Table contents

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1
Title Page
2
Table of Contents
3
Abstract
4
Statement of Purpose or Objectives
5
Theory
6
Equipments
7
Procedures
8
9

Data, Observations and Results

Analysis and Discussions

10
Conclusions
11
References

Pages

Abstract

Pumps are devices that transfer mechanical energy from a prime mover
into fluid energy to produce the flow of liquids. They are also an integral part
of engineering and an understanding of how they work is important. They are
used in almost all aspects of engineering and industry from feeds to reactors and
distillation columns in chemical engineering to pumping storm water in civil
and environmental.
The aim of this experiment is to study the characteristics of single pump
operation with variable flow rate and pump speeds. From this experiment we
can get the idea of which pump system to be used for high places. It is said that
the value of the flow rate is inversely proportional to the value of the pump head
and efficiency while the value of the speed is directly proportional to the value
of the pump head and the flow rate. Furthermore, we wanted to verify whether
the theory behind this experiment was legit or not. The results of our findings
were not far from what the theory had described what it should be. Therefore,
the theory was verified.

Objective
To study the characteristics of single pump operation with variable flow rate and
pump speeds.

Theory
Pumps are used in almost all aspects of industry and engineering from feeds to
reactors and distillation columns in chemical engineering to pumping storm
water in civil and environmental. They are an integral part of engineering and
an understanding of how they work is important. Pumps are devices that
transfer mechanical energy from a prime mover into fluid energy to produce the
flow of liquids. The value of the flow rate is inversely proportional to the value
of the pump head and efficiency. The value of the speed is also directly
proportional to the value of the pump head and the flow rate.

Equipment

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Pump, P1
Pump, P2
Water tank
Speed sensor
Pressure gauge
Pressure Transmitter

Procedure

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

The tank was filled with water.

The main power supply was switched on.
The main switch on the control panel was turned on.
Valve V5 was opened approximately 2 rounds.
Valves V1 and V4 were fully opened.
Valves V2 and V3 were fully closed.
The speed controller was set to minimum before the pump was turned on.
Pump 1 was turned on.
The speed of the pump was increased until it reaches approximately 2000
RPM.
10.The flow rate was adjusted to approximately 50 LPM.
11.The reading of flow rate, pump speed, power, and pressure PT1 and PT3
were recorded in Table 1.
12.The flow rate was increase by approximately 10 LPM and the readings
were recorded in Table 1. This was repeated until the flow rate is 110
LPM.
13.The speed was adjusted to 2100 RPM.
14.The reading of pump speed, flow rate, power, and pressure PT1 and PT3
were recorded in Table 2.
15.The speed was decreased by approximately 100 RPM and the readings
were recorded in Table 2. This was continued until the flow rate is 1400
LPM.
16.The pump was turned off.
17.Valve V5 was fully closed.
18.The main switch on the control panel was turned off.
19. The main power supply was also switched off.

DATA, OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

Table 1
Flowrate
Q
(LPM)

Speed

PT1

PT3

(RPM)

Power
(pump)
(watt)

Pump Head
H
(m)

Flowrate
Q
(m/s)

Power
(fluid)
(watt)

Efficiency

(bar)

PT3PT1
(bar)

(bar)

51.7

2008

166.8

1.5

0.5

5.09684

0.0008617

25.8303

174.1

1.5

0.5

5.09684

0.0010383

1997

185.9

1.4

0.4

4.07747

0.0011683

81.4

1993

193.5

1.0

1.3

0.3

3.05810

0.0013567

90.4

1992

191.7

1.1

0.1

1.01936

0.0015067

43.08
5
51.91
5
46.73
2
40.70
1
15.06
7

62.3

2001

70.1

(%)

29.8191
25.1382
21.0341
7.8596

Graph 1
Pump Head against flowrate
6
5
4
pump head H (m)

Pump Head H (m)

2
1
0
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
flowrate (LPM)

Graph Pump Head against Flowrate

Graph 2
Efficiency (%) against flowrate
35
30
25

Efficiency (%)

20
Efficiency (%)

15
10

7.86

5
0
0

Flowrate Q (m/s)

Graph Efficiency against Flowrate

Table 2
Speed

Flowrate
Q
(LPM)

Power

PT1

PT3
(bar)

PT3PT1
(bar)

Pump Head
H
(m)

(watt)

(bar)

95.5

217.8

0.9

1.1

0.2

2.03873598

2004

91.1

186.7

0.9

1.1

0.2

2.03873598

1909

84.4

161.2

0.9

1.1

0.2

2.03873598

1800

80.2

142.2

0.9

1.1

0.2

2.03873598

1709

75.5

113.0

1.0

1.1

0.1

1.01936799

1604

69.9

96.0

1.0

1.1

0.1

1.01936799

1501

63.3

79.8

1.0

1.0

1396

59.4

62.5

1.0

1.0

(RPM
)
2100

Graph 3
Flowrate Q (LPM) versus pump speed
120
100
80
Flowrate Q (LPM)

60

59.4

40
20
0
1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200
pump speed (RPM)

Graph Flowrate against Pump Speed

Graph 4

Pump Head H (m) versus speed of pump (RPM)

2.5
2
1.5
Pump Head H (m)

1
0.5
0
0
1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200
Speed of pump (RPM)

Graph Pump Head against Speed

Sample calculation :
flowrate ( LPM ) 95.5
=
60000
60000

1)

Q=

2)

PT 3PT 1=1.10.9=0.2

= 1.59167*10^-3(m^3 /s)

PT 3PT 2 0.2100000
=
=2.03873
3) H=
m
pg
10009.81

4)
Power fluid= *g*Q*H =1000*9.81*5.09684*0.0008617=43.085watt
5) Efficiency = power of fluid / power of electrical *100
=43.085/166.8*100=25.8303%

6)

Discussions
1. Pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or
sometimes slurries, by mechanical action. The principle of the centrifugal
pump are the pump converts rotational energy, often from a motor, to
energy in a moving fluid. A portion of the energy goes into kinetic energy
of the fluid. Fluid enters axially through eye of the casing, is caught up in
the impeller blades, and is whirled tangentially and radially outward until
it leaves through all circumferential parts of the impeller into the diffuser
part of the casing. The doughnut-shaped diffuser, or scroll, section of the
casing decelerates the flow and further increases the pressure.
2. From the graph 1 and graph 2, we can conclude that the efficiency and
the pump head will decrease when the flowrate increase.
3. From the graph 3 and graph 4, we can conclude that the both of the
flowrate and pump head will increase when the pump speed increase.
4. The possible sources of error are parallex error during taken data from the
machine. Other than that, human mistake happen during conduct the
experiment. Next , the machine error that have deflection in the reading
of the data due to a long operating time.
5. The safety and precaution are we should to follow all instruction as in the
lab manual. Other than that, we must to wear shoes and proper attire to
avoid any injury during conduct any of experiment. Switch off the main
power supply if not in use.

Conclusions
As a conclusion, we have learn about characteristics of single pump
operation with variable flow rate and pump speeds. we can conclude that the
flow rate is inversely proportional to the pump head and the efficiency. The
efficiency and the pump head will be affected by flow rate. As when increase
the flow rate , the efficiency and the pump head also increase. Other than that,
flow rate and the pump head will be affected by pump speed. This is because we
can see that as when increase the speed of pump ,the flow rate and the head
pump also will increase.

References
1. Centrifugal pump. 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_pump
2. Pump . 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump
3. Principle of centrifugal pump .2015 .
http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-valves-accessories/centrifugalprinciples

Appendices