Term Test 2 SCDF

Q1) 7 BA Checks?
Ans:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Physical Check
Cylinder Pressure Check
BA Backplate Leak Test
Check Whistle Setting
Positive Pressure Check
Facemask Leakage Test
Recheck Cylinder Pressure (>270)

Q2) Entrapped Procedures?

If you are lost and/or trapped in the incident site, the following actions are
recommended

Turn on PDD & torch light

Stop all strenuous physical activities & adopt a sitting position

Use PRT to contact BAECO

Loosen harness strap & relax BUT do not sleep

Minimize talking

Adopt proper breathing technique

Q3) Chemical Warfare Agents and Different Types?

What is it:
A chemical substance intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure
or incapacitate humans (or animals) through its toxicological effects. Comes in
Liquid, Solid or Gaseous forms.
Types:

Nerve Agents
Blister/ Mustard Agents
Choking/ Pulmonary Agents
Blood Agents
Riot Control Agents

Q4) Different classes of Fires and Types, Definitions?

Classes:

Class A Solid combustibles (e.g. paper and wood)

Class B Flammable Liquids, liquefiable solids & Flammable Solids (e.g. LPG,
butane, propane)
Class C Electrical Fires (e.g. Transformer, Electrical Appliances)
Class D Metal Fires (e.g. Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium)

Definitions:

Fire
- Is an exothermic self-sustaining oxidation process that gives off heat and
light in varying intensities
Pyrolysis
- Chemical Decomposition by heat
Combustion
- A chemical reaction, or a series of reactions in which heat and light are
evolved. It usually represents a rapid rate of reaction.
Flammable
- Represents a fuel oxidant mixture that liberates enough energy on
combustion to allow flame to spread through the unignited region of the
mixture
Flash Point
- The lowest temperature at which there is sufficient vaporization of the
substances to produce vapor which will flash momentarily when a flame is
applied.
Fire Point
- The lowest temperature at which heat from the combustion of a burning
vapor is capable of producing sufficient vapor to enable combustion to
continue.
Ignition Temprature
- The temperature at which the substance will ignite.
Flashover
- A term used to describe the sudden flash of fire throughout an entire
confined space when accumulated toxic and superheated gases reaches
its ignition temperature.
Backdraft/ Smoke Explosion
- An explosion that may result from the sudden introduction of oxygen into
a space-restricted /oxygen-deprived fire.
Flammability Range
- A certain range within which a fire will only start in the presence of a
flammable gas or vapor in the air.

Q5) Triangle of Fire

Conditions for fire to occur

Fuel
Oxygen
Heat

Q6) Confined Space and Hazards?

Definition:

A confined space is defined as a space that has limited or restricted means

for entry or exit an is barely large enough for a man to enter and work in
(usually less than 1m in diameter).

Characteristics of Confined Space:

1) Barely large enough for human entry/works
2) Limited or restricted means for entry/exit
3) Not designed for continuous occupancy
Hazards associated with Confined Spaces:
1) Hazardous Atmosphere
Oxygen)
2) Fall Risk
(e.g.
walkways)
3) Mechanical Hazards
blowouts)
4) Flooding or Engulfment Potential
5) Explosion of Fire
(e.g.

(e.g. Toxic Gases or Vapors, Low

Slippery Ladders, Rusty unstable
(e.g. Moving Belts, High Pressure Pipe
(e.g. Storm Sewers)
Backdraft)

Q7) Use of BA Guidelines and when to use?

Purpose:
Enable a team of BA wearers, in risk area, to retrace their steps to the entry BA
control point & for subsequent teams to locate them or the scene of operation.
Also as a branch guideline to traverse or search deeply off a main guideline where
the personal is found insufficient.
To use when:
1. Entering/ Searching in thick smoke
2. Premises flooded & hose lines submerged/ hauled aloft
3. When entering areas of high expansion foam

Q8) Control Points and placements of points?

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Staging Point
Forward Triage Point
Resource Point
Vehicle Marshalling Area
Forward Command Point
Decontamination Point
Evacuation Point

The following has to be taken into account for siting and number of control points.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Size of risks area.

Access points to risks area.
Number of floors / levels involved.
Wind direction.
Physical limitation of site.
Likely development of incident.
Should be as near to the scene of operation.
Sited in fresh air and preferably does not require re-siting
Number of control points should be the minimum necessary to enable
incident to be dealt with effectively.

Q9) Everything about BACO

Cylinder Pressure (>270)
Q10) UN Hazard Classes?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Explosives
Dangerous Gases
Flammable Liquids
Dangerous Solids
Oxidisers & Peroxides
Poisonous and Infectious substances
Radioactive Substances

8. Corrosives
9. Miscellaneous
Q11) What are HazMat?

Substances which have the potential to do harm to living tissues, damage to

property and environmental pollution

Q12) Know how to read Emergency Info Panel.

Emergency Information Panel

Things on the Emergency Information Panel:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Name of Hazardous Substance

UN No.
Hazardous Substance Label
HazChem Code

5) Emergency No. of SCDF or Police

6) Company's Info
Q13) Principles of RTA Rescue?

After undertaking essential safety measures, the patient should be made

accessible for Basic Life Support (BLS) asap
Extrication must proceed whilst medical management is being undertaken
Consider patient's comfort levels & medical/technical-rescuer's safety
Wreckage is removed from around the patient and when the patient is
extricated

Q14) Meaning of Golden Hour?

To place a viable patient in the hands of a surgical team within 60 mins of

impact
every min delay in the field keeps the patient from lifesaving surgery

Q15) What is LPG and its Characteristics?

What is LPG:
Liquefied Petroleum Gas e.g. propane, butane
Produced by:
a) Distillation of Crude Oils.
b) Catalytic Cracking of Heavier Oils.
Characteristics:

Highly Flammable
Liquid to gas ratio 1:270
Heavier than air will seek lower ground
Odourless
Colourless
Critical temperature (temperatures above this will result in explosion!)

Q16) What is LFL and UFL?

Flammable limits apply generally to vapors and are defined as the concentration
range in which a flammable substance can produce a fire or explosion when an
ignition source (such as a spark or open flame) is present. The concentration is
generally expressed as percent fuel by volume.

Above the upper flammable limit (UFL) the mixture of substance and air is too
rich in fuel (deficient in oxygen) to burn. This is sometimes called the upper
explosive limit (UEL).
Below the lower flammable limit (LFL) the mixture of substance and air (oxygen)
lacks sufficient fuel (substance) to burn. This is sometimes called the lower
explosive limit (LEL).
Any concentration between these limits can ignite or explode -- use extreme
caution! Being above the upper limit is not particularly safe, either. If a confined
space is above the upper flammable limit and is then ventilated or opened to an air
source, the vapor will be diluted and the concentration can drop into the flammable
limit range.
UFL of LPG- 10% LP, 90% Air
LFL of LPG- 2% LPG

Q17) What is BLEVE and How it occurs?

Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

LPG in container involved in fire.

Heat causes liquid to boil.
Internal pressure increases creates stress on the container.
Flame impingement on the metal container shell ABOVE liquid level.
Container shell fails.
Explosion with release of pressure.
Fireball created (>200m) radius.
Fragment as far as 1200m.

Q18) What is Gas Cloud Explosion?

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Leakage of LPG (Gas Phase) into the atmosphere.

Gas cloud flows with wind direction.
Meets ignition source (up to 300 to 500m away).
Combustion known as deflagration occurs.
No detonation possibility with leak in open area.

Q19) Signs of Flashover?

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Painful radiant heat burns the skin

Hot air in the room that forces you to the knees. (Convective heat 450 C.)
Door heated up when touch. (Temp of wooden parts above 320 C.)
Tongues of flames reach to ceiling from the door (rollover effect)
Smoke is forced down to about 1m from the floor.

Q20) How to tackle Flashover?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Make sure full PPE is worn, always stay low.

Look out for signs of flashover
Get covering jet to work
Firefighter responsible for opening the door to take shield
Touch the door to feel the heat.
For forcible entry, break the lock but keep the door shut.
Open the door as quick as possible and then take shelter again.
Then go into the room along with covering jet.
Use Offensive Extinguishing Method

Q21) Hazard Zoning, IDLH and ERPG-2

Hot zone: The area around the source in which the hazard is at the highest
level and suitable protective clothing is required for anyone to be in this zone
Warm zone: The intermediate zone where it may still be harmful for a
person to be present for prolonged periods.
Cold Zone: The safe area where no protective gear is needed.

Method:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Initial Hazard Zone Quick Reference

DOT Emergency Response Guidebook
Monitoring
Computer modeling

Purpose of Hazard Zoning:

-

Isolate site from public

Control movement of responding forces into danger area

IDLH (Hot Zone Characteristic):

IDLH is the concentration of any toxic, corrosive, or asphyxiating

substance that poses an immediate threat to life, or would cause
irreversible or delayed health side effects, or would interfere with an
individuals ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere for an
exposure time of 30 minutes.
IDLH values are expressed in parts-per-million (ppm) and milligram per
cubic metre (mg/meter3);

ERPG-2 (Warm Zone Characteristic):

-

Maximum airborne concentration below which, it is believed, nearly all

individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing or
developing irreversible adverse health effects or symptoms that could
impair an individuals ability to take protective action value

Q22) Essential Tasks during a TIC incident?

Monitoring
Rescue and Evacuation
Decontamination
Mitigation by HIT team