CHM 475: INORGANIC

NO. OF EXPERIMENT
TITLE

NAME
STUDENT NUMBER
PARTNERS NAME
STUDENT NUMBER
GROUP
LECTURERS NAME
LAB. INSTRUCTOR
DATE OF EXPERIMENT
DATE OF SUBMITION

3, 4 & 5
Synthesis of potassium
tris(oxalate)chromium(III) trihydrate,
copper(II) oxalate complex and
potassium tris(oxalate)ferrate(III)
trihydrate.
Nurul Iman Amani Bt Che Awang
2014179961
Muhamad Nurasyraf Bin Mohd Razip
2014532595
ED247/4A
Dr Amalina Mohd Tajuddin
Nurul Izza Taib
11th &18th October 2016
1st November 2015

CHEMISTRY

INTRODUCTION:
Synthesis is process in which substances combine to form completely
new substances .In this experiment we are synthesizing coordination
compound. Coordination compound is the product of a Lewis acid-base
reaction in which neutral molecules or anions bond to central metal by
coordinate covalent bonds. A coordinate covalent bond is a covalent bond
in which one atom supplies both electrons.
Transition metals have many special properties. One of them is
varieties in their color. This is due to the concept of crystal field theory
between the ligands that will result in separation of energy called as crystal
field splitting.
The amount of product that can be calculated based on the
stoichiometric reaction of product to the limiting reagent is called the
theoretical yield .While the actual yield of the compound can be calculated
by weighing the last product of each experiment. The ratio of these
theoretical yield and actual yield can be used to determine the percent yield
of the reaction. Thus, by determining the percent yield, we can determine
the rate of effiency of each reaction.
OBJECTIVE:

1. To synthesis three different coordination compounds which are

potassium

tris(oxalate)chromium(III)

trihydrate,

K2[Cr(C2O4)3].3H2O, copper(II) oxalate complex, K2[Cu(C2O4)2.

(H2O)2

and

potassium

tris(oxalate)ferrate(III)

K3[Fe(C2O4)3].3H2O.
2. To determine the percentage yield of each compound.

trihydrate,

APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT:

Experiment 3
Apparatus and equipment
Conical flask
Funnel
Beaker
Ice water bath
Buchner funnel
Oven
Weighing balance
Measuring cylinder
Hot plate
Glass plate

Materials
5 g of oxalic acid
10 mL of distilled water
1.8 g of potassium dichromate
2.10
g
potassium
oxalate
monohydrate
95% ethanol

Experiment 4
Apparatus and equipment
Conical flask
Funnel
Beaker
Ice water bath
Buchner funnel
Oven
Weighing balance
Measuring cylinder
Hot plate
Glass plate

Materials
2 g copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate
Distilled water
6.20
g
potassium
oxalate
monohydrate
3 mL cold water

Experiment 5
Apparatus and equipment
Conical flask
Funnel
Beaker
Ice water bath
Buchner funnel
Oven
Weighing balance
Measuring cylinder
Hot plate
Glass plate
Glass rod
Test tube
Filter paper
Thermometer
Dropper

Materials
5 g ferrous ammonium sulfate
Distilled water
Dilute sulfuric acid
2.50 g oxalic acid dehydrate
3.50 g solid potassium oxalate
monohydrate
10 mL of 6% H2O2
2 g oxalic acid dihydrate
95% ethanol

METHOD:
Experiment 3

1. 5.00 g of oxalate acid was added into a conical flask containing 10

ml of distilled water in. 1.8 g of potassium dichromate (K 2Cr2O7)
was added slowly into the mixture in small portions and the funnel
was placed on the mouth of conical flask.
2. The warming up almost to boiling of orange colored mixture was
observed.
3. After the reaction had subsided, 2.10 g of potassium oxalate
monohydrate was dissolved into the hot green-black liquid and it
was heated until boiling for 5 minutes.
4. The flask was cooled down at room temperature and 10 ml 95%
ethanol was added into the flask and it was cooled further in ice
bath with frequent stirring.
5. After being cooled in ice for 30 minutes, the precipitate was
collected using suction filtration.
6. The crystals were washed with 5 ml portion 1:1 ethanol/distilled
water and followed by 13 ml of 95% ethanol.
7. The crystals were placed on the watch glass and it was allowed to
dry in the oven with temperature about 80 .
8. The mass of the synthesis crystals and percentage yield were
determined.
9. The crystals were transferred into a plastic packet with labelled. It
was kept for the next experiment.

Experiment 4
1. 2.00 g copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate, (CuSO4 .5H2O) was weighed
and it was added into conical flask containing 30 ml of distilled
water. The flask was heated slowly on a hot plate until the solid
dissolved.
2. 6.20 g of potassium oxalate monohydrate, K 2 C2 O4. H2O was
dissolved in another flask containing 30 ml of distilled water at
room temperature.
3. The heated CuSO4 solution was added using a funnel, into the
flask containing potassium oxalate monohydrate slowly. The
flask was swirled slowly to allow mixing of the compound.
4. The mixture was cooled in an ice bath for 40 minutes. Blue crystals
formation were observed.
5. The complex was collected by suction filtration and the crystal were
washed with 3mL portions of cold water.
6. The crystals were placed on the watch glass and it was allowed to
dry in the oven.
7. The mass of the synthesis crystals and percentage yield were
determined.
8. The crystals were transferred into a labelled plastic packet. It was
kept for next experiment.

Experiment 5
Procedure A
1. 5.00 g of ferrous ammonium sulphate was dissolved in
20 ml distilled water containing 1 ml of diluted sulphuric
acid in the beaker.
2. 2.50 g of oxalate acid dihydrate was dissolved in 25 ml of
distilled water in another beaker. Then it was added into the
first beaker containing ferrous ammonium sulphate.
3. The mixture was heated slowly until boiling and the yellow
precipitateis

allowed

to

settle.

The

supernatant

was

discarded. 15 ml of hot water was added into the yellow

precipitate. It was stirred and the supernatant was discarded.
4. 15 ml of hot water was added to precipitate. 3.5 g of solid
potassium oxalate monohydrate was added into the solution
o
and it was heated to approximately 40 C. Then immediately
(while the temperature is at 40 , 10 ml of 6% H2O2 was
added drop wisely. The solution was stirred thoroughly
5. The temperature was monitored periodically to ensure it is
within the range of 40-50 . The formation of some brown
Fe(OH)3 precipitation was observed.
6. The solution was heated to boiling. A solution of 2.0 g of oxalic
acid in 30 ml of distilled water was added initially by 20 mL,
then the remaining 10 mL was added little by little into the
mixture, until the brown precipitate was dissolved.
7. The clear solution was boiled. The solution was filtered through
a Buchner funnel using a well fitting paper. 30 ml of 95%
ethanol was added slowly to the solution. Any crystals
formation was redissolved by heating. Then, the compound
was leaved to crystallise for a week.

Procedure B
1. The crystals were collected by suction filtration. The beaker
was rinsed with 10 ml of 1:1 ethanol/distilled water crystals
and with cooled acetone.
2. The crystals were placed on the watch glass and it was allowed
to dry in oven.
3. The mass of the synthesis crystals and percentage yield were
determined.
4. The crystals were transferred into a plastic packet. It was kept
for the next experiment

5. RESULTS:
6.
7. Experiment 3: mass of K2[Cr(C2O4)3].3H2O
8.
9. Mass of watch glass and filter paper
11.
Mass of watch glass and filter
paper + crystals
13.
Mass of crystals

21.

15.

Theoretical yield

17.

Percent yield

10.
35.
6137 g
12.
40.
0201 g
14.
4.4064g
16.
6.
1017 g
18.
79.2
%

19.
20.
Experiment 4: mass of K2[Cu(C2O4)2.(H2O)2
22.
23.
Mass of watch glass and filter
paper
25.
Mass of watch glass and filter
paper + crystals
27.
Mass of crystals
29.

Theoretical yield

31.

Percent yield

24.
38.
1022 g
26.
40.
0800 g
28.
1.9
778 g
30.
2.8
666 g
32.
68.99%

33.
34.
35.
Experiment 5: mass of K3[Fe(C2O4)3].3H2O
36.
37.
Mass of watch glass and filter
paper
39.
Mass of watch glass and filter
paper + crystals
41.
Mass of crystals

38.

37.9500 g

40.

32.7600 g

42.

5.1900 g

43.

Theoretical yield

44.

6.2851 g

45.

Percent yield

46.

82.5 %

47. CALCULATION:
48.
49. Experiment 3:
50.
51.

7H2C2O4 + K2Cr2O7 + 2K2C2O4.H2O

2K3 [Cr(C2O4)3]. 3H2O + 6CO2 +

3H2O
52.

Molar mass of H2C2O4

53.

90.036

54.
55. Theoretical mass of H2C2O4
56.
57.
5.0841 g H2C2O4
mol K3[Cr(C2O4)3. 3H2O

1 mol H2C2O4

58.
90.036 g H2C2O4

59.

mol H2C2O4
60.
61. =
0.01613 mol K3 [Cr (C2O4)3. H2O
62.
63.
Molar mass of K2Cr2O7
64.
65. 294.22
66.
1.8419 g K2Cr2O7
mol K3[Cr(C2O4)3. 3H2O

1 mol K2Cr2O7

294.2 g K2Cr2O7

1 mol 2K2C2O4.H2O

67.
68.

mol K2Cr2O7
69.

70.

Molar mass of K2C2O4.H2O

71.

184.04

72.

0.01252 mol K3[Cr(C2O4)3. H2O

2.1012 g K2C2O4.H2O
x
2 mol K3 [Cr (C2O4)3. 3H2O
73.
2K2C2O4.H2O

74.
75.

0.01142 mol K3[Cr(C2O4)3. H2O

184.04
g
2 mol 2K2C2O4.H2O

76.
77.
78.
79.
80.

So, K2Cr2O7 is limiting reactant

81.

0.01252 mol K3 [Cr (C2O4)3. 3H2O x

487.36

K3[Cr(C2O4)3].3 H2O
82. 1 mol K3 [Cr (C2O4)3. 3H2O
83.

6. 1017 g K3[Cr(C2O4)3. 3H2O

84.
85.
86. Percent yield of K3[Cr(C2O4)3. 3H2O
87.
88.
4.
4064 g
93.
X 100
89.
90.
6.
1017 g
91.
92. =
72.2 %

94. Experiment 4:
95.
96.
CuSO4.5H2O +2K2C2O4.H2O
(C2O4)2(H2O)2] +
K2SO4 + 5H2O

K2

[Cu

97.
98.

Molar mass CuSO4.5H2O

99.

249.61 g

100.
101.
102.
103.

Theoretical mass of K2 [Cu (C2O4)2. (H2O)2]

2.0236 g CuSO4.5H2O x
1 mol CuSO4.5H2O x
1mol K2 [Cu(C2O4)2(H2O)2]

104.
105.
mol CuSO4.5H2O
106.
107. =

249.61 g CuSO4.5H2O

0.0081070 mol K2[Cu(C2O4)2(H2O)2]

108.
109. Molar mass K2C2O4.H2O
110. 184.22 g
111.
112.

6.2566 g K2C2O4.H2O x
1 mol K2C2O4.H2O x
1mol K2[Cu(C2O4)2(H2O)2]

113.
114.
K2C2O4.H2O

184.22 K2C2O4.H2O 2

mol

115.
116.
(C2O4)2(H2O)2]
117.
118.

0.01698

mol

K2

[Cu

353.6

119.

120. So, CuSO4.5H2O is limiting reactant

121.
122.
0.0081 mol K2[Cu(C2O4)2(H2O)2] x
K2[Cu(C2O4)2(H2O)2]
123.
124.1 K2[Cu(C2O4)2(H2O)2]
125.
126. =
127.

2.8666 g K2 [Cu (C2O4)2(H2O)2]

128. Percent

yield

of

(C2O4)2(H2O)2]
129. 1.9778 g
130.
131. 2.8666 g
132.

68.99 %

x 100

K2

[Cu

133.
Experiment 5:
134.
135.
3H2C2O4

3K2C2O4
+
2Fe (OH) 3
2K3 [Fe (C2O4)3].3H2O +
3H2O

136.
137. Theoretical mass of K3 [Fe (C2O4)3].3H2O
138.
139. Molar mass Fe(NH4)2(SO4). 6H2O
140.
141. 392.07 g
142.
143.
144.

5.0330

1 mol Fe ( NH 4)2(SO 4). 6 H 2 O

392.07 g Fe(NH 4) 2(SO 4 ). 6 H 2O
145.
146. =
147.
148.

Fe

(NH4)2(SO4).

6H2O

2mol K 3 [Fe(C 2O 4 )3].3 H 2O

2 mol Fe( NH 4) 2(SO 4) .6 H 2O

0.0128 mol of K3[Fe(C2O4)3].3H2O

No of mol of Fe(NH4)2(SO4). 6H2O = No of mol of Fe(OH)3

149.

No of mol of Fe(OH)3

= 0.0128

mol

150.
151.

Molar mass K2C2O4

152.

166.04 g

153.
3.5004 g K 2 C 2 O 4

1 mol K 2 C 2O 4
166.04 g K 2C 2 O 4

2 mol K 3[ Fe(C 2O 4) 3].3 H 2 O

3 mol K 2 C 2O 4

154.
155.
156. =

0.0140 mol K3[Fe(C2O4)3].3H2O

157. Molar mass H2C2O4

158. 90.036
159.
160.

2.496 g H2C2O4

2 mol K 3[ Fe(C 2O 4)3].3 H 2 O

3 mol H 2 C 2 O 4

1 mol H 2 C 2 O 4
90.036 g H 2C 2O 4

161.
162. =
163.
164.

0.01846 mol K3[Fe(C2O4)3].3H2O

165. So, Fe(OH)3 is limiting reactant.

166.
167.
0.0128 mol K3[Fe(C2O4)3].3H2O
K3[Fe(C2O4)3].3H2O
168.

491.21 g

169. 1 mol K3[Fe(C2O4)3].3H2O

170.
171. =
6.2875 g K3 [Fe (C2O4)3].3H2O
172.
173. Percent yield of K3 [Fe (C2O4)3].3H2O
174.
175. Actual
176.
X 100
yield
Theoretical
yield
177. 5.1900 g
178.
179. 6.2851 g
180.
181. =
82.5
%

182.

100

183.

DISCUSSION

184.
185.

General discussion for all experiment:

186.
187.

The concept of each experiment is based on the purpose

of synthesizing a coordination compound. The synthesizing

process is generally applied in many chemical researches.
Synthesis

process

often

involves

number

of

chemical

reactions. The three experiments apply several types of

synthesizing reactions such as;
188.
189.

1) Dissolving

: Process that allowing the ions of

molecule to collide and react

with

each

other.
190.
191.

2) Crystallization : The product in the form of solution is

leaved to cool at room

temperature and it

crystal will be collected after some time

using

suction filtration.
192.
193.
194.

3) Suction filtration

: Process of separating the product

at the end of reaction from its

remaining

reactant or by product or solvent.

195.
196.

4) Drying

: A solid product that has undergone a

separation process by
is dried in an oven to eliminate the

crystallization and filtration

remaining

solvent.
197.
198.

Moreover, each experiment involves the formation of

a new compound called coordination compound. Coordination

compounds can be defined as compounds in which several

ligands are coordinated to a transition metal cation. A ligand is

any substance (neutral or anion) which can act as a Lewis base
donating electron to the transition metal (which act as a Lewis
acid). Thus, a coordination complex must contain a transition
metal cation and several ligands. It may also have counter
ion(s) to balance charge or extra water molecules.
199.
200.

201.

Throughout the experiment, we can observe one of

the unique properties of transition metal which are the various

numbers of oxidation state and variation in their color. Many
transition metal ions are colored because the energies required
for the electronic transitions within their partially-filled dsubshells lie in the visible region of the electromagnetic
spectrum. That is, visible light passing through their crystals or
solutions is sufficiently energetic to raise a d-electron from the
ground state to a higher energy level within the d-subshell.
Light passing through the crystal or solution will have certain
wavelengths absorbed. The color you observe will be composed
of the remaining visible wavelengths.
202.

Another concept that is studied in each experiment

is the concept of theoretical yield, actual yield and percent

yield. Theoretical yield can be defined as the maximum amount
of product that could be formed from a given amount of
reactants. Actual yield is the amount of product actually formed
or recovered when the reaction is carried out in the lab. While
percent yield is the ratio of the theoretical yield and actual yield
multiplies by 100. The percentage yield is calculated by using
this formula:
203.
204.

Percentage yield=

Actual yield
100%
Theoretical yield

205.

Experiment 3

206.
207.

This experiment is conducted in order to synthesize

potassium

tris(oxalate)chromium(III)

trihydrate,

K2[Cr(C2O4)3].3H2O. This coordination compound formed by

3+
Cr

the combination of Lewis acid which is chromium(III),

and Lewis bases or ligands (oxalate and water). As oxalic acid

dihydrate and potassium dichromate were mixed, the chromium
6+
ion was reduced ( Cr

to

3+

Cr

by reduction process. In the

same time, oxidation process occurred where carbon dioxide

gas was released. The two half equations are:

208.

++Cr 2 O7
14 H

2-

6 C2 O4

2-

6e

2Cr

3-

7 H2O

(reduction process)
209.
210.

3 C2 O 4

2-

6 CO2

6e

(oxidation process)

In this step, orange colored mixture was produced with the

evolution of carbon dioxide gases. A funnel must be placed on

the mouth of the conical flask to avoid bumping. This is because
the colored mixture will spontaneously warm up almost to
boiling and vigorous evolution of gas commence occurred. After
15 minutes of reaction, hot green-black liquid was formed.
211.

The

mixture

is

added

with

potassium

oxalate

monohydrate. Then, it undergo the process of boiling, cooling

with ice bath until complete precipitation occurred, suction
filtration and drying in oven.

212.

As

result,

the

dark-green

crystal

of

potassium

tris(oxalate)chromium(III) trihydrate was formed. The balanced

equation is:

213.

214.

C
Cr .3 H 2 O

++ 2 K 3

++3 H 2 C 2 O 4 +6 K 2 C 2 O 4 . H 2 O+ K 2 Cr 2 O 7 6 CO 2 +9 H 2 O+8 K

8H

As the mass of product was weighed, the actual yield is

obtained. The theoretical yield is calculated by using the

number of moles of product from the limiting reactant. In this
experiment, the limiting reactant is potassium dichromate. The
percentage yield is calculated by using this formula:
215.
216.

Percentage yield=

Actual yield
100%
Theoretical yield

The percent yield of the product obtained is 79.2%. It

shows that there might some errors while conducting this

experiment as there is mass loss of the product as we
compared to the expected theoretical value. The errors will be
discussed later.

217.

QUESTION
K 2 Cr 2 O7

1. What is the oxidation state of chromium in

and

in the product?
218.
219.

In

K 2 Cr 2 O7

220.

2 (+1 ) +2 x+ 7 (2 ) =0

221.

2+2 x 14=0

222.

2 x =12

223.

x=+6

224.

Oxidation state of chromium in

K 2 Cr 2 O7

is +6 .

225.
226.

In the product:

227.

3 (+ 1 )+ x +3 (2 )+ 3 ( 0 )=0

228.

+3+ x6=0

229.

x3=0

230.

x=+3

231.

Oxidation state of chromium in the product is

+3 .

232.
2. Write two half-equations for each reaction involved in the
preparation of the complex using oxalic acid dehydrate,
K2C2O4. H2 O

and potassium dichromate,

balanced equation for the overall reaction.

233.

K 2 Cr 2 O7

and a

234.

1st half equation :

235.

++Cr 2 O7
14 H

2-

6 C2 O4

2-

6e

2Cr

3-

7 H2O

236.
237.

2nd half equation :

238.

3 C2 O 4

2-

6 CO2

6e

239.
240.

Overall equation:

241.

242.

C
Cr .3 H 2 O

++ 2 K 3

++3 H 2 C 2 O 4 +6 K 2 C 2 O 4 . H 2 O+ K 2 Cr 2 O 7 6 CO 2 +9 H 2 O+8 K

8H

243. Experiment 4
244.
245.

In this experiment, we prepare copper (II) oxalate

complex. For copper (II) oxalate conplexes, copper is a

transition metal that act as a Lewis acid while the oxalate ion as
well as water act as Lewis base.
246.

A solution of potassium oxalate monohydrate is added to

copper

(II)

sulphate

pentahydrate

solution

resulting

the

formation of copper oxalate complex. Copper is bonded to

several oxalate ligands in the oxalate complex. Each oxalate
ligand formed bond to the copper two of its oxygen atom.
Oxalate is therefore considered as bidentate ligand. The full
equation of the reaction is as follow:

247.

CuSO 4 .5 H 2 O

O
+ K 2 SO 4 +5 H 2 O
Cu

2 K 2 C 2 O4 . H 2 O K 2

248. At the end of the experiment, blue salt of copper(II) oxalate

complex was formed. After completing suction filtration and drying in
oven, the actual yield was obtained. While the theoretical yield is
determined from the calculation using limiting reactant and the full
equation. The limiting reactant in this experiment is

CuSO 4 .5 H 2 O

which produces the fewest number of moles of product. From the

limiting reactant, the theoretical yield was obtained.
249.

Then, the percentage yield was obtained which is 68.99 %. This

value is quite low which also showed that there must be some errors
while conducting this experiment.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.

Experiment 5

260.

The

potassium

K3[Fe(C2O4)3].3H2O

tris(oxalate)ferrate(III)
is

synthesized

by

two

trihydrate,
consecutive

process. The first reaction involves dissolving of ferrous

ammonium sulfate in excess oxalic acid. The process result in
the isolation of the iron(II) oxalate,

FeC 2 O 4

in the form of

yellow precipitation. Some precautionary step must be taken

care here. The excess oxalic acid must not exceed the required
amount as it may be a contaminat to the complex. The equation
of the reaction is:
NH

SO
. 6 H2O

Fe

261.

NH

262.

H2C2O4

FeC 2 O 4 (s )

H 2 SO 4

6 H 2 O(l)

Then, the compound is heated to ensure dehydration of

solution and isolation all of the iron as ferrous oxalate. After all
the yellow precipitates allowed settling, decantation of the
supernatant is performed. This step is essential to remove more
oxalic acid and improves purity of precipitate.
263.

In the second process, potassium tris(oxalato)ferrate(III)

trihydrate was formed after addition of potassium oxalate,

hydrogen peroxide and oxalic acid. Some precautionary steps
are required along the process.
264.

First, during heating of iron complex with potassium

oxalate, continuos stirring are essential to prepare a well mixed

uniform suspension for a complete oxidation in the next step.
Secondly,during the addition of

H2O2 your hot suspension to

oxidize your iron in the suspended particles from ferrous to

ferric, it is essential to keep solution at 40C throughout this
step. Since they are solid tiny crystals they only react through
their surface area. Stirring and several minutes cooking time
are also essential here. This step should completely dissolve
your yellow precipitate. Sometimes a brown precipitate of Fe
(OH)3 remains and is reluctant to dissolve. This will reduce your
yield as not all of the ferric iron is available to make the ferric
oxalate molecular anion for the core of your green crystals.
265.

Upon

addition

of

peroxide, oxidation of

potassium
2+
Fe

to

oxalate
3+
Fe

and

hydrogen

has occurred. The

equation involve is:

266.

267.

H 2 O+ HO 2

2+
2 Fe

Because of high concentration of

3++3 OH
2 Fe

OH

ions

Fe(OH )3

(brown precipitate) was formed. The equation is:

268.

269.

Fe(OH )3 (s)

3++3 OH
Fe
After that, more oxalic acid was added which caused the

brown precipitate to dissolve and the soluble complex was

formed. The full equation is:

270.

C
Fe .3 H 2 O+ 3 H 2 O

3 K 2 C 2 O4 + 3 Fe (OH )3(s )+3 H 2 C2 O4 2 K 3

271.

After one week of crystallization, a bright green crystal was

formed. From this, the actual yield is obtained by weighing. The

theoretical yield is calculated by using the equation. The
percentage yield obtained is 82.5 %.

There must be some

errors while conducting this experiment which has caused the

mass loss of the product.
272.
273.

The are some errors that may occurred during conducting

all the three experiment. This can be seen as the actual yield of
each product obtained is less than the theoretical yield. The
errors that might affect the theoretical yield were as follow:
274.
275.

1) During transferring compounds from, some of it left in

the weighing boat, leading to inaccuracy of the compounds

mass.
276.
277.

2) The compound was not completely dissolved in the

solvent before mixing with other solution because of improper

stirring condition.
278.
279.

3) The measuring cylinder, conical flask, glass road and

other apparatus might be contaminated with other chemicals as

it was not cleaned and dried enough before being used.
280.
281.

4) There was error while transferring the mixture into the

Buchner funnel during suction filtration. The mixture was not

poured carefully onto the very center of filter paper which may
cause the sample to be under the edges of filter paper.
282.
283.

During conducting this experiment, there are several

safety precautions needed such as:

1. While handling the hot glassware, use tongs to hold and white
tile to place the glassware after heating.
2. Do not use thermometer to stir the solution.
3. Pour acid into water, not water into acid.
4. Do not point the mouth of conical flask containing chemicals to
others especially after heating the chemicals.
5. Wear gloves as some chemicals such as concentrated acid is
corrosive to skin.
6. Do not leave the glassware and hot plate unattended.
7. Use the glassware such as beaker and conical flask with Pyrex or
Kimax labels for heating.
284.

In order to improve the accuracy of the result, there are

several suggestions for this experiment such as:

1. During transferring the compound from the weighing boat,
rinsing can be done to ensure the entire compound is
successfully transferred.
2. Instead of using the glass rod to stir, we can also use the
magnetic stirrer to ensure that all salts are completely dissolved
in the solvent.
285.
286.

CONCLUSION

287.

Coordination compound is consisting of a central metal ion

chemically bonded to ligands by coordinate covalent bonding.

The percentage yield of each compound can be calculated to
determine the efficiency of reactions in experiment. In all
experiments, the colored crystal was successfully formed which
indicate

that

the

reactions

have

occurred.

Meanwhile,

experiment 5 shows the closest value to the theoretical yield

with high percentage yield if compared to experiment 3 and 4.
288.
289.
290.

291.
292.
293.
294.

295.
Reference:
296.
297.
1.
Hadariah Bahron, Kamariah Muda, Sharifah Rohaiza,
Karimah Kassim. (2008).
Inorganic Chemistry:
Experiments for Undergraduates.
298.
Kuala Lumpur: UiTM Press.
299.
300.
301.
2.
Raymond Chang and Kenneth A.Goldsby , Chemistry,

302.
303.
copyright 2013 ,
304.
305.
306.

eleventh edition published by Mc Graw Hill

page 103 and 104.

.Experiment 2: Synthesis of Potassium

tris(oxalato)ferrate(III) trihydrate. Retrieved from:

http://coursehero.com/file/5648535/Expt2-IronIIIOxalate/ on
307.
308.
309.
310.

29 Oct 2015