IEATC-SPv3 Part 04 MPLS

10/11/2011
CCIE Service Provider Ver. 3.0

Advanced Technologies Class
MPLS
http://www.INE.com
What is MPLS?
Multiprotocol Label Switching
Open standard
RFC 3031 Multiprotocol Label Switching
Architecture
Previously Cisco proprietary Tag Switching
Copyright www.INE.com
10/11/2011
What is MPLS?
Multiprotocol
Can transport different payloads
Layer 2
Ethernet
Frame Relay
ATM
PPP
HDLC
Layer 3
IPv4
IPv6
What is MPLS?
Label Switching
Switches traffic between interfaces based on
locally significant label values
Similar to how a Frame Relay or ATM switch uses
input/output DLCIs and VPI/VCIs
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Why Use MPLS?

Transparent tunneling over SP network
BGP free core
Saves routing table space on Provider routers
Offer L2/L3 VPN service to customers

No need for overlay VPN model (more later)
Traffic engineering
Distribute load over underutilized links
Give bandwidth guarantees
Detect and repair failures quickly
MPLS Label Format

RFC 3032 MPLS Label Stack Encoding
4 byte header used to switch packets
20 bit Label = Locally significant to router

3 bit EXP = Class of Service
S bit = Defines last label in the label stack
8 bit TTL = Time to Live
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Label
|
Label
| Exp |S|
TTL
| Stack
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Entry
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How Labels Work

MPLS Labels are bound to FECs
Forwarding Equivalency Class
IPv4 prefix for our purposes
Router uses MPLS LFIB instead of CEF FIB

or IP routing table to switch traffic
Switching logic
If traffic comes in if1 with label X send it out if2
with label Y
MPLS Device Roles

MPLS network consists of three types of
devices
Customer Edge (CE)
Provider Edge (PE)
Provider (P)
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CE Devices
Customer Edge (CE)
Last hop device in customers network
Connects to providers network
Can be layer 2 only or layer 3 aware

Typically not MPLS aware
PE Devices
Provider Edge (PE)
Previously called Label Edge Routers (LER)
Last hop device in providers network

Connects to CE and Provider core devices
PE performs both IP routing & MPLS lookups
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PE Devices (cont.)
For traffic from customer to core
Receives unlabeled packets (like IPv4)
Adds one or more MPLS labels
Forwards labeled packet to core
PE Devices (cont.)
For traffic from core to customer
Receives MPLS labeled packets
Removes one or more MPLS labels
Forwards packet to customer
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P Devices
Provider (P)
Previously called Label Switch Router (LSR)
Core devices in providers network

Connects to PEs and/or other P routers
Switches traffic based only on MPLS labels
Label Switching Logic
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Label Push / Pop / Swap

PE & P routers perform three major operations
Label push
Add a label to an incoming packet
AKA label imposition
Label swap
Replace the label on an incoming packet
Label pop
Remove the label from an outgoing packet
AKA label disposition
Label Push / Pop / Swap
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Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP)

In previous example PEs perform two lookups
Label lookup for customer
IPv4 lookup for customer
Label lookup can be avoided by the next-to-last

(penultimate) hop performing the pop operation
Accomplished by PE advertising implicit-null
label value
Penultimate Hop Popping
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Label Distribution
Labels are advertised via a Label Distribution Protocol
LDP & TDP
Advertises labels for IGP learned routes
MP-BGP
Advertises labels for BGP learned routes
RFC 3107 Carrying Label Information in BGP-4
More in Inter-AS MPLS
RSVP
Used with MPLS Traffic Engineering
Requires manually configured MPLS tunnels
TDP vs. LDP

Tag Distribution Protocol (TDP)
Originally used with Ciscos Tag Switching
Uses UDP broadcast to port 711 to discover neighbors
Once discovered, TCP session is setup on port 711
Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)

Standard per RFC 3036
Uses UDP multicast to 224.0.0.2 at port 646 to discover
neighbors
Once discovered, TCP session is setup on port 646
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Enabling TDP & LDP in IOS

Enable CEF globally
Choose TDP, LDP, or both
Default label protocol depends on IOS version
Can be changed with global & interface level mpls label
protocol command
Enable MPLS on the interface

mpls ip
Can also be enabled via IGP autoconfig

Verify adjacency
show mpls ldp neighbor
Enabling LDP in IOS XR

No support for TDP
Enable LDP globally and specify interfaces
mpls ldp
interface GigabitEthernet0/1/0/0
Also supports IGP autoconfig

Verify adjacency
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TDP & LDP Caveats

Label protocol must match for adjacency
debug ip packet detail can be used to discover remote
label protocol
Devices must have route to transport-address to

establish TCP session
Transport address comes from LDP Router-ID
Router-ID selection similar to OSPF/BGP/etc.
Can be modified with interface level commands

IOS mpls ldp discovery transport-address
IOS XR discovery transport-address
Similar to BGP update-source
Basic MPLS Example
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MPLS Tunnels
One large advantage for SPs is that MPLS
can provide BGP free core
P routers only need IGP information for
internal SP routes
Routes outside the SP network can be label
switched based on the BGP next-hop
Result is that traffic is tunneled over MPLS
MPLS Tunnels Example
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MPLS Tunnel Logic
R02 learns 1.1.1.1/32 via EBGP from R01

R02 advertises 1.1.1.1/32 via iBGP to XR1
XR1 sees 1.1.1.1/32 via R02s Loopback
All P/PEs have an IGP route for R02
All P/PEs run LDP
Implies all P/PEs have a label for R02
XR1 uses the label for R02 to get to 1.1.1.1/32
P routers do not need the route for 1.1.1.1/32 since they
have the label for R02
MPLS Tunnels and Loopbacks

PE routers must peer BGP using a /32
Loopback address
Peering to another interface can cause
problems in PHP
Can also cause problems in OSPF vs. LDP
advertisements
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Useful MPLS Commands

show mpls ldp interface
show mpls forwarding-table
debug mpls packet
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IEATC-SPv3 Part 04 MPLS

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10/11/2011

CCIE Service Provider Ver. 3.0

Why Use MPLS?

Offer L2/L3 VPN service to customers

MPLS Label Format

20 bit Label = Locally significant to router

How Labels Work

Router uses MPLS LFIB instead of CEF FIB

MPLS Device Roles

Can be layer 2 only or layer 3 aware

Last hop device in providers network

PE performs both IP routing & MPLS lookups

Core devices in providers network

Switches traffic based only on MPLS labels

Label Switching Logic

Label Push / Pop / Swap

Label Push / Pop / Swap

Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP)

Label lookup can be avoided by the next-to-last

Penultimate Hop Popping

TDP vs. LDP

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)

Enabling TDP & LDP in IOS

Enable MPLS on the interface

Can also be enabled via IGP autoconfig

Enabling LDP in IOS XR

Also supports IGP autoconfig

TDP & LDP Caveats

Devices must have route to transport-address to

Can be modified with interface level commands

Basic MPLS Example

MPLS Tunnels Example

MPLS Tunnel Logic

R02 learns 1.1.1.1/32 via EBGP from R01

MPLS Tunnels and Loopbacks

Useful MPLS Commands

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