

DETERMINATION OF COEFFICEINT OF DISCHARGE VENTURI METER

AIM:
6

 To determine the coefficient of discharge Cd for the venturi meter.

To study the variation of coefficient of discharge Cd with Reynolds
Number.
PRINCIPLE:
Venturi meter works based on the Bernoullis principle that by reducing
the cross sectional area of the flow passage, a pressure difference is created
between the inlet and throat and the measurement of the pressure enables the
determination of the discharge through the pipe. Consider a cross section
before the venturi throat as section (1) and a cross section at the venturi throat
as section (2).
Assuming the flow to incompressible and in viscid between the section (1) and
the Section (2), the continuity equation can be written as: Q=v 1A1=v2A2 when 1
v and 2 v are the velocities, 1 A and 2 A are the in the section (1) and section
(2) and Bernoullis equation can be written as:

Substituting the values of v1 in Bernoulli equation and rearranging the terms

along with the manometer reading, discharge is obtained as:
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Venturimeter setup
stop watch
Collecting tank
DESCRPTION
A venturi meter is a device used for measuring the discharge through the
pipes.
A Venturimeter consists of:
An inlet section followed by a convergent cone.
A cylindrical throat.
A gradually diverging cone.
7

The inlet section of the Venturimeter is of the same diameter as that of the
pipe, which is followed by a convergent cone. The convergent cone is a short
pipe, which tapers from the original size of the pipe to that of the throat of the
Venturimeter. The throat of the Venturimeter is a short parallel side tube having
its cross-sectional area smaller than that of the pipe. The divergent cone of the
Venturimeter is gradually diverging pipe with its cross-sectional area increasing
from that of the throat to the original size of the pipe. All the flow meters need
calibration a priori where a known quantity of fluid is passed through the flow
meter and the differential pressure across the flow meter related to the actual
flow rate through a discharge coefficient given as the ratio of actual to
theoretical flow rate. The apparatus consist of a flow bench that allows water
flow to the orifice meter and venturi meter. A manometer is connected at two
points, one at the inlet of the venturi meter and the other at the venturi throat.
Manometer is filled with enough mercury to read the differential head hm.
Water is collected in the collecting tank for arriving actual discharge using stop
watch and the piezometric level attached to the collecting tank.

hm is differential level of Hg in manometer measured in meters, m and are

mass density of manometer fluid (usually mercury ) and mass density of
flowing fluid, respectively. For the known actual flow rate Qact , venturi meter
is calibrated and its Coefficient of discharge
Cd =Qact/ Qthe

PROCEDURE
1. Note the inlet pipe diameter d1 and inner throat diameter d2 of the
venturi meter.
2. Note the density of the manometer fluid mand the flowing fluid . Mostly
mercury is used as manometer fluid and water as flowing fluid in this lab. So
m. =13.6 and W = 1.
3. Start the pump and adjust the control valve in the line for maximum
discharge.
4. Measure the pressure difference hm across the venturi meter.
5. Note the piezometric reading z0 in the collecting tank while switch on the
stopwatch.
6. Record the time taken T and the piezometric reading z1 in the collecting
tank after allowing sufficient water quantity of water in the collecting tank.
7. Decrease the flow rate through the system by regulating the control valve
and wait till flow

is steady.

8. Repeat the steps 4 to 6 for 5 different flow rates.

OBSE
RVATION AND COMPUTATION
Diameter of inlet pipe d1=

Area of inlet A1=

Diameter of throat d2

Area of inlet A2=

Area of collecting Tank Ac=

dynamic viscosity = 0.001 Pa.s

Density of the manometer liquid m = 13600 kg/m3

Density of the flowing fluid = 1000 kg/m3

10

11

MODEL CACULATION

GRAPH
1- Cd vs. Qact are drawn in the same graph for both the venturi meters taking Qact
on x -axis and Cd on y axis.
2- Qact vs. H are drawn in the same graph for both the venturi meters taking H on
x -axis and Qact on y axis.
RESULT
Coefficient of discharge Cd for the venturi
meter__________________________
Variation of coefficient of discharge Cd with Reynolds Number is studied

QUESTIONS
1. What do u understand about Bernoullis equations?

12

..
2. Explain the different types of flow with its defining conditions.

3. What is meant by energy losses?

4. What is the practical application of venturimeter?

5. What is the purpose of calculating Cd?

13

FACULTY INCHARGE
EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

DETERMINATION OF COEFFICEINT OF DISCHARGE ORIFICE METER

AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge Cd for the orifice meter.
PRINCIPLE:
Orifice meter works based on the Bernoullis principle that by reducing the cross
sectional
area of the flow passage, a pressure difference is created between the inlet and
throat and the measurement of the pressure enables the determination of the
discharge through the pipe. Consider a cross section before the orifice throat as
section (1) and a cross section at the orifice throat as section (2).Assuming the
flow to incompressible and in viscid between the section (1) and the Section (2),
the continuity equation can be written as:
When v 1and v2 are the velocities, A1 and A2 are the in the
section (1) and section (2) and Bernoullis equation can be written as:

Substituting the values of v1 in Bernoulli equation and rearranging the terms

along with the manometer reading, discharge is obtained as:

14

hm is differential level of Hg in manometer measured in meters, m and are

mass density of manometer fluid (usually mercury ) and mass density of flowing
fluid, respectively. For the known actual flow rate Qact , venturi meter is
calibrated and its Coefficient of discharge
FORMULAE

Cd =Qact/ Qthe

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Venturimeter setup
stop watch
Collecting tank
PROCEDURE
15

1. Note the inlet pipe diameter d1 and inner throat diameter d2 of the orifice
meter.
2. Note the density of the manometer fluid mand the flowing fluid . Mostly
mercury is used as manometer fluid and water as flowing fluid in this lab. So m.
=13600kg/ m3 and = 1000kg/m3
3. Start the pump and adjust the control valve in the line for maximum discharge.
Wait for some time so that flow is stabilized.
4. Measure the pressure difference hm across the orifice meter.
5. Note the piezometric reading z0 in the collecting tank while switch on the
stopwatch.
6. Record the time taken T for R m water level rise in the collecting tank.
7. Decrease the flow rate through the system by regulating the control valve and
wait till flow is steady.
8. Repeat the steps 4 to 6 for 5 different flow rates.

16

17

OBSERVATION AND COMPUTATION

Diameter of inlet pipe d1=

Area of inlet A1=

Diameter of throat d2

Area of inlet A2=

Area of collecting Tank Ac=

dynamic viscosity

0.001 Pa.s
Density of the manometer liquid m = 13600 kg/m3

Density of the flowing fluid = 1000 kg/m3

18

MODEL CALCULATION

GRAPH
1- Qact vs. H are drawn in the same graph for 2 orifice meters taking H on x axis
and Qact on y axis.
2- Cd versus Qact curves are drawn taking Qact on x -axis and Cd on y axis in the
same graph for both the orifice meters.

19

RESULT
1. Coefficient of discharge Cd for the venturi meter_____________

QUESTIONS
1. What is the application of orifice meter?
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................
2. What is the purpose of calculating Cd?
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................
3. What is the purpose of drawing graphs?
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
20

.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................
4. What is the practical applications of orifice meter?
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................
5. What is do you understand by theoretical discharge.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
......................................................................................

FACULTY INCHARGE
EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:
BERNOULLIS EXPERIMENT
21

AIM
The purpose of this experiment is to illustrate Bernoullis Theorem by demonstrating
the relationship between pressure head and kinetic energy head for a conduit of
varying cross-section.
PRINCIPLE
BERNOULLI'S THEOREM
For a steady, continuous, incompressible, non-viscous fluid flow, the total energy or
total head remains constant at all the sections along the fluid flow provided there is
no loss or addition of energy.
P/ + V/2g +Z= Total head = constant
Where
P/ = Pressure head (m)
V/2g = Velocity or kinetic head (m) (V = Q/A = m/s)
Z = Potential head (Height above some assumed datum level)

The pressure head at every gauge point depends upon the velocity at that section.
If the c/s area of the conduit is more the velocity will be less and pressure head is
more. The values of pressure head of the first gauge point is more and subsequently
decrease up to centre of gauge point. Again the pressure head increases and will
form a parabolic curve.
Bernoulli's apparatus consists essentially of a two dimensional rectangular section
convergent divergent duct designed to fit between constant head inlet tank and
22

variable head outlet tank. An eleven tube static pressure manometer bank is
attached to the convergent divergent duct. The differential head across the test
section can be varied from zero up to a maximum of 450mm.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. A horizontal rectangular Perspex duct (or metal sheets) of smooth variable crosssection of
Conversant and divergent type.
2. Inlet tank.
3. Measuring tank
4. Stop watch
PROCEDURE
1. Close the main control valve and start the pump.
2. Regulate the pump flow to fill the header tank and maintain it at a steady level.
The flow

through the channel will be quite rapid and the pressure at the throat

may be too low to show on the piezometer tube.

3. Increase the back pressure in the channel and the outlet tank by slowly closing
the drain valve. This will tend to raise the level in the outlet tank so the pump flow
control valve should also be carefully regulated.
4. Adjust both pump flow and drain valve until there is the widest possible
difference in Pressure between the inlet and throat of the channel, with the water
level visible in every piezometer tube.
5. Measure the volumetric flow rate with a graduated cylinder and stop watch.
6. Measure the height of the water level in each piezometer tube and record on the
data sheet together with the corresponding distance from the channel entrance.
7. Measure the height of the water level in both the inlet and outlet tank.
8. Switch off the pump and close the main valve.

23

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

(i) Discharge Measurement
Size of measuring tank

Area of measuring tank (A)

RUN

INITIAL

FINAL

NO

LEVEL

LEVEL

TIME

RISE IN

VOLUME=A

DISCHARGE

LEVEL(h

*h

Q=VOLUME/TI

ME

1
2
3
4
Piez

Heads

ome
ter
no/R
un
no
1

P/=Pressure head
V=Q/A(Velocity)
V2/2g(Velocity head)
Z(Datum head)
24

10

11

12

Total P/+ V2/2g+ Z

2

P/=Pressure head
V=Q/A(Velocity)
V2/2g(Velocity head)
Z(Datum head)
Total P/+ V2/2g+ Z

P/=Pressure head
V=Q/A(Velocity)
V2/2g(Velocity head)
Z(Datum head)
Total P/+ V2/2g+ Z

P/=Pressure head
V=Q/A(Velocity)
V2/2g(Velocity head)
Z(Datum head)
Total P/+ V2/2g+ Z

25

MODEL CALCULATION

RESULT
Bernoullis Theorem is verified by demonstrating the relationship between
pressure head and kinetic energy head for a conduit of varying crosssection

QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by pressure head?

26

2. What is meant by loss of head?

..
3. What is meant by compressed uncompressed fluid?

4. What are the assumptions made in deriving Bernoullis equation?

5. What is the practical application of Bernoullis equation?

27

FACULTY INCHARGE

EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

DETRMINATION OF COEFFICENT OF DISCHARGE FOR NOTCHES

AIM:
To determine the coefficients of discharge of the rectangular, triangular and
Trapezoidal notches.
PRINCIPLE:
A notch is a sharp-edged device used for the measurement of discharge in
free surface flows. A notch can be of different shapes rectangular,
triangular, trapezoidal etc. A triangular notch is particularly suited for
measurement of small discharges. The discharge over a notch mainly
depends on the head H, relative to the crest of the notch, measured
upstream at a distance about 3 to 4 times H from the crest. General
formula can be obtained for a symmetrical trapezoidal notch which is a
combined shape of rectangular and triangular notches. By applying the
Bernoulli Equation (conservation of energy equation) to a simplified flow
model of a symmetric
Trapezoidal notch, theoretical discharge Qth is obtained as:
Qth=2/3 2g B H3/2+8/15 2g B H5/2 tan /2

28

Where H is the water head measured above the crest, is the angle
between the side edges and B is the bottom width of the notch. When
=0, this equation is reduced and applicable for rectangular notch or when
B=0 (no bottom width) it is applicable for triangular notch. Hence the same
equation (1) can be also used for both rectangular and triangular notches
by substituting
corresponding values (ie =0 or B=0).

29

If Qact actual discharge is known then coefficient of discharge C d of the

notch can be expressed as
Cd = Qact/Qth
FORMULAE USED:
1) Rectangular notch
Qth=2/3 2g B H3/2
Qact =Volume Collected/Time taken
Cd= Qact/Qth
2) Triangular notch
Qth=8/15 2g B H5/2 tan /2
Qact =Volume Collected/Time taken
Cd= Qact/Qth
30

3) Trapezoidal notch
Qth=2/3 2g B H3/2+8/15 2g B H5/2 tan /2
Qact =Volume Collected/Time taken
Cd= Qact/Qth
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Hydraulic bench
Notches Rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal shape.
Hook and point gauge
Calibrated collecting tank
Stop watch
PROCEDURE
1. Insert the given notch into the hydraulic bench and fit tightly by using
bolts in order to prevent leakage.
2. Open the water supply and allow water till over flows over the notch.
Stop water supply, let excess water drain through notch and note the initial
reading of the water level h0using the hook and point gauge. Let water
drain from collecting tank and shut the valve of collecting tank after
emptying the collecting tank.
3. Open regulating valve to increase the flow and maintain water level over
notch. Wait until flow is steady.
4. Move hook and point gauge vertically and measure the current water
level h1 to find the water head H above the crest of the notch.
5. Note the piezometric reading z0 in the collecting tank while switch on
the stopwatch.

31

6. Record the time taken T and the piezometric reading z1 in the

collecting tank after allowing sufficient water quantity of water in the
collecting tank.

32

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

33

34

35

MODEL CALCULATION

36

GRAPH
1- Cd versus Qact curves are drawn taking Qact on x -axis and Cd on y axis
in the same graph for all the notches.
2- Qact versus H curves are drawn taking H on x -axis and Qact on y axis in
the same graph for all the notches.
RESULT
The coefficient of discharge Cd for Rectangular Notch ____________
The Coefficient of discharge Cd for Triangular Notch

____________

The coefficient of discharge Cd for Trapezoidal Notch ____________

QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by notch?

2. What is the purpose of calculating Cd?

3. What are the practical applications of notches?

37

4. What is meant by crest?

5. What is meant by spillways?

FACULTY
INCHARGE

38

EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

DETERMINATION OF COEFFICENT OF DISCHARGE FOR ORIFICE

AIM
To determine the coefficients of discharge, contraction and velocity for
the given orifice by constant head method.
To determine the time for emptying the tank when water drains through
sharp edged orifice.
PRINCIPLE
Orifice is a device which is used for discharging fluids in to the
atmosphere from tanks. The tank is assumed to be sufficiently large for the
velocity of flow in it to be negligibly small except close to the orifice. In the
vicinity of the orifice, the fluid accelerates towards the centre of the hole, so
that as the jet emerges it suffers a reduction of area due to the curvature of
the streamlines. The reduction of area due to this local curvature may be
taken to be complete at about half the orifice diameter downstream of the
plane of the orifice. The reduced section is called the vena contracta.
For steady, frictionless flow of an incompressible fluid along a streamline,
Bernoullis equation states

In this equation P1 = P2 = P atmospheric velocity v1 is negligibly small and

z1-z2 = H. Hence we have
H=V22/2g
Therefore velocity of fluid through the orifice
V2=2g
Velocity V2 is the theoretical velocity in the plane of the vena contracta.
Because of the energy loss due to friction effects, the actual velocity V act in
the plane of the vena contracta will be less than V2.

39

40

PROCEDURE
1. Fit the sharp edged circular orifice/mouthpiece of desired size to the
opening in the side wall of the inlet tank, near its bottom.
2. Turn the pump on and adjust the flow rate using regulating valve so that
the inlet tank is filled to the height of the overflow pipe and steady discharge
is obtained.
3. Measure the head H using the piezometric tube fixed to the inlet tank.
4. Once the jet is steady, use stopwatch for measuring discharge. Meanwhile
measure the x and y distances. y may be measured from centre of the
steady jets or may be measured relatively by keeping offset from centre.
5. Measure the discharge by volumetric method.

41

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

Diameter of the orifice =

Area of the orifice a

42

Area of collecting tank =

MODEL CALCULATION

43

GRAPH
1. Qth , Qact vs. h are drawn taking h on x -axis and Qth , Qact on y axis.
2. Cd vs. Qact is drawn taking Qact on x -axis and Cd on y axis.
RESULT
Coefficient of discharge Cd

Coefficient of contraction Cc

Coefficient of velocity Cv

Time for emptying the tank

QUESTIONS
1. What is the use of orifice?

2. What do you understand by Cc and Cv?

3. What is meant by mouthpiece?

44

4. What is the practical applications of orifice?

5. How will you calculating time of emptying tank.

FACULTY
INCHARGE

45

EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

DETERMINATION OF PIPE FRICTION FACTOR

AIM
To measure the friction factor for flow through different diameter of pipes over
a wide range of Reynolds number (Laminar, transitional and turbulent flows)
and compare with the corresponding theoretical value.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Flow losses in pipes apparatus with flow control device and
manometer.
Collecting tank
Stop watch
PRINCIPLE
Various fluids are transported through pipes. When the fluids flow through
pipes, energy losses occur due to various reasons. Predominant loss is due to
the pipe roughness. To provide adequate pumping requirements, it is
necessary to measure the friction factor of the pipe. DarcyWeisbach equation
relates the head loss due to frictional or turbulent through a pipe to the
velocity of the fluid, friction factor and diameter of the pipe as

Where = hf = Loss of head due to friction,

L = Length of pipe between the sections used for measuring loss of
head,
D = Diameter of the pipe,
f = Darcy coefficient of friction,
g = gravity due to acceleration.

46

PROCEDURE
1. Note the pipe diameter D, the density of the manometer fluid mand the
flowing fluid . Mostly mercury is used as manometer fluid and water as
flowing fluid in this lab. So m. =13600 kg/m3 and = 1000 kg/m3.
2. Make sure only required water regulator valves and required valves at
tappings connected to manometer are opened.
3. Start the pump and adjust the control valve just enough to make fully
developed flow (pipe full flow) but laminar flow. Wait for some time so that
flow is stabilized.
4. Measure the pressure difference hm across the orifice meter.
5. After water level in the collecting tank reaches more than 30cm in the
piezometric reading, switch on the stopwatch. This precautionary measure is
to avoid fluctuation in initial reading.
6. Record the time taken T for rise in water level R in the collecting tank
after allowing sufficient water quantity of water in the collecting tank.
7. Increase the flow rate by regulating the control valve and wait till flow is
steady.
47

8. Repeat the steps 4 to 6 for 8 different flow rates

48

OBSERVATION AND COMPUTATION

A) For pipe No. 1:
Diameter of pipe D
Length of Pipe L

Area of Pipe A

Area of collecting Tank Act

Density of the manometer liquid m = 13600 kg/m3

=
=

Density of the flowing fluid = 1000 kg/m3

49

OBSERVATION AND COMPUTATION

A) For pipe No. 2:
Diameter of pipe D
Length of Pipe L

Area of Pipe A

Area of collecting Tank Act

Density of the manometer liquid m = 13600 kg/m3

=
=

Density of the flowing fluid = 1000 kg/m3

50

MODEL CALCULATION

GRAPH
1- (SEMI-LOG Graph) Friction factor f vs. Reynolds number Re are drawn in
the same graph for 2 pipes taking Re on x -axis and f on y axis (Moody
diagram). Laminar, transition, turbulent zone are identified on the graph
and same have been marked on the graph.
2- 2- Head loss hf vs. Velocity V are plotted in the same graph for both the
pipes. From the previous graph, velocities are identified and marked
corresponding to zones.
RESULT
Pipe friction factor for pipe 1 diameter of ____is =
Pipe friction factor for pipe 2 diameter of ____is =
QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by roughness of channel?

51

.
2. What is the formula for calculating roughness of channel?

3. What is the use of pipe friction factor?

4. What is meant by major losses in pipe flow?

5. What is the practical applications of pipe friction factor?

52

FACULTY
INCHARGE

53

EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

DETERMINATION OF LOSS COEFFICIENTS FOR PIPE

FITTINGS
AIM
To measure the head loss due to different pipe fittings at different flow rates
and to determine the loss coefficient for sudden enlargement and sudden
contraction of pipe fitting.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Flow losses in pipes apparatus with flow control device and
manometer.
Collecting tank
Stop watch
PRINCIPLE
Various fluids are transported through pipes. When the fluids flow through
pipes, energy losses occur due to various reasons. Predominant loss is due to
the pipe roughness. Also the additional components like inlet, outlet bends
valves and etc. add to the overall head loss of the system. To provide
adequate pumping requirements, it is necessary to add the head loss due to
the pipe fittings in addition to the head loss due to friction of pipes.
A) The head loss due to sudden enlargement

B) The head loss due to sudden contraction

54

PROCEDURE
1. Note the inlet and outlet diameters of the test section.
2. Make sure only required water regulator valves and required valves at
tappings connected to manometer are opened.
3. Start the pump and adjust the control valve just enough to make fully
developed flow (pipe full flow).
4. Measure the pressure difference hm across the test section.
5. Record the time taken T for the determined water level rise R in the
collecting tank.
6. Increase the flow rate by regulating the control valve and wait till flow is
steady.
7. Repeat the steps 4 to 6 for 10 different flow rates.

55

OBSERVATION
TABULATION
56

AND

FOR SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT:

Diameter of inlet d1
=
Diameter of outlet d2 =
Area of collecting Tank Act
=
3
13600 kg/m
Density of the flowing fluid = 1000 kg/m3

Area of inlet A1 =
Area of outlet A2 =
Density of the manometer liquid m =

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

57

FOR SUDDEN CONTRACTION

Diameter of inlet d1 =
Diameter of outlet d2 =
Area of collecting Tank Act =
Density of the flowing fluid = 1000 kg/m3

Area of inlet A1 =
Area of outlet A2 =
Density of the manometer liquid m = 13600 kg/m3

58

MODEL CALCULATION

59

GRAPH
1) Head loss he vs. Actual discharge Qact for sudden enlargement.
2) Head loss hc vs. Actual discharge Qact for sudden contraction are plotted
in the same graph. Actual Discharge Qact is marked on the x-axis.
3) Loss coefficient Ke vs. Actual discharge Qact for sudden enlargement.
4) Loss coefficient Kc vs. Actual discharge Qact for sudden contraction are
plotted in the
same graph. Actual Discharge Qact is marked on the x-axis.
RESULT

QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by minor losses?

2. What is the use of calculating minor losses?

3. Enumerate any two real situations of minor losses?

60

4. What is the precautions should be considered before planning pipe

network?

5. What is meant by energy losses explain with one example?

FACULTY
INCHARGE

61

CYCLE-2
EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

AIM
To conduct the performance test and thereby study the characteristics of the
reciprocating pump.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Reciprocating pump with pressure gauge and vacuum gauge setup.
Stop Watch
Collecting tank
Scale
Tachometer
Energy meter
PRINCIPLE
A reciprocating pump is a positive displacement type pump, because of
the liquid is sucked and displaced due to the thrust exerted on it by a moving
piston inside the cylinder. The cylinder has two one-way valves, one for
allowing water into the cylinder from the suction pipe and the other for
discharging water from the cylinder to the delivery pipe. The pump operates
in two strokes. During suction stroke, the suction valve opens and delivery
valve closes while the piston move away from the valve. This movement
creates low pressure/partial vacuum inside the cylinder hence water enters
through suction valve. During delivery stroke, the piston moves towards the
valves. Due to this, the suction valve closes and the delivery valve opens,
hence liquid is delivered through delivery valve to the delivery pipe.

62

63

PROCEDURE
1. Note the collecting tank measurements, energy meter constant Ne and
vertical distance h from the vacuum gauge and pressure gauge.
2. Keep the delivery valve fully closed and suction valve fully open, after
initially priming the pump.
3. Start the motor
4. Adjust the gate value for a required flow rate. For this flow note the
following readings:
Pressure gauge reading pd
Vacuum gauge reading pv
Speed of the pump using tachometer reading (N) rpm
Time T in seconds for NR revolutions in energy meter.
Time taken in seconds for determined height rise in the collecting
tank.
5. Repeat the step 4 for the 10 different flow rates.
6. Repeat the same test by changing belt to the other pulley.

64

65

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

66

67

MODEL CALCULATION

GRAPH
Readings observed during the falling head experiments were used in this
graph.
1. H vs Q , PI vs. Q, PO vs. Q and vs. Q, drawn taking Q on x -axis and
others on y axis curves in each graph.
RESULT

68

QUESTIONS
1. What are the types of pumps?

2. What is meant by slip?

3. What is Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)?

4. What is indicator diagram in Reciprocating Pump?

69

5. What is mean by air vessel.

FACULTY INCAHRGE
EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

AIM
To study the operation of centrifugal pump and to obtain the performance
Characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Centrifugal pump with pressure gauge and vacuum gauge setup.
Stop Watch
Collecting tank
Scale
Tachometer
Energy meter
PRINCIPLE
A centrifugal pump is a roto dynamic pump that uses a rotating imp
eller to increase the pressure of a fluid. The pump works by the conversion of
70

the rotational kinetic energy, typically from an electric motor or turbine, to

an increased static fluid pressure. This action is described by Bernoulli's
principle. The rotation of the pump impeller imparts kinetic energy to the
fluid as it is drawn in from the impeller eye and is forced outward through the
impeller vanes to the periphery. As the fluid exits the impeller, the fluid
kinetic energy is then converted to pressure due to the change in area the
fluid experiences in the volute section. The energy conversion, results in an
increased pressure on the delivery side of the pump, causes the flow.
DESCRIPTION
The test pump is a single stage centrifugal pump. It is coupled with an
electric motor by means cone pulley belt drive system. An energy meter is
permanently connected to measure the energy consumed by the electric
motor for driving the pump. A stop watch is provided to measure the input
power to the pump. A pressure gauge and a vacuum gauge are fitted it the
delivery and suction pipes, respectively, to measure the pressure.

71

72

PROCEDURE
1. Note the collecting tank measurements, energy meter constant Ne and
vertical distance h from the vacuum gauge and pressure gauge.
2. Keep the delivery valve fully closed and suction valve fully open, after
initially priming the pump.
3. Start the motor
4. Adjust the gate value for a required flow rate. For this flow note the
following readings:
a. Pressure gauge reading pd
b. Vacuum gauge reading pv
c. Speed of the pump using tachometer reading (N) rpm
d. Time T in seconds for NR revolutions in energy meter.
e. Time taken in seconds for determined height rise in the collecting
tank.
5. Repeat the step 4 for the 10 different flow rates.
6. Repeat the same test by changing belt to the other pulley.

73

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

74

75

MODEL CALCULATIONS

GRAPH
1. H vs Q , PI vs. Q, PO vs. Q and vs. Q, drawn taking Q on x -axis and
others on y axis 2 curves in each graph. 4 graphs.
RESULT

QUESTIONS
1. What are the main parts of centrifugal pump?

76

2. What is priming in a centrifugal pump?

3. What is the relation between Work done of a Pump and Area of

Indicator Diagram

4. Write a short notes on Indicator diagram?

5. Define negative slip.

77

FACULTY INCHARGE

EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

AIM
To study the operation of centrifugal pump and to obtain the performance
Characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Submersible pump with pressure gauge and vacuum gauge setup.
Stop Watch
Collecting tank
Scale
Tachometer
Energy meter
PRINCIPLE
Submersible pump consists of essentially multistage set. Each set is
made of a mixed flow impeller with axial diffuser assembly. The shaft of
pump is connected to the motor which is housed on the bottom of the set.
78

The pump and motor assembly is submerged in the water. A built foot valve
is attached to the bottom set of the pump assembly. The vertical submersible
pump is used to lift from bore wells.
PROCEDURE
1. Start the motor
2. Note:
(a) The pressure gauge reading G m
(b) The height of vacuum between the water level and the pressure
gauge by means of a cord = Hs meter.
(c) Time for 10 revolutions in Energy meter by means of stopwatch
(d) Time for 10 cm rise in the collecting tank by means of stopwatch
3. Take at least 6 sets of reading varying the head from maximum at shut off
to minimum Where gate valve is fully open. This can be done by throttling
the delivery collecting tank to measure the discharge. A pressure gauge is
fitted in the delivery side to measure the delivery head.

79

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

Area of tank
Revolutions per Kwh N

=
=

MODEL CALCULATION

GRAPH

RESULT

80

QUESTIONS
1. What is the use of submersible pump?

2. What are the precaution should be considered while erecting

submersible pump?

3. What is the practical applications of submersible pump?

4. What is the difference between normal pump enumerate with your

points

81

5. What is the use of chararsertic curve?

..
FACULTY INCHARGE

82

EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON GEAR PUMP

AIM
To study the performance characteristics of a gear oil pump.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Two pressure gauges,
Stop watch,
Energy meter
PROCEDURE
1. Fill the reservoir tank to about 3/4th capacity with any standard lube
oil (SAE 40).
2. Keep the delivery valve open partly and start the pump set.
3. Run the pump at a particular head. This can be adjusted with the
help of the delivery valve.
4. Note down time required to collect 10cc of oil and energy meter
reading to calculate discharge and input power respectively.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 by changing the head. Maximum head is 5
kgf/cm2 at normal working speed.
6. Before switching off the pump close the discharge valve and
pressure gauge fully. Now it is safe to turn off the motor.
OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

83

MODEL CALCULATION

GRAPH:
The following graphs can be drawn.
(a) Discharge Vs Total head
(b) Discharge Vs Power input
(c) Discharge Vs Efficiency

RESULT:

84

QUESTIONS
1. What is the use of gear pump?

2. What is the practical applications of gear pump?

3. What is the unique difference in between gear pump and other pump?

4. What is the mechanism of gear pump?

85

5. What is the precautions must be taken account during the usage of

gear pump?

FACULTY INCHARGE
EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:
KAPLAN TURBINE

AIM
To study the operation of Kaplan turbine and to measure the power
output of a Kaplan turbine. To obtain the performance characteristics curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Kaplan turbine unit
Water supply pump
Venturi meter with pressure gauges
Tachometer
Pressure gauge at the inlet to the turbine
Brake drum with spring balance and loading setup.
PRINCIPLE
Hydraulic Turbines are machines which convert Hydro energy to
mechanical energy .Kaplan Turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine with
adjustable vanes. This turbine is suitable where large quantity of water at
86

low head is available. Water under pressure from pump enters, through the
volute casing and the guide vanes, into the runner. While passing through
the spiral casing and guide vanes, a portion of the potential energy is
converted into the kinetic energy. Water thus enters the runner at a high
velocity and as it passes through the runner vanes, the remaining potential
energy is converted into kinetic energy. Due to the curvature of the vanes,
kinetic energy is transformed into the mechanical energy and hence the
runner rotates. The water from the runner is then discharged into the draft
tube. The flow through the pipe is measured with the venturi meter fitted in
the pipe line. Two pressure gauges are provided to measure the pressure
difference between inlet and throat of the venturi meter. The net pressure
difference across the turbine inlet and exit is measured with a pressure
gauge and a vacuum gauge. These readings are sufficient to calculate the
Power available to the turbine. The turbine output is determined with the
brake drum setup and tachometer.

87

/
88

PROCEDURE
1. Note the venturi meter specifications. Measure brake drum diameter and
the rope diameter.
2. Keep the rotor vanes in half opening position.
3. Close the delivery valve and start the pump.
4. Gradually open the delivery valve so that the turbine rotor picks up the
speed to the maximum.
5. Load the turbine by adding weights on the brake drum weight hanger.
6. Note the venturi meter pressure gauge readings p1 and p2 for measuring
the discharge Q.
7. Note the turbine inlet pressure gauge reading Pi and vacuum gauge
reading Pv.
8. Note the spring balance reading and weight (S and W) and measure the
shaft speed (N).
9. Take 8 readings of N, in the allowable range of speed by varying the load
(S and W) on the brake drum.
10. Repeat steps 3 to 9 for other rotor position (for full opening angle).
11. For main characteristic curves, constant head is to be maintained. So the
main valve has to be adjusted to keep the total head constant when vary the

89

loads.

90

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

Brake drum radius r1 =

r=(r1+r2) =

Mass of hanger Mh =

constants Cd = 0.98

d1=

d2=

For full gate opening

For half gate opening

91

Rope radius r2 =
Kg

Venturimeter
K=

For 1/4 gate opening

MODEL CALCULATION

92

GRAPH
1. Plotted unit Power Pu vs. unit speed Nu taking Nu on x -axis and unit Power
Pu on y axis for both the tables in the same graph (2 curves)
2. Plotted efficiency vs. unit speed Nu taking Nu on x -axis and on y axis
for both the tables in the same graph (2 curves)
RESULT

93

QUESTIONS
1. What is the working principle of Kaplan turbine?

2. Define mechanical efficiency

3. Define volumetric efficiency

4. Define overall efficiency of turbines?

94

5. Explain impulse turbine.

FACULTY INCHARGE
EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:
FRANCIS TURBINE

AIM
To study the operation of Francis turbine and to measure the power output of
a Francis turbine. To obtain the performance characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Francis turbine unit
Water supply pump
Venturi meter with pressure gauges
Tachometer
Pressure gauge at the inlet to the turbine
Brake drum with spring balance and loading setup
PRINCIPLE
Hydraulic Turbines are machines which convert hydro energy to
mechanical energy. Francis Turbine is a radial flow reaction turbine with
adjustable guiding vanes. Francis turbines are used for medium heads and
medium flow rates. Water is delivered into a volute casing which completely
surrounds the runner and is under pressure as well as velocity. The water is
95

guided through both fixed and adjustable vanes in the casing and glides onto
the runner blades at an angle. The water then turns in the runner to exit
parallel with the axis of rotation. Finally the water from the runner is
discharged into the draft tube. The flow through the pipe is measured with
the venturi meter fitted in the pipe line. Two pressure gauges are provided to
measure the pressure difference between inlet and throat of the venturi
meter. The net pressure difference across the turbine inlet and exit is
measured with a pressure gauge and a vacuum gauge. These readings are
sufficient to calculate the Power available to the turbine. The turbine output
is determined with the brake drum setup and tachometer.

PROCEDURE
1. Note the venturi meter specifications. Measure brake drum diameter
and the rope diameter.
96

2. Keep the guiding vane at suitable angle.

3. Close the delivery valve and start the pump.
4. Gradually open the delivery valve so that the turbine rotor picks up
the speed to the maximum.
5. Load the turbine by adding weights on the brake drum weight
hanger.
6. Note the venturi meter pressure gauge readings p1 and p2 for
measuring the discharge Q.
7. Note the turbine inlet pressure gauge reading Pi and vacuum gauge
reading Pv.
8. Note the spring balance reading and weight (S and W) and measure the
shaft speed (N).
9. Take 8 readings of N, in the allowable range of speed by varying the load
(S and W) on the brake drum.
10. Repeat steps 3 to 9 for other rotor position (for full opening angle).
11. For main characteristic curves, constant head is to be maintained. So the
main valve has to be adjusted to keep the total head constant when vary the
loads.

97

98

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

Brake drum radius r1 =

r=(r1+r2) =

Mass of hanger Mh =

constants Cd = 0.98

d1=

d2=

99

Rope radius r2 =
Kg

Venturimeter
K=

100

MODEL CALCULATION

GRAPH
1- Plotted unit Power Pu vs. unit speed Nu taking Nu on x -axis and unit Power
Pu on y axis for both the tables in the same graph (2 curves)
2- Plotted efficiency vs. unit speed N u taking Nu on x -axis and on y axis
for both the tables in the same graph (2 curves)
RESULT

101

QUESTIONS

1. What is jet ratio?

2. What is Draft tube?

3. What are the uses of draft tube?

4. What are the types of characteristic curves?

102

5. What is specific speed of the turbine?

FACULTY INCAHARGE
EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:
PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

AIM
To study the operation of Pelton wheel turbine and to measure the
power output of a Pelton Wheel turbine. To obtain the performance
characteristics

(Output,

efficiency

variation

with

speed)

for

different

openings of the nozzle at a constant speed.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Pelton wheel unit inside a casing with a transparent window,
Supply pump,
Venturi meter with pressure gauge,
Tachometer,
103

 Pressure gauge at the inlet to the

Turbine,
Rope brake drum with spring balance connected to the turbine
PRINCIPAL
The Pelton turbine used in this experiment is an impulse turbine. The
total drop in pressure of the fluid takes place in stationary nozzles. A
proportion of the kinetic energy of a high velocity jet is converted into
mechanical work delivered to the shaft. The fluid transfers its momentum to
buckets mounted on the circumference of a wheel. Pelton Wheel is used in
hydroelectric scheme when the head available exceeds about 300m. The
turbine is supplied with water under high head through a long conduit called
penstock. The water is then accelerated through a nozzle and discharge at
high-speed free jet at atmospheric pressure, which then impinges the
cascade of impulse buckets. The impact thus produced causes the runner to
rotate and hence produces the mechanical power at the shaft.

104

105

PROCEDURE
1. Note the nozzle diameter, pipe diameter, venturimeter
specifications. Measure brake drum diameter. Remove all the loads
from the brake drum. Keep the spear valve and inlet valve closed. Start
the pump.
2. Increase the nozzle opening (increment by 2) with the help of spear
valve. Gradually open the delivery valve to obtain the desired head
and let the turbine run no load.
3. Note the venturi meter pressure gauge readings P1 and P2 for
measuring the discharge Q.Note the turbine pressure gauge reading
Pi.
4. Note the spring balance reading and measure the shaft speed (N)
using Tachometer. Increase the weight on brake drum and note the
spring balance reading and weight on the drum (S and W). Measure the
speed of the shaft (N) using tachometer.
5. Repeat steps 3 to 10 for at least 4 different nozzle openings. Finally
shutdown the power and close all the valves.

106

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

Brake drum radius r1 =

r=(r1+r2) =

Mass of hanger Mh =

constants Cd = 0.98

d1=

d2=

107

Rope radius r2 =
Kg

Venturimeter
K=

108

109

110

MODEL CALCUALTIONS

111

GRAPH
1- Plotted unit Power Pu vs. unit speed Nu taking Nu on x -axis and unit Power
Pu on y axis for all cases in the same graph (4 curves)
2- Plotted efficiency vs. unit speed Nu taking Nu on x -axis and on y axis
for all the tables in the same graph (4 curves)
RESULT

QUESTIONS
1. Draw typical velocity triangle for inlet and outlet of Pelton wheel?

2. What is breaking jet?

112

3. Define Degree of Reaction (R)

4. What are the types of characteristic curves?

5. What is cavitation?

113

FACULTY INCHARGE

114