identification of cations and anions present in toothpaste

1. 1. CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION. CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT.

IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS AND CATIONS PRESENT IN THE TOOTHPASTE For session 20152016 BY: - M.SAI SANKARAN CLASS: - XII-A HTNO:
2. 2. CERTIFICATE. Certified by department of CHEMISTRY that this is bondified project done by
M.SAI SANKARAN of class XII A during the academic year 2015-2016 in practical fulfillment of
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT conducted by AISSCE HTNO: Signatureof Internal
signatureof external Examiner Examiner
3. 3. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am greatlyindebted towards the principalfor givingme an
opportunityin elaboratingmy knowledge towardsthe subject(CHEMISTRY)by completingthis
Projectwork. I expressmy heartiest gratitudeto my beloved schoolfor the guidanceand
providing the required apparatus to perform my projectwork. I wouldalsothankmy
parentsand my chemistry teacher (vijayalakshmi MADAM)for givingme their co-operationin
completingthis Project.
4. 4. AIM:- IDENTIFICATION OF THE CATIONS AND ANIONS IN TOOTHPASTE
5. 5. THEORY:- EVERY TOOTHPASTE CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING INGREDIENTS: BINDERS,
ABRASIVES, SUBSERS, HUMECTANTS, FLAVOURS, SWEETNERS, FLUORIDES, TOOTH
WHITENERS, A PRESERVATIVE AND WATER. BINDERS THICKENS TOOTHPASTE-THEY PREVENT
SEPARATION OF THE SOLID AND LIQUID COMPONENT, ESPECIALLY STORAGE. THEY ALSO
AFFECT THE SPEED AND VOLUME OF FOAM PRODUCTION, RATE OF FLAVOR RELEASE AND
PRODUCT DISPERSAL, THE APEARANCE OF TOOTHPASTE RIBBON ON THE
TOOTHBRUSH.SOME BINDERS ARE GUM SOILD ALIGNAT, METHYL CELLULOSE, CARRAGEEN
AND MAGNESIUM ALUMINIUM SILICATE.
6. 6. CONTENTS:- IONIC LIQUIDS:- CATIONS &ANIONS. COMPONENTS ARE USED IN
TOOTHPASTE. SAFETY TIPS WHILE DOING THIS EXPERIMENT INGREDIENTS:- ABRASIVES,
FLUORIDES, SURFACTANTS. OTHER COMPONENTS:- ANTIBACERIAL AGENTS,
FLAVORANTS, REMINERALIZERS. MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS
7. 7. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS AND CATIONSPRESENT IN THE TOOTHPASTE ANIONS IN AN
ATOM OR MOLECULE THAT CARRIES AN ELECTRIC CHARGE. CATIONS ARE POSITIVELY
CHARGED IONS CREATED BY THE LOSS OF ELECTRONS. ANIONS ARE NEGATIVELY CHARGED
IONS CREATED BY THE GAIN OF ELECTRONS. IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS, ALL IONS EXHIBIT
THEIR OWN UNIQUE, CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIORS.
8. 8. TOOTHPASTE IS A PASTE OR GEL DENTIFRICE USED WITH OA TOOTHBRUSH AS AN
ACCESSORY TO CLEAN AND MAINTAIN THE AESTHETICS AND HEALTH OF TEETH.
TOOTHPASTE IS USED TO PROMOTE ORAL HYGIENE: IT SERVES AS AN ABRASIVE THAT AIDS
IN REMOVINGTHE DENTAL PLAQUE AND FOOD FROM THE TEETH, ASSISTS IN SUPPRESSING
HALITOSIS, AND DELIVERS ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (MOST COMMONLY FLUORIDE) TO HELP
PREVENT TOOTH AND DISEASE (GINGIVITIS). MOST OF THE CLEANING IS ACHIEVED BY THE
MECHANICAL ACTION OF THE TOOTHBRUSH AND NOT BY THE TOOTHPASTE. SALT AND

SODIUM BICARBONATE (BAKING SODA) ARE AMONG MATERIALS THAT CAN BE

SUBISTITUTED FOR COMMERCIAL TOOTHPASTE. TOOTHPASTE IS NOT INTENDED TO BE
SWALLOWED DUE TO THE FLOURIDE CONTENT, BUT IS GENERALLY NOT VERY HARMFUL IF
ACCIDENTLY SWALLOWED IN SMALL AMOUNTS. HOWEVER ONE SHOULD SEEK MEDICAL
ATTENTION AFTER SWALOWING ABNORMALLY LARGE AMOUNTS.
9. 9. COMPONENTS ARE USED IN TOOTHPASTE:- HClO4 HBr HI H2SO4 HClO3 HCL
HNO3
10. 10. INGREDIENTS:- IN ADDITION TO 20%-42% WATER, TOOTHPASTES ARE DERIVED FROM A
VARIETY OF COMPONENTS, THE THREE MAIN ONES BEING ABRASIVES, FLUORIDE, AND
DETERGENTS. ABRASIVES:- ABRASIVES CONSTITE AT LEAST 50% OF TYPICAL TOOTHPASTE.
THESE INSOLUBLE PARTICLES HELP REMOVE PLAQUE FROM THE TEETH. THE REMOVAL OF
PLAQUE AND CALCULUS HELPS MINIMIZE CAVITIES AND PERIDONTAL DISEASE. REPRESENT
ABRASIVES INCLUDE PARTICLES OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE (AL(OH2)), CALCIUM
CARBONATE(CaCO3),VARIOUS CALCIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATES, VARIOUS SILICAS AND
ZEOLITES, AND HYDROXYAPATITE (Ca5(PO4)3 OH). ABRASIVES, LIKE THE DENTAL POLISHING
AGENTS USED IN DENTISTS OFFICES, ALSO
11. 11. CAUSE A SMALL AMOUNT OF ENAMEL EROSION WHICH IS TERMED POLISHING
ACTION. SOME BRANDS CONTAIN POWDERED WHILE MICA, WHICH ACTS AS A MILD
ABRASIVE, AND ALSO ADDSA COSMETICALLY PLESING GLITTERY SHIMMER TO THE PASTE.
THE POLISHING OF TEETH REMOVES STAAINS FROM TOOTH SURFACES, BUT HAS NOT BEEN
SHOWN TO IMPROVE DENTAL HEALTH OVER AND ABOVE THE EFFECTS OF THE REMOVAL OF
PLAQUE AND CALCULS. FLUORIDES:- FLUORIDE IN VARIOUS FORMS IS THE MOST POPULAR
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN TOOTHPASTE TO PREVENT CAVITIES. FLUORIDES OCCUR IN SMALL
AMOUNT IN PLANTS, ANIMALS AND SOME NATURAL WATER SOURCES. THE ADDITIONAL
FLUORIDES IN TOOTHPASTE HAS BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON THE FORMATION OF DENTAL
ENAMEL AND BONES. SODIUM FLUORIDE (NaF) IS
12. 12. THE MOST COMMON SOURCE OF FLUORIDE, BUT STANNOUS FLUORIDE (SnF), OLAFLURS
(AN ORGANIC SALT OF FLUORIDE), AND SODIUM MONOFLUROPHOSPHATE (Na2 PO3 F) ARE
ALSO USED. STANNOUS FLUROIDE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN
SODIUM FLUROIDE IN REDUCING THE INCIDENCE OF DENTAL CAREIESAND CONTROLLING
GINGIVITIS. MUCH OF THE TOOTHPASTE SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES HAS 1000 TO 1100
PARTS PER MILLON FLUROIDE. IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, SUCH AS THE UK OR GREECE, THE
FLUORIDE CONTENT IS OFTEN HIGHER; A NaF OF 0.312% W/W (1,450 PPM FLUORIDE) IS
NOT UNCOMMON. SURFACANTS:- MANY, ALTHOUGH NOT ALL, TOOOTHPASTE CONTAIN
SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE (SLS) OR RELATED SURFACTANTS (DETERGENTS). SLS IS WELL,
SUCH AS SHAMPOO, AND IS MAINLY A
13. 13. FOAMING AGENTS, WHICH ENABLES UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF TOOTHPASTE,
IMPROVING ITS CLEANSING POWER. OTHER COMPONENTS:- ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS:TRICLOSAN, AN ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT, IS A COMMON TOOTHPASTE INGREDIENT IN THE
UNITED KINGDOM. TRICLOSAN OR ZINC CHLORIDE PREVENT GINGIVITIS AND, ACCORDING
TO THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION, HELPS REDUCE TARTAR AND BAD BREADTH. A
2006 REVIEW OF CLINICAL RESEARCH CONCLUDED THERE WAS EVIDENCE FOR PLAQUE AND

GIGNIVITIS. FLAVORANTS:- TOOTHPASTE COMES IN A VARIETY OF COLOURS AND FLAVORS

INTENDED TO ENCOURAGE USE OF THE PRODUCT. THREE MOST COMMON
14. 14. FLAVORANTS ARE PEPPERMINT,SPEARMINT AND WINTERGREEN. TOOTHPASTE
FLAVORED WITH PEPPERMINT-ANISE OIL IS POPULAR IN MEDITERRANEANREGION. THESE
FLOVORS ARE PROVIDEED BY THE RESPECTIVE OILS, E.G. PEPPERMINT OIL. MORE EXOTIC
FLAVORS INCLUDE, ANETHOLE ANISE, APRICOT, BUBBLEGUM, CINNAMON, FENNNEL,
LAVANDER, NEEM, GINGER, VANILLA, LEMON, ORANGE AND PINE. MORE UNUSUAL
FLAVORS HAVE BEEN USED, E.G. PEANUT BUTTER, ICED TEA, AND EVEN WHISKY.
UNFLAVORED TOOTHPASTES EXIST. REMINERALIZER:- HYDROXYAPATITE NANOCRYSTALS
AND CALCIUM PHOSPHATE ARE INCLUDED IN SOME FORULATIONS FOR REMINERALIZATION,
I.E. THE REFORMATION OF ENAMEL.
15. 15. MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS:- AGENTS ARE ADDED TO SUPPRESS THE TENDENCY OF
TOOTHPASTE TO DRY INTO A POWDER. INCLUDED ARE VARIOUS SUGAR ALCOHOLS , SUCH
AS GLYCEROL, SORBITOL, OR XYLITOL, OR RELATED DERIVATIVES,SUCH AS 1,2- PROPYLENE
GLYCOL AND POLYETHYLENEGLYCOL STRONTIUM CHLORIDE OR POTASSIUM NITRATE IS
INCLUDED IN SOME TOOTHPASTES TO REDUCES SENSITIVITY. SODIUM POLYPHOSPHATE IS
ADDED TO MINIMIZE THE FORMATION OF TARTAR.
16. 16. COLOUR OOF THE TOOTHPASTE: - WHITE EXPEERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE TAKE
APART OF THE SOLUTION AND ADD MgSO4 SOLUTION. FORMATION WHITE OF PPT CO3 2CONFIRMED TAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE(1-2ML)
FORMATION OF WHITE PPT Ca2+ CONFRIMED TAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD
MAGNESIUM MIXTURE (MIXTURE OF NH4Cl AND NH4OH) FORMATION OF WHITE PPT PO4
2- CONFRIMED. ACIDIFY A PORTION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION WITH DILUTE HNO3. BOIL AND
COOL AND ADD AgNO3 A YELLOW PPT IS FORMED WHICH IS IN SOLUBLE IN NH4OH I- IS
CONFRIMED TAKE SMALL QUANTITY OF SOLUTION AND ADD OXALIC ACID SMELLS LIKE THAT
OF VINEGAR CH3COO17. 17. PREPARE THE PASTE OF IT WITH A FEW DROPS OF WATER RUB AND SMELL TO ONE PART
OF SOLUTION ADD KI NO REACTION Pb ABSENT TO ONE PART OF THE SOLUTION ADD SOLID
NH4OH IN SLIGHT EXCESS AND THEN ADD AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE A WHITE PPT IS
FORMED Mg PRESENT CHEMICAL REACTION:- CO3+MgSO4MgCO3+SO4 2- (WHITE PPT)
CO3+2CH3COOH(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O (CH3COO)2Ca+(MgCl4)2C2O42CHCOONa+ Ca2O4
NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OHMg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl +H2O I+AgNO3NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT).
18. 18. (COOH)2+2CH3COONA NO REACTION Pb+2KI NO REACTION MgCl2+
NH4OH(NH3)2HPO4Mg(NH4)PO4+ 2NH4 +H2O TESTON COLGATE COLOUR OF PASTE: WHITE EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE TAKE A PART OF THE SOLUTION AND ADD
MgSO4SOLUTION FORMATION OF WHITE PPT CO3 2- CONFRIMED TAKE A PART OF
SOLUTION AND ADD AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE. FORMATION OF WHITE PPT Ca2+
CONFRIMED TAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD MAGNESIA MIXTURE(MIXTURE OF
NH4OH) AND ALLOW TO STAND FORMATION OF WHITE PPT PO4 CONFRIMED ACIDIFY A
PORTION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION WITH A YELLOW PPT IS FORMED WHICH IS I- CONFRIMED

19. 19. DILUTE HCL.BOIL AND COOL AND ADD AgNO3 INSOLUBLE IN NH4OH TAKE A SMALL
QUANTITY OF SOLUTION AND ADD OXALIC ACID SMELL LIKE THAT OF VIEGAR CH3COO
ABSENT PREPARE THE PASTE OF IT WITH FEW DROPS OF WATER RUB AND SMELL TAKE ONE
PART OF SOLUTION ADD KI NO REACTION PB ABSENT TO ONE PART OF THE SOLUTION ADD
SOLID NH4 OH IN SLIGHT EXCESS THEN ADD AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE. A WHITE PPT IS
FORMED. Mg PRESENT IONS PRESENT:-Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3 CHEMICAL REACTIONS:-
CO3+MgSO4MgCO3+SO4 220. 20. CO3+2CH3COOH(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
(CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O42CHCOONH4+CaC2O4
NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OHMg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl+H2O I+AgNO3NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT)
(COOH)2+2CH3COONaNO REACTION Pb+2KI NO REACTION
MgCL2+NH4OH+(NH3)2HPO4Mg(NH4)PO4+2NH4+H 2O TESTON CLOSEUP. COLOUROF
THE PASTE: - RED GEL EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE TAKE A PART OF THE
SOLUTION AND ADD MgSO4SOLUTION FORMATION OF WHITE PPT CO3 2- CONFRIMED TAKE
A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD AMMONIUM OXALIC (1-2ML) AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.
FORMATION OF WHITE PPT Ca2+ CONFRIMED TAKE A PART OF SOLUTION AND ADD
MAGNESIA FORMATION OF WHITE PPT PO4 CONFRIMED
21. 21. MIXTURE(MIXTURE OF NH4OH) AND ALLOW TO STAND ACIDIFY A PORTION OF
AQUEOUS SOLUTION WITH DILUTE HNO3.BOIL AND COOL AND ADD AgNO3 FORMATION
WHITE PPT I- CONFRIMED TAKE A SMALL QUANTITY OF SOLUTION AND ADD KI FORMATION
WHITE PPT CH3COO PRESENT TAKE ONE PART OF SOLUTION ADD KI FORMATION WHITE PPT
PB ABSENT TO ONE PART OF THE SOLUTION ADD SOLID NH4 OH IN SLIGHT EXCESS THEN
ADD AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE. A WHITE PPT IS FORMED. Mg PRESENT
22. 22. IONS PRESENT: - Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3, CH3COO CHEMICAL REACTIONS:-
CO3+MgSO4MgCO3+SO4(WHITE PPT) CO3+2CH3COOH(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
(CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O42CHCOONH4+CaC2O4
NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OHMg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl+H2O I+AgNO3NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT)
(COOH)2+2CH3COONaNO REACTION Pb+2KI NO REACTION
MgCL2+NH4OH+(NH3)2HPO4Mg(NH4)PO4+2NH4+ H2O CONCLUSION:- HENCE AFTER
TESTING DIFFERENTSAMPLES OF TOOTHPASTE, WE FIND THAT COLGATE HAS ALL
NECESSARY FOR STRONGER AND WHITER TEETH.
23. 23. ANIONS:- CATIONS:- OH- SO4 2- CO3 2- CL- Br - I - NO3 - H+ Ca2+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Fe2+ NH4 +
SAFETYTIPS WHILE DOINGTHIS EXPERIMENT:- WEAR EYE PROTECTION. AMMONIA
SOLUTION CAUSES BURNS AND GIVES OFF AMMONIA VAPOURS WHICH IRRITATES THE EYES,
LUNGS AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. SODIUM HYDROXIDE CAN CAUSE BURNS AND IS
DANGEROUS TO THE EYES. HYDROCHLORIC ACID CAN CAUSE BURNS. BARIUM CHLORIDE
IS HARMFUL BY INHALATION AN IF SWALLOWED. NITRIC ACID CAUSES BURNS.
24. 24. Bibliography:- 1. PRADEEPS CHEMISTRY 2. BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPEDIA 3. NCERT
CHEMISTRY 4. GOOGLE 5. CHEMISTRY TODAY