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SteamandVaporEnthalpy

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SteamandVaporEnthalpy
Introductionanddefinitionofvaporandsteamenthalpyspecificenthalpyofsaturatedliquid,saturatedvaporandsuperheatedvapor
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Whenaliquidevaporatesitsgothroughaprocesswhere
theliquidheatsuptotheevaporationtemperature
theliquidevaporateattheevaporationtemperaturebychangingstatefromfluidtogas
thevaporheatsabovetheevaporationtemperaturesuperheating
Theheattransferredtoasubstancewhentemperaturechangesisoftenreferredtoassensibleheat.Theheatrequiredforchangingstateasevaporationisreferredtoaslatentheatofevaporation.
Themostcommonvaporisevaporatedwatersteamormoist.

Enthalpy
Enthalpyofasystemisdefinedasthemassofthesystemmmultipliedbythespecificenthalpyhofthesystemandcanbeexpressedas:
H=mh(1)
where
H=enthalpy(kJ)
m=mass(kg)
h=specificenthalpy(kJ/kg)

SpecificEnthalpy
Specificenthalpyisapropertyofthefluidandcanbeexpressedas:
h=u+pv(2)
where
u=internalenergy(kJ/kg)
p=absolutepressure(N/m2)
v=specificvolume(m3/kg)
Partofthewatervaporsteampropertiescanbeexpressedinatableas:
p
(bar)

ts

vf

vg

(oC)

(m 3/kg)

(m 3/kg)

0.006112 1)

0.01

0.0010002

0.010

7.0

0.0010001

1.01325 2)

100.0

uf
(kJ/kg)

ug
(kJ/kg)

hf
(kJ/kg)

hg
(kJ/kg)

sf
(kJ/kg.K)

sg
(kJ/kg.K)

206.1

2375

0.0006

129.2

29

2385

29

2501

9.155

2514

0.106

8.974

0.001044

1.673

419

2507

419

2676

1.307

7.355

220

373.7

0.00269

0.00368

1949

2097

2008

2178

4.289

4.552

221.2 3)

374.15

0.00317

0.00317

2014

2014

2084

2084

4.430

4.430

sisthesteamentropy
suffixfreferrertosaturatedliquid
suffixgreferrertosaturatedvaporsteam
Internalenergyucanbecalculatedfrom(2)andisoftenomittedintables.vfchangeverylittleandisalsooftenomitted.
1) referrertoabsolutevacuum.

2) referrertowaterboilingatstandardatmosphere.

3) referrertowatercriticalpoint.Forpressuresabovethecriticalpointthereisnodefinitetransitionfromliquidtovapor.

SpecificEnthalpyofSaturatedWater
Specificenthalpyofsaturatedwaterhfcanbeobtainedfromtablesasabove.Thevaluedependsonthepressure.
Forsaturatedwateratstandardatmosphere 2) thespecificenthalpyhfis419kJ/kg.Atstandardatmosphere1bar(14.7psi)waterstartsboilingat100 oC(212 oF).
Thespecificenthalpyofwater(inSIunits)canbecalculatedfrom:
hf=cw(t ft 0)(3)
where
hf=enthalpyofwater(kJ/kg)
cw=specificheatofwater=4.19(kJ/kg. oC)
t f=saturationtemperature(oC)
t 0=refertemperature=0(oC)

SpecificEnthalpyofSaturatedSteam
Specificenthalpyofsaturatedsteamhgcanbeobtainedfromtablesasabove.Thevaluedependsonthepressure.
Forsaturatedsteamatstandardatmosphere 2) thespecificenthalpyhgis2676kJ/kg.
Thespecificenthalpyofevaporationcanbecalculatedfrom:
he=hghf(4)
where
he=specificevaporationenthalpy(kJ/kg)
Specificevaporationenthalpyforwateratstandardatmosphereis:
he=(2676kJ/kg)(419kJ/kg)
=2257(kJ/kg)

ExampleEnergytoEvaporateWater
Theenergytoevaporateacertainamountofwatercanbecalculatedas
Q=hem(4b)

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SteamandVaporEnthalpy

where
Q=evaporationenergy(kJ)
m=massofwater(kg)
Theenergytoevaporate5kgofwateratatmosphericpressurecanbecalculatedas
Q=(2257kJ/kg)(5kg)
=11285kJ

SpecificEnthalpyofSuperheatedSteam
Thespecificenthalpyofsuperheatedsteamcanbecalculatedfrom:
hs=hg+cps(t st f)(5)
where
hs=enthalpyofsuperheatedsteam(kJ/kg)
cps=specificheatofsteamatconstantpressure=1.860(kJ/kg oC)
t f=saturationtemperature(oC)
t s=superheatedsteamtemperature(oC)
cps=1.860(kJ/kg oC)atstandardatmosphere.Beawarethatcpsvarieswithtemperature.

CommonUnitsforSpecificEnthalpy
1kJ/kg=1000J/kg
1erg/g=1E4J/kg
1Btu/lbm=2326J/kg
1cal/g=4184J/kg
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ThermodynamicsThermodynamicsofsteamandcondensateapplications
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